空化水射流热效应影响煤体渗透率试验研究

对空化水射流空泡溃灭瞬间和空化噪声声场作用产生的热效应进行了分析,得到了热效应作用下的煤体渗透率表达式,并开展了不同空化条件(泵压、空化腔围压)下的煤体温度和瓦斯渗流试验。结果表明:空化腔围压一定时,温度随泵压的增大而升高;而泵压一定时,温度随空化腔围压的增大而减小。当热应力大于平均有效应力时,煤体热膨胀出现微变形,产生的张应力使裂隙变宽、数量增多;热效应使得游离瓦斯内能增加,分子自由程大大缩短,同时吸附瓦斯解吸使得煤基质发生收缩效应,导致微孔隙及微裂隙结构产生膨胀变形,从而影响煤体渗透率。试验得到渗透率随温度升高呈指数规律增大,与理论得到的渗透率表达式描述的规律相符。     

永梅坳陷二叠纪煤系的热演化特征与热历史分析

中国东南部海相和近海相地层普遍遭受多次后期复杂岩浆作用的改造,因而,尽管不乏富有机质地层,但热     

冀中文安斜坡石炭—二叠纪煤系特征及岩浆热力成烃作用

对文安斜坡石炭—二叠纪(C—P)煤系特征,尤其是煤的煤岩显微组分组成和煤及煤的各显微组分的元素组成特征的研究表明,本区煤中镜质组含量占绝对优势且较富氢。本文还研究了新生代该煤系的再次埋藏和该区下第三系岩浆活动以及煤系中多层辉绿岩侵入的热力作用对其成熟度的各自影响程度,认为本区已发现的煤成油气藏大体分布在平均R_0为1.0％～2.0％的苏桥地区,与早第三纪岩浆活动有密切关系。岩浆热力影响有效地促进了煤系烃源岩的热演化和成烃转化,而破坏作用则不大。     

Multi-sensor data fusion for the detection of underground coal fires

The spontaneous combustion of coal causes widespread underground coal fires in several countries, amongst which is China. These coal fires cause serious environmental, economic and safety problems. In northern China, the coal fires occur within a wide region stretching 5000 km east-west and 750 km north-south. Remote sensing therefore provides an ideal tool for monitoring this environmental hazard over such a large and remote area. As part of a research project to detect, measure, monitor and extinguish these coal fires, this paper describes a remote-sensing-based multi-sensor data-fusion methodology for detecting the underground fires. The methodology is based on fusing a variety of satellite-based image types (optical, thermal, microwave) together with airborne data (optical and thermal infrared) and ancillary data sources such as geological and topographic maps. The results of the remote-sensing data fusion are presented, using pixel-based, feature-based and decision-based fusion approaches.     

腐殖煤干酪根裂解气主生气成熟度上限探讨

烃源岩主生气成熟度上限的确定对含气盆地天然气资源量评价和主生气阶段的确定具有重要的意义。对不同成熟度的15个腐殖煤样开展了生气热解实验和氢、碳、氧元素含量测定,生气热解实验是在800℃高温下进行,结果表明低成熟度煤总产气率最高,随着成熟度的增加,产气率逐渐降低,在Ro为0.6%~2.3%范围内的煤产气率降低幅度很大,从61m3/吨.TOC降到11m3/吨.TOC,在Ro达到2.3%之后煤产气率很低,随着成熟度的增加,产气率缓慢降低。不同成熟度煤的H/C值也呈现相似的变化规律,在Ro<2.3%的煤中,H/C值随成熟度的增加快速降低,在此之后,H/C值缓慢降低,因此,认为Ro=2.3%为腐殖煤的干酪根裂解气主生气成熟度上限。     

Quantitative investigation on the structural characteristics of thermally metamorphosed coal: evidence from multi-spectral analysis technology

The macromolecule structural characteristics of thermally metamorphosed bituminous coals (TMBC) are very significant to understand the thermal evolution history of coal basin and coal organic maturation. However, the relevant information is still limited. Here, four TMBC, selected from Daxing coal mine, Liaoning province, China, were investigated by using varied modern tools including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to expound the effect of igneous intrusions on their chemical structures. Results indicate that the studied TMBC are characterized as turbostratic structures, composing of crystalline carbon assorted with varying amounts of disordered amorphous carbon. An increase in agglomeration degree of molecular structure in TMBC was observed with the increase in coal ranks. In addition, the strong contact metamorphism imposed on indigenous coal has created new pores and fractures examined by scanning electron microscope, which facilitate the drainage of coal bed methane in coal mines.     

