ON ICE FORMING NUCLEI

Cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)constitute a reservoir of latent ice-forming nuclei(IFN)active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Two classes of aerosol particles active as IFN by sorption werefound.The first produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on temperature only.The IFN concen-tration consecutively increases with lowering of temperature and does not respond to the increasing partialwater vapor pressure.The second produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on partial water vaporpressure only,The IFN concentration consecutively decreases with decreasing of the partial water vapor pres-sure that takes place with the lowering temperature.Sulfates(mostly ammonium sulfate)constitute an integral part of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Backward isentropic air parcel trajectories linked polluted air rich in sulfates andclean air with high and low concentrations of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing at-19.7℃ andS_w=0.1%.The experiments were performed in a dynamic filter processing chamber with aerosol particles collectedon membrane filters.     

SIMULATION ON SITE ERRORS''''ESTIMATION

In this paper, using the same simulated conditions that Lopez and Passi (1989) used, the method of Chen et a1.(1991) (CLG's algorithm) for site error estimation has been performed. The results show that the CLG works well for a four-DF network but still has some shortcomings for a three-DF system. The reason why there is a big difference between a four-DF network and a three-DF network is also discussed and several measures to improve the performance of CLG's algorithm are suggested. For practice, we have also done the simulated experiment for the Beijing local three-DF network. This is helpful for us to use the data obtained in this network.     

A CASE STUDY ON SANDSTORM

The favourable synoptic situation and climate background for a sandstorm process,which occurred in theperiod 9—16 April 1988,have been studied through analyzing weather maps,meteorological elements,satellitecloud pictures and sandstorm trajectories.The sand dust origin area,the directions and the paths of sanddust transport,and the extent the sand dust reached are also investigated.The results of measurments andanalysis indicate that the concentration of sand dust particles is 10 times greater than the normal.It is also shownthat the elements in the sand dust are lithophylic and come from natural source through the chemical composi-tion analysis of the sand dust,so that the sand dust has not been polluted by human activities.     

SOME ASPECTS ON CISK THEORY

A great deal of work has been done to perfect the theory first proposed by Charney and Eliassen.In this paper.we reexamine the theory and find out that the observational evidence does not support theirassumption that the wind velocity in the lower layet does not change with height.An improved assump-tion based on the observation is proposed and its influence on the results of CISK theory such as stabilityand catastrophic feature is discussed.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE DRAG EFFECT OF PRECIPITATING PARTICLES ON FLUID MOTION

An experiment is performed to simulate the drag effect of raindrops on the air motion in the atmosphere by means of fine sand particles precipitating through a liquid fluid. The results suggest that the drag effect of the precipitating particles may cause the downward motion in the column where sand particles (or raindrops) precipitate, and produce the updraft around, thus forming a vertical vortex flow pattern around the precipitation area. This effect is also found to be propagating outward, resulting in a multi-vortex flow field. In the stratified fluid, vortexes can be observed at 2 or 3 levels. In the lower layer, the rotating direction of vortexes varies periodically, In addition, the whole flow field induced by the drag effect of precipitating particles is characterized by clear vacillation. The experimental results obtained in this paper can be used to explain the phenomena of multi-layer clouds and multi-belt rainfalll around the severe rain.     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulationfeatures in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heatingrates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating compo-nent in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau en-hances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,re-inforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surfacetemperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of theQinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the pre-sent circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geologicalperiod people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU SNOW COVER ON SUMMER MONSOON FORMATION

The calculating schemes of underlying surface processes in the model described by Li et al.(1989)are modified with inclusion of simple land surface processes and oceanic mixed layer processes,then a simulation on the zonal wind along 90°E from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere with moun-tains is performed.Comparisons of the results and the observations show that the modified model not onlyhas an excellent stability in calculation but also can better display the seasonal change of the wind field,theability of the present model is improved as compared with that of the previous one.Based on the simulations,the authors investigate the effects of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau snow cover on theformation of South Asian monsoon by thickcning the snow depth and by increasing the snow albedo.Themain results arc as follows:The summer meridional circulation over the south of the Plateau and its vicinityis weakeued,and the precipitation reduced.However,over the northern tropics,the circulation is enhanced,and the ecipitation is increased,and the land and the air above it become warmer,the tropical easterly jetis weakened.     

