基于水库调蓄的黄河干流水体交换周期的量化研究

针对黄河流域存在的水危机,探讨水体交换周期的内涵和意义,分析水体蓄变情况下水体交换周期的变化特征,在此基础上建立基于水量调度和河段配水的黄河干流水体交换周期的量化模型,并计算了不同时间尺度下黄河水体交换周期。研究结果表明,水体交换周期可以从不同时间尺度上把握水资源的可更新能力,精确地确定区域水资源总量,指导水库的调蓄计划,为建立可持续利用的水资源供水系统及其管理提供科学依据。     

流域水资源开发阈值模型及其在黄河流域的应用

流域水资源开发阈值是流域水资源合理利用的基础和流域生态系统健康的保证。随着水资源短缺引起的 问题日益突出, 人们对水资源开发阈值的认识也在不断加深, 从最初的“水资源总量”、“可利用量”和“可供水量” 等, 到考虑生态需水和水质保护的水资源可利用量。本文在这些理念的基础上, 提出一种新的流域水资源开发阈值 及其计算模型, 即考虑水资源量、不可利用的洪水量、被污染水量、生态需水量及重复计算水量, 综合计算流域水资 源开发阈值。黄河流域作为我国水资源严重短缺地区, 水资源开发面临严峻挑战。以黄河流域为例, 运用该阈值模 型对黄河流域水资源开发阈值进行初步计算, 得到开发阈值多年平均约为238 亿m3, 占黄河天然径流量的40%左 右, 符合国际公认的流域水资源开发标准。     

水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型与应用

介绍了水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型和应用实例。从数学形式上看,它是多目标优化模型,目标函数选用自由度较高并具竞争性的系统状态指标;约束条件应该包括各相关子系统的状态模拟方程,使模拟与优化实现耦合。在研究实例中,选用了GDP和COD排放量指标来表征研究区的经济发展和环境状况,约束条件主要包括水资源系统模拟模型和宏观经济系统扩大再生产—投入产出耦合模型。由于水资源可持续利用规划决策是半结构化的决策问题,开发决策支持系统辅助决策有助于提高决策的科学性和有效性。     

广东省水资源承载力量化研究

运用多目标规划和模糊综合评价的理论与方法,结合广东省水资源特点,建立了水资源承载力多目标计算与综合评估模型.模型选取工业产值、人口、农灌面积和COD排放4个目标,以水资源供需平衡、部门用水限制等约束条件,计算了广东省高、中、低3种水资源承载力方案并与城市规划有关指标作了比较,量化反映了水资源对社会、经济和生态环境协调发展瓶颈作用;选择了水资源数量、水资源质量、可供水量、用水状况和社会经济5方面共20个评价指标,综合评估了21个市现状水资源承载力状况,表明各个市水资源利用与社会经济发展匹配性程度.结果表明,     

复杂流域水资源变化模拟的自适应系统识别单元模型

针对复杂流域水资源变化模拟这一难点问题,基于单元模型思想,依据水量平衡原理,采用水文系统识别方法,提出了自适应系统识别单元模型(ASIU),并在塔里木河流域进行应用检验。该模型方法集单元模型方法、水量平衡模型方法、水文系统识别方法之优点,能实时“自适应”模拟复杂流域水资源系统变化。通过应用实例分析,可以看出该模型方法具有显著的“自适应”、“适用于复杂流域”的优点,可为复杂流域水量调度和水资源管理提供基础模型和数据,具有重要的理论及应用意义。     

干旱内陆河流域地表水地下水联合调度研究进展

地表水-地下水联合调度是解决干旱内陆河流域水资源短缺的一个有效途径,对干旱区水资源优化配置具有重要意义.以地表水地下水联合调度内涵为基础.分析了干旱内陆河地表水-地下水联合调度模式的国内外研究现状.对地表水地下水联合调度的研究方法进行了评价并指出存在的不足之处,展望了地表水与地下水联合调度的研究趋势.指出在未来地表水-地下水联合调度中应加强与气象学、生态学等多学科交叉研究.探讨内陆河水资源高效利用模式和基于生态健康和环境发展的内陆河环境需水定值方法与阈值.开发内陆河地表水地下水联合调度信息系统和管理模式.指出综合水循环组成部分的集成模型是地表水-地下水联合调度模型发展的必然趋势.     