从各向异性壳质组的发现论壳质组在煤化过程中的光性演变

通过对我国几个典型煤田300多块煤光片的详细煤岩研究,发现煤中存在一种高反射具强烈各向异性的有机显微组分,有些保存了完好的壳质组外形和结构.可称之为各向异性壳质组,它广泛分布于长焰煤以上各煤级煤中,它的发现进一步说明了壳质组的煤化历程是复杂的。有些在煤化过程中几乎全部裂解为烃类而消失,绝大多数光性与共生镜质组同化,还有一少部分转变成了各向异性壳质组。     

淮北朔里煤矿岩床附近煤的光学性质和稀土元素分布特征

运用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子选择电极(ISE)、显微镜光度计和煤化学等方法,研究安徽淮北朔里煤矿5号煤层与侵入岩浆岩(岩床)接触面附近煤的光学性质和稀土元素分布特征。结果显示,与岩床直接接触的热变质煤在光学上显示天然焦的典型特征,除惰质组以外的显微组分大都变成了较粗大颗粒状镶嵌结构体,各向异性显著,小球体发育,微气孔很发育;与岩床间接接触(岩床之下)的热变质煤镶嵌结构体变细,各向异性变弱,微气孔不发育,未见小球体。研究还发现,从岩床下边缘至煤层底板泥岩表面的8个煤分层都显示铈(Ce)严重亏损的特征;在稀土元素标准化曲线上,Ce负异常"V"型谷非常显目,表明岩浆的高温将煤中原来的Ce3+氧化成Ce4+而与其它三价稀土元素(RE3+)发生了分离。数据显示,在朔里煤矿岩床接触变质煤中,稀土元素丰度与煤的灰分产率没有显著的相关性,表明岩浆熔体中的微量元素迁移到周围煤中并未造成灰分产率大量提高。     

高煤阶煤储层解吸曲线定量表征及解吸参数研究

为了定量研究煤层气井解吸特征,文章通过煤样解吸实验获取解吸曲线并进行拟合回归得到了煤样解吸曲线定量表征公式。结果表明：煤样解吸曲线可以用来定量表征;解吸体积常数可表征煤样的最大解吸量,解吸时间常数表征解吸气体体积达到最大解吸气体积一半时所用的解吸时间;煤样初始解吸速率等于解吸体积常数与解吸时间常数之比,煤样解吸速率随着解吸体积常数增加而增加,随着解吸时间常数增加而降低。解吸时间常数与吸附时间成线性正相关关系,解吸时间常数越大,煤样解吸速率越小;在工程上可以用解吸体积常数代替解吸气量和残余气量之和;解吸时间常数随气体压力和裂缝指数增加而降低,随镜质组、惰质组含量增加而先增加后降低,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显;解吸体积常数随气体压力、惰质组含量增加而增加,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显,随着镜质组含量增加而降低,随裂缝指数先降低后增加。     

Source rocks evaluation, hydrocarbon generation and palynofacies study of late cretaceous succession at 16/G-1 offshore well in Qamar Basin, eastern Yemen