PROGRESSES OF THE STUDY ON IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN CHINA

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NUMERICAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF THE QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU ON FORMATION OF THE URAL BLOCKING HIGH

By employing the improved T42L5 spectral model and utilizing the ECMWF data covering the period from 1 Julyto 7 July 1982,a numerical research on the formation of the Ural blocking system has been made.The results show thatthe model forecasts for the upstream U ral area turn out to be worse if the dynamic effect of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateauis not considered.The correlation coefficient between the model forecasts and observed 500 hPa geopotential heightanomaly decreases by 9% for the 5-day mean,and their averaged root mean square (RMS) error increases 15 m.Due tothe dynamic effect of the Plateau,the trough being on the northwest of the Plateau is barricaded and turns to be atransversal trough.Consequently southwest flow occurs along the northwest of the Plateau in front of the trough,whilenortheast flow prevails over the west of the trough,causing the formation of the blocking high over the Ural area.Whenthe dynamic effect of the Plateau is not taken into consideration,the trough develops and moves southeastward and theUral blocking high changes into a migratory high.All these result in the failure of the simulation.The dynamic effect ofthe Plateau helps to increase the negative vorticities over the Plateau and its north periphery as well as the Ural area,andalso helps to increase the positive vorticities over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea area.On the other hand,thethermodynamic effect mainly influences the Plateau and its downstream area and plays an less important role in theformation of the blocking high over the upstream Ural area.     

STUDY ON THE AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE INTERANNUAL TIME SCALE IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

In this paper we document the correlationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and lowlevel-winds such as sea level wind and 850 hPa wind in the South China Sea (SCS) based onCOADS (1958—1987) and ECMWF objective analysis data (1973—1986).Further statisticalanalyses tell us that there is a fixed SCS basin mode for variations both of SST and low-level windsin the region on the interannual time scale due to air-sea interactions.A simplified,coupled model that is designed following the McCreary and Anderson's (1985)model and includes the feedback between the upper ocean and the circulation of East Asianmonsoon demonstrates an interannual oscillation in the coupled air-sea system,which is similar tothe observations in the SCS.     

ANALYSIS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC DUCT AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

On the basis of introducing the basic categories of atmospheric refraction and their existingconditions,the forming processes of three kinds of atmospheric ducts are expounded.Several maincharacteristics of atmospheric duct are summarized and analyzed,and field sounding data from theWEstern North-Pacific cloud-radiation EXperiment(WENPEX)and meteorological data aroundthe Xisha sea area are used to validate these characteristics.Meanwhile the sensitivities of theevaporation duct height to the variations of atmospheric humidity.the air-sea temperaturedifference.and horizontal wind speed are examined.With the analysis of the effect of atmosphericduct on the propagation of electromagnetic wave.the maximum trapped-wavelength and the criticalemitting angle of elevation for electromagnetic wave which can form duct propagation are derived.At the same time the four kinds of necessary conditions for electromagnetic wave to form ductpropagation are brought forward.The effects of atmospheric duct on ultrashort wave propagation,radar observation.short wave communication etc.are also discussed.     

ON THE MODELLING STUDY OF MONSOON

The major advances and achievements of recent studies on monsoon simulation are reviewed.Four aspects are included in the paper and they are simulation of general feature and seasonal tointerannual variation of monsoon.simulation of monsoon and ENSO relations,paleo-monsoonsimulation,and the predictability study of monsoon and monsoon climate.Concluding remarks aremade in the last section.     

ON THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENSO AND THE ASIAN MONSOON ON THE SCALE OF QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION

A diagnostic analysis is performed of the quasi-biennial oscillations during the ENSO cycle and the results are based to study the interactions between ENSO and the Asian monsoons. It shows that the Asian monsoons have significant influence on the ENSO cycle on the quasi-biennial scale. Materialized through the onset and southward progression of the winter monsoon, the influence appears in the tropical western Pacific to excite severe convection and to further affect the ENSO cycle. The phenomenon is not only reflected in the quasi-biennial mode but the annual variation of the Asian winter monsoon in reality.     