区域尺度水资源短缺风险评估与决策体系——以京津唐地区为例

水资源短缺风险评估是当今风险研究中的热点问题之一.然而,区域内部差异性使得区域尺度水资源短缺风险相比城市尺度更为复杂.本文构建了由水资源供给保障率、水资源保障可靠性、水资源利用率和水资源利用效率4项指标构成的区域尺度水资源短缺风险评估与决策体系,给出了定量计算方法,并在京津唐地区进行了实例研究.结果表明,2020年北京、天津、承德、张家口为"低风险",秦皇岛为"中风险",唐山、廊坊为"高风险".京津唐地区水资源短缺风险防范对策应以节约用水、加强非常规水源利用为主,并加强区域内部调节,适度增加唐山等地的分水量.在廊坊市,应考虑降低复种指数减少农业用水需求.区域水资源短缺风险评估与决策体系能够直观反映区域水资源风险和规避风险的能力,揭示区域水资源短缺问题的特征,从而能更好地服务于水资源管理决策.     

乌海市建设绿洲式生态型城市 的思路

乌海市位于内蒙古自治区西南部,黄河上游下端,地处乌兰布和、库布其、毛乌素三大沙漠边缘,是一个典型的矿业城市。建市30多年来,为国家、自治区经济建设作出了巨大贡献,也付出了资源锐减、地质灾害和生态环境恶化的沉重代价。1有利条件1．1水资源较丰富黄河自南向北纵贯全市105km,流量1018m3／S,水量充足,水资源相当丰富。如果海勃湾黄河水利枢纽工程项目得以建设,生态、经济、社会效益相当可观。     

黄河中下游水沙变化趋势

本文论述由于黄河上游清水区水资源的优先开发,中上游地区工农业用水的增长,而黄河中游地区的水土保持和支流治理的减沙作用不甚明显,龙羊峡水库投入运用后,汛期进入河口镇的水量大幅度减少,使汛期进入黄河下游的基流减小含沙量增加,高含沙洪水出现的机会增多.面临水少沙多的不利情况,应加强宽浅河道的改造及利用窄深河道输送高含沙水流的研究.     

21世纪黄河水资源可持续利用对策研究

作为我国西北和华北重要水源的黄河，如何在新世纪搞好水资源可持续利用，是社会各界十分关注的问题，文章在对黄河水资源基本特性分析的基础上，研究了水资源开发利用现状与21世纪面临的问题，最后有针对性地提出了3点对策，即以可持续战略为原则，实施统一调度；建立节水型体系；加强水资源的管理等。     

Reconstructing the development of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range during the latter half of the Holocene

We examine the sequence of changes in the structure of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range (Baikal region) for the last 6000 years, based on a continuous recording of fluctuations of the vegetation reconstructed from spore-pollen complexes of a high peat bog. We determined the chronological timeframe of paleogeographical events. The study showed that there occurred a radical structure transformation of the geosystems in the mid-late Holocene, along with a recurrence of similar landscape transformations caused by the instability of natural conditions.     

On the origin of the seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere

Summary. It is known that flow in the mantle can produce preferred orientation in olivine crystals with seismic anisotropy as a consequence. Flow in the subcrustal lithosphere is unlikely because of the high viscosity. Lenses of high temperature and low-viscosity ( anomalous mantle ) are located under the crust in many tectonically active regions, and viscous flow can easily arise in such material resulting in seismic anisotropy. After cooling, such anomalous mantle acquires high viscosity and becomes incorporated into the lithospheric layer preserving the anisotropy produced by the flows which existed previously. The interaction of the stresses with cracks in the upper crust can be one of the causes of anisotropy in this layer.     

