EFFECT OF THE NONLINEAR TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent barotropic model with nobasic flow. The effect of nonlinear term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone isemphatically demonstrated. The advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow (AAVS)produces the small-scale gyres (SSGs). The SSGs counterclockwise rotate around the tropicalcyclone center. The interaction of SSGs with the large-scale beta gyres (LSBGs) leads to theoscillation in translation speed and vacillation in translation direction for tropical cyclone. Theadvection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow (ASVA) steers the symmetric circulationof tropical cyclone. The ventilation flow vector determined by the asymmetric flow is closecorrelated with the motion vector of tropical cyclone. The nonlinear advection of relative vorticityis an order of magnitude greater than the linear advection of planetary vorticity, However, theasymmetric circulation created by the planetary vorticity advection provides a background conditionfor anomalous motions of the tropical cyclone. The combination of the linear and nonlinear effectsresults in accelerated, decelerated, changing direction and/or counterclockwise looping motions ofthe tropical cyclone.     

斜压涡旋中的通风气流与热带气旋移动的关系

应用准地转斜压模式数值模拟了热带气旋的移动。将热带气旋的流场分解为轴对称分量和非对称分量，研究非对称流场中的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量的关系。数值试验结果表明：（１）在热带气旋的非对称流场中，不但有大尺度β涡旋，而且还有小尺度涡旋。（２）小尺度涡旋与大尺度β涡旋之间的相互作用导致热带气旋移向的摆动和移速的振荡。（３）应用Ｆｉｏｒｉｎｏ和Ｅｌｓｂｅｒｒｙ的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量有很大偏差。（４）应用改进的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量相关密切。     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION*

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is investigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres and small-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres and large-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropical cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated by means of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventilation flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of the tropical cyclone.     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is inves-tigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres andsmall-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres andlarge-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropi-cal cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated bymeans of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventila-tion flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of thetropical cyclone.     

非绝热加热对热带气旋非对称结构影响的数值试验

利用含非绝热加热强迫的正压涡度方程。将非绝热加热作适当的参数化处理。对初始对称 热带气旋作了一系列数值试验,结果表明：不仅β项、平流项在热带气旋非对称结构的形成中有重要作用,而且非绝热加热对热带气旋的非对称结构亦有重要影响,从而验证了非绝热加热是热带气旋非对称结构形成的一种可能机制的结论。     

非对称环流的细致结构与台风路径的摆动

应用准地转三层斜压模式数值模拟热带气旋的移动，详细分析热带气旋非对称环流的三度空间结构及其与热带气旋移动的关系。结果表明：非线性涡度平流与线性β项相结合不但可以产生大尺度β涡旋对，而且还可产生小尺度涡旋对；这两种不同尺度的非对称涡旋不断相互作用，导致热带旋移速的振荡和移向的摆动。     

云迹风资料在热带气旋移向预报中的应用

利用云迹风并结合实测风,从涡度方程出发,对１９９８年南海和西太平洋的几个热带气候进行诊断计算。结果反映,涡度局地变率ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ对热带气旋移动有指示意义,它既可批示热带气旋正常路径,在引导气流不明显的情况下,也能对气旋的转折路径有较明显的反映,气旋常朝涡度局地变率最在的方向移动。当热带气旋周围有数个ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ中心时写和提交 矢量合成法确定了气旋的最大可能移动方向。此外,玷如引导气流一样,热带气旋     

双热带气旋相互作用的研究

采用无基本气流的无辐散正压模式模拟了双热带气旋的运动。应用非对称理论研究了双热带气旋的相互作用。双热带气旋中的每个热带气旋主要由通过其中心的非对称气流（即通风气流）作用而移动。这股非对称气流是由其自身的线性和非线性效应产生的非对称涡旋与其配对热带气旋形成的非对称涡旋相叠加而引起的。     

EFFECT OF THE LINEAR BETA TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent,barotropic model with nobasic flow.The effect of linear beta term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone isemphatically demonstrated.The streamfunction tendency due to the symmetric component of linearbeta term appears in a dipole-like pattern with an east-west symmetry,which maintains andintensifies the large-scale beta gyres and causes the tropical cyclone to have a westerly movingcomponent.The streamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta termarises in an ellipse pattern with a north-south major axis,which weakens the tropical cyclone.Thestreamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta term and the intensity oflarge-scale cyclonic beta gyre synchronously vary in a fluctuating manner with time.     