ON THE ICE NUCLEATION BY CONTACT ON THE INNER AND OUTER LAYER OF A WATER DROP

Nucleation of ice by contact takes place when an aerosol particle collides with asurface of supercooled water drop.Aerosol particle may either bounce off the watersurface or be captured on it.McCully et al.(1956) and Rosinski et al.(1963) have shownthat capture of hydrophilic particles was four times larger than of hydrophobic ones.Hydrophobic aerosol particles will nucleate ice preferentially during the brief time ofcontact when they bounce off the surface.Patricles that become captured on the surfacewill float and produce clusters that may nucleate ice at some later time (delayed on surface     

A STUDY ON LOW－LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE ON THE SEASIDE BORDERS TO THE WEST OF HAIKOU

In this paper, the observed data of low-level wind and temperature collected from western outskirts of Haikou city, Hainan Island, are analysed. Mean boundary layer structure, generation and development of ground-level inversion and inner boundary layer on the coastal area of interest, which is in China,s northern tropical area, are analysed. It is found that an inner thermal boundary layer can be produced under intense insolation in both dry and rainy seasons, and the mixing layer on the coast is remarkably deeper than that of inland.     

ON THE SYMMETRIC DEVELOPMENT OF MESOSCALE DISTURBANCES

The effects of baroclinic basic flow on a paralleled mesoscale disturbance development are investigated.By using the WKB method,two-dimensional perturbation equations with the anelastic approximation areanalyzed.The result indicates that the symmetric development of a mesoscale disturbance is due to the in-homogeneous thermal wind deviations and unstationality of the basic field.     

POSSIBLE SOLAR INFLUENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD

A physical hypothesis for the electrical coupling of the troposphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere has been proposed. It is shown that the vertical mass exchange takes place in the troposphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere by the gravity wave feedback mechanism through a chain of eddy systems. The vertical mass exchange gives rise to a vertical aerosol current which is responsible for the generation and maintenance of atmospheric electric field and also the variations in the H-component of the geomagnetic field. Any perturbation in the troposphere would be transmitted to ionosphere and vice versa. A global perturbation in ionosphere, as the one caused by solar variability, is transmitted to troposphere influencing weather systems/geomagnetic/atmospheric electrification processes.The theory relating to the above physical mechanism is discussed. Also, results of analysis of atmospheric electrical field data for Colaba, Bombay (8°53' 56" N, 72° 48' 54" E, 9.8 m ASL) and solar activity indices (Ap index,     

ON THE CISK WITH SHEARING BASIC CURRENT

The shearing basic current is introduced into the conditional instability of second kind (CISK) theory and the influence of the shearing basic current on the growth rate of the typhoon depression is investigated with a simple theoretic model in this paper.The vertical shearing basic current could restrain the CISK. It is in agreement with the tropospheric ventilating condition. The cyclonic shearing basic current in the lower troposphere makes an increase of the growth rate. It could explain the synoptic facts that the enhancement of the equatorial westerly or the southwest monsoon and the cold wave with moderate strength are conductive to the eneration and development of typhoons. The cyclonic (anticyclonic) shearing basic flow in the upper troposphere could make a decrease (an increase) of the growth rate. These agree with Simpson's conclusion.     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE INFLUENCES OF THE QINGHAI－XIZANG PLATEAU ON THE UPSTREAM BLOCKING EVENT

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON ACIDIFICATION OF CLOUD WATER

The numerical simulation on the acidification of cloud water has been carried out withthe assumption that the cloud droplets forming on the sulfuric acid, sulfate and nitrate nucleidissolve acidic and alkaline gases and achieve a gas-liquid equilibrium in a very short time. The resultshows that the acidification of cloud water is not only related to the initial concentration ofacidic, alkaline gases and aerosol of cloud air, but also to the cloud water content.