对沙漠化农田能转化效率及潜力的分析

我国北方东起黑龙江省嫩江地区, 吉林白城地区及辽宁西部, 包括内蒙兴安盟东南、哲里木、昭乌达、锡林郭勒、乌兰察布、伊克昭等盟的大部地区, 直至河北坝上、陕西榆林北部约26.7万平方公里的幅员范围内, 由于自然条件的特殊性(地表组成物质质地松散、沙粒成分比重很大及气候干旱、多大风, 且年内季风与周期性干旱相吻合), 加上人类不合理开发活动的影响, 成为我国目前沙漠化发展最活跃的地区, 其沙漠化土地近16.5万平方公里, 占全区总面积的61.5%。该地区有较长的经济开发史, 农、牧业相互影响, 交错分布的情况, 在历史上业已形成。据粗略统计, 该区范围内, 有旱作耕地近5, 000万亩, 多以传统的粗放的撂荒种植制进行经营, 长年遭受不同程度的风沙危害, 属于生产水平较为低下的农田类型。这些农田急待整治, 以便提高生产力。由于本区年均降水量在350-450毫米之间, 客观上具有发展旱作农业的可能性。如能合理经营、科学利用其自然资源, 将可能发展成为农、牧业结合的发达地区。从而对我国北方地区农业发展起促进作用。为了深化对沙漠化农田的认识, 揭示其生态失调的实质, 本文将就生态系统观点对其进行分析以寻求有效的整治沙漠化农田的途径。     

Direct determination of the characteristics of the currents responsible for the geomagnetic anomaly of the Rhinegraben

Summary. Previous geomagnetic measurements in the Rhinegraben have led us to assume that the responsible currents have the properties of direct currents and that they all flow in the sediments filling the graben. In order to verify these conclusions, we have performed measurements in a mine at a depth of 650 m. By comparing the field simultaneously recorded at the surface, in the mine and at the reference station, it is possible to deduce that the anomalous currents have the above mentioned properties.     

城市化的开发区模式研究

我国许多城市通过开发区建设,在短时间内完成了产业和人口的集聚,实现了城市地域空间和人口规模的跳跃性增长和产业结构的转型。由于在这种城市空间增长过程中,开发区建设起了决定作用,因此,这种以开发区带动整个地区城市化的方式可称为"开发区模式"。开发区驱动城市化的机制表现在开发区自身区域的城市化和开发区带动周围农村地区城市化两个层面,并具有快速跳跃性、外驱性和不稳定性、人为性、经济增长模式的单一性和基础设施建设的高标准性等特征。针对开发区建设中出现的问题,提出了促进其健康发展的建议。     

Transformation of the vegetation cover in the zone of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk

The influence of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk on the vegetation cover of adjacent territories was revealed. The categories of resistance of some plant species and communities to technogenic loads have been ascertained. The protective role of overmoistening of habitats was observed for plants.     

Chemical composition of waters and the phytoplankton of the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river

Field observations showed that the characteristics of chemical composition of waters and the development of plankton algae in the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river are determined by their flowage. The most open Lake Nekipelovskoe communicates with the Selenga outlets throughout a year, and Lake Zavernyaikha only at the period of an open channel. Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton are located in the islands and are isolated from the outlets. According to composition of main ions, the lakes under investigation refer to the hydrocarbonate class, the calcium group. The sum of ions in the water of Lake Nekipelovskoe approaches the one in the Selenga (86?221 mg/dm³), and the highest sums of ions were recorded in the wintertime in the lakes isolated from the outlets (446?743 mg/dm³). The lakes of the delta are characterized by a high trophicity. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus in Lake Nekipelovskoe and Lake Zavernyaikha were 68 and 122 μg mg/dm³, and in Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton ?0.8 and ?0.63 μg mg/dm³, respectively. The most intense development of algae is observed in Lake Zavernyaikha, which is due to the high population of Baikal endemics. Lake Zavernyaikha showed a close negative correlation between the concentration of NO ₃ ^? , mineral phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass; the correlation coefficient was ?0.8 and ?0.63, respectively. The lakes exhibited increased contents readily hydrolysable organic matter, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in winter; hydrogen sulfide was repeatedly recorded in Lake Khlystov Zaton. The water quality in the lakes during the springtime varies from “quite clean” to “weakly polluted”; at low-water periods, especially in winters, it can drop to the category of “exceedingly dirty”. The water quality of the Selenga can be influenced by the lakes during spring floods when material accumulated during the wintertime is transported to the river outlets and further to Lake Baikal.