Subsurface Late Cretaceous succession has been recovered from 16/G-1, an offshore exploratory well that located in the Qamar Basin, eastern Republic of Yemen. This paper deals with the study of source rocks, maturation, hydrocarbon evaluation, and palynofacies of the Late Cretaceous Mukalla and Dabut Formations of the Mahra Group. These two formations consist of an intercalation of argillaceous, carbonates, siltstones, sandstones and coal layers. The sedimentary organic matter as amorphous organic matter, phytoclasts and palynomorphs are investigated and identified under transmitted light microscope. Spores, pollen, dinoflagellates, algae, fungi, and acritarchs in addition to foraminiferal lining test have been also identified. The optical and organic geochemical studies were used to evaluate the source rock, maturation and its hydrocarbons potentiality. The thermal alteration index, vitrinite reflectance, rock-eval pyrolysis, and palynofacies were also used. The upward increase in the relative abundance of marine versus terrestrial input reflects a major marine transgression and retregration cycles from Campanian to Maastrichtian stages. The Mukalla and Dabut Formations are late immature to mature stages with kerogen types II and III. The hydrocarbons generation potentiality of two formations is oil and wet gas prone indicators.     

Genesis of Coal Metamorphism of Late PalaeozoicCoals in the South of North China——A Further Approach to the Effects of ThermalGroundwater on Coal Metamorphism

The close relationship between the genesis of coal metamorphism and the evolution of the regional tectonic framework is expounded on the basis of an analysis of the geological factors causing the metamorphic zonation of the Late Palaeozoic coals in southern North China; in terms of the mechanism for the formation of palaeogeothermal anomalies, the effects of thermal groundwater on coal metamorphism is highlighted and a geological model for thermal groundwater metamorphism of coal established; with the concept of the palaeogeotherm-coal metamorphism system, the genesis of coal metamorphism is analysed according to the distribution pattern of three geological factors: heat source, heat-carrier and channel, and heat-collector.     

重庆永川煤矿煤岩热物性参数特征

煤岩热物性参数是矿井降温、防灭火治理工作所需要的重要基础资料。以重庆永川煤矿为研究对象,采用井下现场测定和实验室测试对该矿目前采掘区域内煤岩密度、比热、导热系数、导温系数以及原始温度、地温梯度等参数进行了测试。测试结果表明,在矿井标高-400 m水平,煤岩样的密度、比热、导热系数、导温系数均处在正常范围之内;在标高-357~-438 m,煤岩密度、比热、导热系数、导温系数不随标高的变化而变化。在标高-400 m水平,煤岩原始温度为35~36℃;矿井恒温带深度以下,-400 m水平以上的地温梯度为2.32/℃ hm,-400 m水平以下的地温梯度值为2.65/℃ hm,存在一个稍微递增的趋势,但仍然处于正常地温梯度范围。结合矿井地勘资料确定煤岩原始温度的实测值较理论计算值偏小,但误差不超过3%,精度符合工程实际要求。      

湖南省煤的热谱特征及其研究意义

煤的热谱(DTA、DSC、TG)特征与煤的其他物化特征参数一样,是煤大分子结构特征的反映,可作为研究煤化作用的参考和无烟煤分类的辅助标志。本文介绍了湖南省不同变质程度煤的热谱特征和试验所发现的热谱曲线、峰温与煤及瓦斯突出强度、无烟煤三小类的关系,并试验证明利用热分析曲线进行煤层对比的可能性。     

煤中显微组分的成烃演化实验

热解模拟实验揭示,镜质组的生烃作用与其起始成熟度有关,如果初次生烃中止,成熟度 (再次生烃起始成熟度)尚未超过生油高峰阶段 (R=0.9%),则再次生烃有可能显著提高煤的生烃潜量,且以起始成熟度在生烃高峰处的升高幅度为最大。在有机显微组分中:壳质组的生烃量最大,生烃范围最集中;镜质组次之;惰质组最少。      

豫西煤田新密矿区中间相碳沥青的发现及其地质意义

新密矿区晚古生代含煤岩系热液方解石,石英晶洞中产出一种中间相碳沥青,由不同生长状态的中间相组成,包括5种光学结构:中间相基质、中间相小球体、中间相复合小球体、片状体及流动型。笔者认为这种碳沥青的原始物质来源于煤层本身,它与煤层中出现的各向异性体具有密切的戍因联系,是热变员作用时期煤中富氢壳质组排出的液态烃类（煤成油）运移出煤层,聚集于晶洞中逐步转变而成。由于中间相是一种过渡相态,作为一种特殊地质现象保存下来具有一定的地质意义。它的发现表明了地质时间的作用在有机质热成熟作用过程中是重要的,但是是有限的;同时亦证明了腐植煤只有一定产出液态烃类的能力,在其变质作用过程中,也存在烃类产出、运移与聚集的过程。     

