Some aspects of volcanic ash layers in the Central Indian Basin

 Intercalated volcanic ash layers in two deep-sea sediment cores from the Central Indian Basin (CIB) are examined for the possibility of an in situ source of suboceanic volcanism. An in situ source has been predicated based on the bottom morphological structures and activation of seamounts during the geological past. The tentative correlation between depositional ages of the ash layer horizons and the period of global climatic cooling events reinforces the hypothesis that the suboceanic volcanic episode might have been initiated during the onset of glaciation. Received: 20 June 1995 / Revision received: 11 May 1998     

Ice-rafted volcanic ash in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last 100,000 years

Eucampia antarctica (Castr.) Mangin abundance curves for two piston cores from the western Agulhas Basin (southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean) were used to place volcanic glass shard and ice-rafted debris abundance curves into a stratigraphic framework for the last 100,000 years. A direct correlation is shown between increased abundance of E. antarctica, tephra and ice-rafted debris; low abundances are often characterized by calcareous sediment in the northern core. Peaks in abundance of E. antarctica have been interpreted as an indication of glacial periods and the increased ice-rafted debris and tephra during glacial periods is evidence for an ice-rafted origin for the tephra.Microprobe geochemical analysis of volcanic glass shards provides no single distinct source for the ash. The geochemical data is consistent, but not definitive, with a primary source in the Scotia Arc and a minor source from Bouvet Island. Between core correlations of geochemically “fingerprinted” dispersed tephra zones were not successful due to variability of glass shard geochemistry and limited sample size.     

中太平洋西部深海沉积物中的火山碎屑与粘土矿物

对于太平洋深海沉积物的研究虽有很久的历史(如1873-1876年“挑战者”号的科学考察),但对该区开展深入系统的岩石学和矿物学研究却是六十年代以后的事.随着研究手段的发展和进步,已积累了关于该区深海沉积物的大量资料.目前我国的海洋工作者也正在努力开展这方面的科学研究工作.     

中沙群岛近海表层沉积物中的火山灰及其对构造环境的响应

南海中沙近海表层沉积物的轻组分(粒径为63~125μm)中主要包括有褐色火山玻璃、无色火山玻璃以及火山渣等3种火山灰类型。在硅碱图(TAS)及Al2O3、FeO*、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O对SiO2的变化趋势图中可以判断,本区可能存在双峰式火山活动,褐色火山玻璃代表中-基性端元,而无色火山玻璃代表酸性端元。无色火山玻璃与褐色火山玻璃具有共同的岩浆源区,结晶分异可能是源区岩浆演化的主要方式。这种双峰式火山活动暗示火山活动源区处于大陆拉张减薄环境,支持西沙海槽是一个正在活化的伸展大地构造现象这一观点,同时肯定基于地球物理学和岩石学研究资料所提出的海南地幔柱的存在。     

Quaternary hemipelagic sedimentation in the basins flanking the Solomon Islands volcanic arc

Quaternary sediments in the Woodlark Basin and New Georgia Sound, adjacent to the Solomon Islands volcanic arc, are hemipelagic. They consist of mixtures of clay minerals, calcareous plankton (foraminifera, coccoliths, and pteropods), and sand- and silt-sized volcanic debris. Variations in sediment composition are related primarily to distance from land (the source of volcanic components), water depth (because of the Aragonite and Calcite Compensation Depths), and bathymetric isolation. Much of the sedimentary debris is delivered to the basin by turbidity currents and other mass movements; little material is supplied by ash fall. Sedimentation rates appear to exceed 3 cm/1,000 years in New Georgia Sound, and range from 2 to 4.5 cm/1,000 years in the Woodlark Basin.     