EFFECT OF THE LINEAR BETA TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE*

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent,barotropic model with no basic flow.The effect of linear beta term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone is emphatically demonstrated.The streamfunction tendency due to the symmetric component of linear beta term appears in a dipole-like pattern with an east-west symmetry,which maintains and intensifies the large-scale beta gyres and causes the tropical cyclone to have a westerly moving component.The streamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta term arises in an ellipse pattern with a north-south major axis,which weakens the tropical cyclone.The streamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta term and the intensity of large-scale cyclonic beta gyre synchronously vary in a fluctuating manner with time.     

热带气旋强度变化研究进展

自20世纪90年代后期以来,热带气旋强度变化研究越来越受到人们的重视,随着研究的不断深入,热带气旋强度变化研究取得了可喜的进展,文中总结近年来热带气旋强度变化的主要研究成果,主要包括(1)热带气旋的发生、发展和最大可能强度的研究;(2)行星涡度梯度、环境均匀流、环境流场垂直切变以及热带气旋外流与环境流的相互作用对热带气旋强度的影响及物理机制;(3)热带气旋结构与强度的变化关系,着重总结环境流场导致的非对称结构变化而引起的热带气旋强度变化以及对涡旋倾斜发展理论验证,分析了涡旋Rossby波的最新研究;(4)海洋热状况变化以及海洋飞沫对热带气旋强度的影响研究成果。分析指出,今后进一步开展用现代化卫星探测资料研究热带气旋强度变化外,还应加强热带气旋外流与环境流场的相互作用,海-气交界面的参数化问题,热带气旋结构变化与TC强度变化关系以及这种关系的物理本质的研究,通过深入研究,认识热带气旋强度变化的物理机制,提高热带气旋强度变化的预报能力。     

三类物理过程对台风强度影响的研究

文中设计了一个极坐标系的准地转正压模式 ,一个直角坐标系定常台风环流条件下的准地转正压模式和一个直角坐标系非定常台风环流的准地转正压模式 ,其径向或水平格距均为 2km ,以研究三类物理过程对台风强度的影响 ,即沿方位角方向的线性平流 ,沿径向的线性平流以及非线性平流对中尺度涡旋涡量内传和台风强度变化的影响。结果指出 :沿方位角方向的线性平流可导致螺旋状涡带的形成 ;沿径向的线性平流在一定的参数集合可使涡量内传 ,台风略有增强 ;定常台风环流条件下扰动涡量的非线性平流可使内传涡量明显增加 ,台风明显增强 ;非定常台风环流条件下非线性平流的作用具有两重性 ,一方面可使内传涡量增多 ,有利于台风的增强 ,另一方面 ,在涡量内传过程中 ,原先呈同心圆轴对称的台风基流结构受到破坏 ,形成复杂流型 ,这又使台风趋于减弱。最后讨论了这些结果在台风强度预测方面的可能应用。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIABATIC HEATING ON TROPICAL CYCLONE ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE

Using the barotropic volticity equation that contains forcing from diabatic heating with appropriate parameterization. a number of numerical experiments are conducted for the tropical cyclone that is initially symmetric The result shows that the diabatic heating has important effects on the asymmetric structure in addition to the roll of the β term and nonlinear advection term in its formation. It again confirms the conclusion that the diabatic heating is a possible mechanism responsible for such structures in the tropical cyclone.     

相同强度双台风相互作用的物理机制

在无基本气流的假定下,应用无辐数正压模式研究双台风相互作用的物理机制。台风Ａ位于观风Ｂ以西,两台风相距６０ｋｍ,且具有相同的强度。在台风Ａ（台风Ｂ）的非对称流场中,由台风Ａ（台风Ｂ）的线性β效应产生的非对称涡旋的方位相位与由台风Ｂ（台风Ａ）形成的非对称涡旋方位相位相反（相同）。因此,台风Ａ（台风Ｂ）的大尺度非对称涡旋较弱（较强）。小尺度涡旋逆时针旋转导致台风Ａ逆时将打转。稳定的偏南非对称气流使台风     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF β-GYRES IN TROPICAL CYCLONES

1INTRODUCTIONEversincethe1940抯,thetropicalcyclone(TC)hasbeenviewedasapointvortexorrigidvortex.Thepredictionissummedupasoneforairflowintheambientfield.Themethodusuallysucceeds.Thesteeringtheoryfortheairflowbecomesitstheoreticalfoundation.Thoughwithsomesuccess,theactualtrackofTCmovementcanbemuchdeviatedfromthesteeringcurrent,asseeninroutineforecastpractice.Withoutmuchchangesintheambientsteeringcurrent,theTCcanhaveunexpectedchangesinthedirection,speedofmotionorintensity.Atypicalexamplewo…     