顺和西煤矿区地温特征及其影响因素分析

顺和西煤矿区属华北地台型含煤沉积、石炭、二叠系为其主要含煤地层,山西组的二：煤层为主采煤层,埋深585～1585m。由于永城隐伏背斜两翼发育的次级宽缓褶曲及其高角度断层,控制着本区含煤地层的分布,故该矿区的地温亦受各种地质因素的作用与控制,表现为同一水平地层越老温度越高,背斜轴部地温和增温率均高于向斜轴部;中北部地温梯度较高,增温异常;南部、东北局部地温梯度较低,增温正常;地温梯度随深度的增加而减小,并在岩浆侵入地段与非侵入地段也有明显差异。地温随深度或煤层埋深的增大而增高。二：煤层除局部较浅地段为一级热害区外,二级热害区基本覆盖全区。     

煤田自燃烧失量的计算方法探讨

在定量分析地面红外辐射温度与地面热流密度的基础上,归纳了二者之间的相互关系,探讨了根据地面的红外辐射温度计算地面热流密度和煤田自燃烧失量的方法,在此基础上提出利用陆地卫星LandsatTM第六波段计算煤田自燃烧失量的方法.     

实验变形煤结构的13C NMR特征及其构造地质意义

通过４件煤的高温高压实验样品及２件原始样品的＾１３Ｃ固体核磁共振研究,揭示了变形煤结构演化的微观机理及其与镜质组反射率光性变异的内在联系,阐明了不同应变环境中应力作用的差别在一定程度上控制了碳结构的演化,而镜质组反射率的差别正是煤结构差异的外在反映,因此,煤镜质组反射率光性组构真实地记录了煤变形历史中应力作用及应变环境特征,是煤田构造研究中极为重要的应变标志之一。     

Early maturation processes in coal. Part 1: Pyrolysis mass balance and structural evolution of coalified wood from the Morwell Brown Coal seam

We have developed a theoretical approach for evaluating the maturation of kerogen-like material, involving molecular dynamic reactive modelling with a reactive force field to simulate thermal stress. Morwell Brown Coal was selected to study the thermal evolution of terrestrial organic matter (OM). To achieve this, a structural model is first constructed on the basis of literature models and analytical characterization of our samples using modern 1and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Then, artificial maturation of the coal is performed at low conversion in order to obtain quantitative and qualitative detailed evidence for the structural evolution of the kerogen upon maturation. The chemical changes include defunctionalization of carboxyl, carbonyl and methoxy functional groups, coupled with an increase in cross linking in the residual matured kerogen. Gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons, essentially CH₄, C₄H₈ and C₁₄₊ hydrocarbons, are generated in low amount, merely via cleavage of the lignin side chain.     

超临界CO2温变对低渗透煤层孔渗变化的实验研究

为解决我国高瓦斯煤层渗透性差导致瓦斯抽采率低的难题,利用超临界二氧化碳强扩散和溶解增透等独特优点,采用自制三轴渗透实验装置,开展不同温度下超临界二氧化碳作用后煤的宏观增透实验,在宏观增透实验基础上进行煤微观扫描成像实验。结果表明:恒定体积应力和孔隙压力条件下,不同温度超临界二氧化碳作用后,煤的渗透率较增透前提高一个数量级,但在二氧化碳的超临界温度范围内,煤的渗透率随温度增加呈负指数变化规律。超临界二氧化碳作用后,煤微观孔隙率较增透前提高两个数量级,随着温度增加,煤微观孔裂隙的演化速率减慢,孔隙率随温度增加呈负指数变化规律。宏微观实验数据同时表明,煤宏观渗透率随微观孔隙率增加而增大。超临界二氧化碳增透过程中,孔隙压力对低渗透煤层的增透效果起主控作用。