Abrasive effects of Mount Saint Helens ash upon epidermis of yolk sac larvae of Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi

Larval Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi were exposed for 24 h to suspensions of estuarine sediment and volcanic ash from 0 to 8000 mg/litre. The effects of these suspensions on the epidermis of the yolk sac larvae were determined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Examination of the epidermis at specific locations on dorsal and ventral body surfaces showed that the effects were apparent with increasing concentrations of both sediment and ash. The effects of volcanic ash, however, occurred at lower concentrations and were of greater magnitude than those of sediment. Examination of the epidermis of these larvae under the scanning electron microscope revealed puncture-type damage associated with volcanic ash but not estuarine sediment. Thus, in addition to the possible effects of smothering which may occur with fine particulates, the ash particles result in direct mechanical damage to the delicate early larvae. The concentrations where effects were noted were greater than those likely to be observed in the lower Columbia River estuary where the larval herring occur. In upriver locations characterized by higher suspended particulates, delicate larvae of other species may suffer epidermal damage.     

Tephra layers in Bannock Basin (Eastern Mediterranean)

Several volcanic ash layers were identified in cores collected in the Bannock Basin (Eastern Mediterranean) during cruises BAN-84, BAN-86 and BAN-88 of the R.V. Bannock. Lithological, microscopic, mineralogical and chemical analyses together with stratigraphic position help in identifying them as tephra layers Y-1, Y-5, X-2 and W-1 of Keller et al. (GSA Bull. 89, 1978).

Tephra layer Y-1 is stiff and usually deformed, and is black to very dark brown in colour. It is mainly composed of highly vesicular micropumice with dark brown and colourless limpid glass and it has a benmoritic chemical composition, which is typical of Mt. Etna material.

Tephra layer Y-5 is composed of soft, limpid vitric shards and subordinate micropumice ranging in composition from alkaliphonolitic trachyte to latite and may be correlated with the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption which occurred about 35,000 years ago in the Phlegrean Fields (the Campanian volcanic area in Italy).

Tephra layer X-2 is olive-grey in colour, and is composed of micropumice and glass shards with a chemical composition ranging from alkali-phonolitic trachyte to latite; its source is probably the Campanian volcanic area.

Tephra layer W-1 is dark grey and made up of micropumice and glass shards with a chemical composition ranging from tephrite-phonolite to alkali-phonolitic trachyte; its source is probably the Roman volcanic area in Italy.

The volcanic layers have been identified in cores of the basin sill, in the central bulge of the basin and on the basin flanks leading up to the “cobblestone topography” of the Mediterranean Ridge; they could not, however, be identified in any core raised from beneath the anoxic hypersaline brines.

Important volcanological results are: (a) an extension of the areal distribution of Y-1, X-2 and W-1, (b) correlation of Y-1 with the Biancavilla Ignimbrite of Mt. Etna dated in previous works at about 14,000 yrs B.P., and (c) determination of the bimodal chemical composition of Y-5 showing that the latter has a composition in accordance with that of the Campanian Ignimbrite in the Phlegrean Fields.     

A STUDY OF DETRITAL MINERALS IN THE SEDIMENTS FROM THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN

No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fi     

冲绳海槽DGKS9603孔细粒沉积物元素组合特征及其意义

通过对冲绳海槽DGKS9603孔柱样高密度取样,提取样品中小于2μm的黏土粒级组分,利用ICP-AES进行常、微量元素含量分析后,再经多种方法处理数据,发现该孔沉积物物源时段分明:距今45～43ka以生物源作用为主,距今43～41ka以火山作用为主,距今41.0～11.2ka以陆源作用为主,距今11.2～0.0ka以生物源作用为主.元素和氧化物含量的垂向变化主要受古气候、古环境变化的影响.DGKS9603孔沉积物元素地球化学特征清晰地记录了E3,YD,H1,LGM,H2,H3,H5七次变冷事件,并表明该孔很可能受到了A,B,C三次火山事件的影响.     

Sediments on the continental shelf and slope between Napier and castlepoint,New Zealand

Sediments from the seabed off the eastern side of the North Island, New Zealand, are divided into 12 facies on the basis of grain size and mineralogy of the sand fraction. The facies are grouped into three types; modern detrital sediments, relict detrital sediments, and non‐detrital sediments. The sediments are described in terms of a modified Wentworth grain‐size scale and a modified Folk sediment classification.