EFFECTS OF THREE KINDS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TYPHOON INTENSITY*

This paper designs three quasi-geostrophic barotropic models with a radial/horizontal grid length being 2 kin,one in the polar coordinates,one on a stationary typhoon circulation condition and another on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition in the Cartesian coordinates,to investigate the effects of azimuthal and radial linear advections,and nonlinear advection on the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity and the changes of typhoon intensity.Results show that the azimuthal linear advection may result in the formation of spiral vorticity bands;the radial linear advection in a certain parameter set is able to transfer vorticity inwards,leading to a slight enhancement of typhoon;the nonlinear advection of perturbation vorticity on a stationary typhoon circulation condition may transfer more vorticities inwards,thus resulting in a distinct enhancement of typhoon;and the nonlinear advection on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition possesses duality,i.e.on the one hand,the advection increases the vorticity of inward propagation,thus favorable to the intensification of typhoon,and on the other hand,in the inward propagation process of vorticity the originally concentric and axisymmetric structure of typhoon basic flow is damaged,and a complex flow pattern forms,which in turn tends to weaken the circulation of typhoon.At last the paper discusses the possible applications of those results in typhoon intensity prediction.     

热带气旋运动的动力学研究进展

热带气旋运动是由各种形式的外部强迫、内部过程及其相互作用所决定的。特别是环境气流与气旋环流以及β效应之间的相互作用可以产生次级的非对称气流,使热带气旋偏离大尺度环境气流的引导。这种偏差,被称为广义的β漂移。本文讨论了控制β漂移的物理因子和物理过程,尤其是涡旋结构与环境气流切变对它的影响,以及β漂移在热带气旋路径预报上的应用。另外,还总结了双台风相互作用、热带气旋摆动和与下垫面强迫有关的物理过程的影响。     

Impact of tropical cyclone development on the instability of South Asian High and the summer monsoon onset over Bay of Bengal

This paper analyzes the evolution of the South Asian High (SAH) during and after the development of tropical cyclone Neoguri over the South China Sea (SCS) in mid-April 2008, the formation of tropical storm Nargis over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) in late April, and the Asian summer monsoon onset, as well as their interrelationships. Numerical sensitivity experiments are conducted to explore the underlying mechanism responsible for these seasonal transitions in 2008. It is demonstrated that strong latent heating related with tropical cyclone activities over the SCS can enhance the development of the SAH aloft and generate zonal asymmetric potential vorticity (PV) forcing, with positive vorticity advection to its east and negative advection to its west. Following the decay of the tropical cyclone, this asymmetric forcing leads to instability development of the SAH, presenting as a slowly westward-propagating Rossby wave accompanied by a westward shift of the high PV advection. A strong upper tropospheric divergence on the southwest of the SAH also shifts westward, while positive PV eddies are shed from the high PV advection and eventually arrives in the southern BOB. Such synoptic patterns provide favorable pumping conditions for local cyclonic vorticity to develop. The latent heating release from the cyclogenesis further intensifies the upper-layer divergence, and the lower and upper circulations become phase locked, leading to the explosive development of the tropical cyclone over the southern BOB. Consequently, a tropical storm is generated and the BOB summer monsoon commences.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE IN BAROTROPIC ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS

Development of a tropical cyclone in barotropic environmental flows is investigated with a shallow water model. It is found that the tropical cyclone develops only when it is embedded in an environmental now with a southward relative vorticity gradient. The related physical mechanism is explained by analyzing the kinetic energy conversion between the environmental flow and tropical cyclone circulation.     

热带气旋"黄蜂"动热力特征演变的模拟分析

以"中国登陆台风试验"项目的目标热带气旋"黄蜂"为对象,用高分辨数值模式成功模拟了其近海加强和登陆减弱的过程,从定量和时间演化角度细致分析了热带气旋(TC)各阶段的动、热力特征,包括对流加热特性、温湿结构、稳定度、涡散度、垂直运动、垂直环流、水平环流等基本动、热力因子的时空结构特征,揭示了该热带气旋的大量结构特点,如对流加热的强盛和非对称性、强热带风暴的无眼结构、低层的东暖西冷结构、涡度的准圆形对称结构、东/西侧环流正/斜压性的差异、低层辐合和上升运动的准周期振荡等等.这些结构特征的揭示对深入细致地研究和认识南海热带气旋的特点和演变机理具有重要学术意义.