The modern detrital sediments range from fine sand near the shore to clayey fine silt on the lower slope. At most places they are bimodal, probably because floes and single grains are deposited together. The relict detrital sediments, which include sands and gravels, occur where deposition is slow on the inner continental shelf and near the shelf edge. Those near the shelf edge include Last Glacial sandy muds that have been winnowed and mixed with Holocene volcanic ash and glauconite. The non‐detrital sediments, which contain forarninifera, volcanic ash, and glauconite, but no detrital sand, occur on anticlinal ridges on the continental slope. In places they overlie muddier sediment deposited during the last glaciation when the sources of river‐borne detritus were nearer than at present and when mud was deposited more rapidly on the ridges than at present.     

南海东部海域表层沉积物类型的研究

南海东部海域表层沉积物可被分为11种类型:含岩块砾石黏土质粉砂、贝壳珊瑚砂、黏土质粉砂、钙质黏土、钙质软泥、有孔虫砂、深海黏土、含铁锰微粒粉砂质黏土、硅质黏土、含火山灰硅质黏土、含火山灰粉砂质黏土.这些类型按物源和成因可被分为陆源碎屑、钙质碎屑和硅质碎屑、火山碎屑3大类型,其中陆源碎屑分布面积约占50%,钙质碎屑占20%,硅质碎屑和火山碎屑各占15%.在物质来源、海底地形、火山作用、生物作用、水动力条件等因素影响和控制下,由于沉积环境的差异,故区内褐色类沉积物最多(60.68%),灰色类沉积物次之(38.20%),黄色类沉积物最少(1.12%).台湾省以南到17°N以北海区沉积物以陆源沉积物分布为主;巴士海峡以西海区沉积物较粗,常含砂岩块和砾石;东沙群岛以东海区钙质生物碎屑沉积丰富;中、西部海区以含铁锰微粒沉积物为主;中、南部海区水深大,主要分布硅质沉积物;南部海区、礼乐滩北缘沉积物受礼乐滩珊瑚碎屑影响大,沉积物类型为钙质软泥.     

Global Lagrangian Atmospheric Dispersion Model

The Global Lagrangian Atmospheric Dispersion Model (GLADIM) is described. GLADIM is based on the global trajectory model, which had been developed earlier and uses fields of weather parameters from different atmospheric reanalysis centers for calculations of trajectories of air mass that include trace gases. GLADIM includes the parameterization of turbulent diffusion and allows the forward calculation of concentrations of atmospheric tracers at nodes of a global regular grid when a source is specified. Thus, GLADIM can be used for the forward simulation of pollutant propagation (volcanic ash, radionuclides, and so on). Working in the reverse direction, GLADIM allows the detection of remote sources that mainly contribute to the tracer concentration at an observation point. This property of Lagrangian models is widely used for data analysis and the reverse modeling of emission sources of a pollutant specified. In this work we describe the model and some results of its validation through a comparison with results of a similar model and observation data.     

苏门答腊外海13.5万年来的火山灰记录:来自深海沉积物岩心IR-GC1的证据

Three volcanic ash layers were identified in a deep-sea Core IR-GC1 from the north-eastern Indian Ocean, adjacent to western Indonesian arc. They were dominated by glass shards with minor mineral crystals, such as plagioclase, biotite, and hornblende. According to the morphology and major element compositions of the representative glass shards, combined with the δ18O-based age, it is suggested that ash Layer A is correlated to the youngest Toba tuff(YTT), Layer B is supposed to be associated with a new eruption of Toba caldera in an age of 98 to 100 ka. Ash Layer C is different the geochemistry characteristics than those of Layer A and Layer B, suggesting that Layer C was not originated from Toba but registered another volcanic eruption event.     

马里亚纳海槽的沉积

马里亚纳海槽是一个正在扩张的弧后盆地。文章分析中国和联邦德国合作考察马里亚纳海槽两个沉积岩心的一般沉积特征、物质来源及其影响因素。两岩心沉积物均以砂质粉砂、粉砂和粘土质粉砂为主,含较多黑色火山灰层和黑色纹理,岩性分析表明,物质以火山碎屑为主。由于两岩心所处具体构造位置不同,导致岩性、构造和物质来源不同。61KL岩心有4或5个递变层序,为典型的浊流沉积,物质主要来自东部活动的马里亚纳火山弧,由浊流搬运而沉积。57KL岩心物质主要来自海槽扩张裂谷本身的火山喷发。两岩心均为半远洋沉积物。     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物的地球化学特征和物原判识

研究样品由“向阳红16”号于1992年6～7月间取自冲绳海槽中部.对表层沉积物的地球化学数据的因子分析和典型化学组分的相关分析结果表明,冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物主要包括陆架来源、生物源和火山热液源组分,且以陆源组分为主;运用修正的富集团子(EF)分析结果表明,沉积物中陆源、生物源、火山热液源组分在不同区域的相对分布是显着不同的.     

Cyclic explosive activity of the Iceland plume in the quaternary

Data on the volcanic ash layers in 70 DSDP and ODP Sites and 100 cores obtained during cruises of the R/V Akademik Kurchatov and Mikhail Lomonosov were used for compiling tephrostratigraphic scale and schematic distribution maps of the pyroclastic material in the Quaternary sediments of the North Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Basin. It is revealed that the distribution of pyroclastic material through this region is characterized by cyclic and spatially irregular patterns. Based on their petrochemical and geochemical properties, these ashes are compared with the volcanics of Iceland and the Jan Mayen islands. The relations between the extreme climatic and cyclic explosive events are discussed.     

Volcanic Ash as a Source of Dissolved Phosphorus in the Ocean

The process of phosphorus migration from volcanic ash and obsidian to seawater was experimentally studied. For obsidian and ash of the Ksudach, Karymskiy, and Eyjafjallajökull volcanoes, the specific mobilization of phosphorus ranges from 0.3 to 5.0 µg P/g with an average value of ～1.5 µg P/g. The maximum dissolved mineral phosphorus input into the ocean as a result of the interaction between pyroclastic material from arc volcanism and seawater is 4500–9000 t/yr, which does not exceed 0.3–0.6% of its input from river runoff.

     

Infrasonic waves from volcanic eruptions on the Kamchatka peninsula

The IS44 station operates at the observation point of Nachiki on the Kamchatka peninsula, which is part of the International Monitoring System (IMS), and it helps verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The Kamchatka Branch, Geophysical Service, Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS), has a station operating in the village of Paratunka. Both of these stations allow one to monitor strong explosive eruptions of andesitic volcanoes.¹ Both kinematic and dynamic parameters of acoustic signals accompanying the eruptions of the Bezymyannyi volcano (at a distance of 361 km from Nachiki) in 2009–2010 and the Kizimen volcano (at a distance of 275 km) on December 31, 2011, are considered. A low-frequency rarefaction phase 60 s in length has been revealed in the initial portion of the record of acoustic signals accompanying such strong eruptions. It is shown that the rarefaction phase occurs due to the rapid condensation of superheated juvenile vapor² that enters the atmosphere during such explosions.³ The amount of volcanic ash emitted into the atmosphere has been estimated within (3.2–7.3) 10⁶ m³ on the basis of acoustic signals recorded during the eruptions under consideration.     

大洋多金属结核的成矿作用和模式

以成矿作用反应场中的成矿物质和成矿环境为切入点,指出洋底水-沉积物界面附近形成了金属垒、碱性垒和氧化垒的垒群带以及矿物的沉析带;溶解态成矿金属的存在形式除Fe主要呈高价态外,Mn、Cu、Ni、Co均呈低价态;洋底沉析的矿物有赤铁矿、针铁矿、石英、硅酸盐类和碳酸盐类矿物。成矿溶液中存在富含Mn、Fe的胶体和微粒,其Mn、Fe含量比溶解态的高出百倍至千倍,Cu、Ni、Co含量也以增高为主。南极底层流的供氧使表层沉积物均呈浅黄、黄褐、褐色系列色调,并且成矿溶液呈低温、弱碱性、强氧化环境。在构筑成矿金属运聚和分异的动态模型基础上,提出了氧化、胶体化学和生物化学是结核生成的作用链,归纳为以洋底垒群带和矿物沉析带的复合带为背景、胶体化学作用为主导、物理化学作用和生物化学作用叠加的外生成因水下沉析的结核成矿模式。