The study on the effect of NO on the growth of Chaetoceros curvisetus

1 INTRODUCTION As a recently recognized information molecule in campaign of the “Molecule of the Year” by Sci- ence magazine, nitric oxide (NO) has attracted much attention from biologists and many other field scien- tists, for its very important physio…     

Production of dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid from dimethylsulfoniopropionate during growth of three marine microalgae

We measured the concentrations of dimethylsulfide （DMS）, acrylic acid （AA）, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate （DMSP） during growth of three microalgae： Prorocentrum micans, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, and Platymonas subcordiformis. The DMSP, AA, and DMS concentrations in culture media varied significantly among algal growth stages, with the highest concentrations in the late stationary growth stage or the senescent stage. In the stationary growth stage, the average DMSP concentration per cell in P. micans （0.066 5 pmol/cell） was 1.3 times that in G. oceanica （0.049 5 pmol/ cell） and 20.2 times that in P. subcordiformis （0.003 29 pmol/cell）. The average concentrations of AA were 0.044 6, 0.026 9, and 0.003 05 pmol/cell in P. micans, G. oceanica, and P. subcordiformis, respectively, higher than the concentrations of DMS （0.272, 0.497, and 0.086 2 fmol/cell, respectively）. There were significant positive correlations between cell density and AA, DMSP, and DMS concentrations. The ratios of DMS/AA and AA/（DMSP＋AA） in the three algae differed significantly over the growth cycle. In all three microalgae, the DMS/AA ratios were less than 25% during the growth period, suggesting that the enzymatic cleavage pathway, which generates DMS, was not the main DMSP degradation pathway. The changes in the DMS/AA ratio indicated that there was a higher rate of enzymatic breakdown of DMSP in the early growth period and a lower rate during senescence. In all three microalgae, the AA/（DMSP＋AA） ratio （degradation ratio of DMSP） decreased during the exponential growth phase, and then increased. The variations in these ratios can approximately indicate the cleavage mechanism of DMSP at different stages of algal growth.     

The effect of nitric oxide on the growth of marine phytoplankton

The incubation experiments of Skeletonema costatum, Dicrateria zhanjiangensis nov. sp., and Platymonas sub-cordiformis, and those of Emiliania huxleyi were carried out in the Marine Physical Chemistry Laboratory in Ocean University of China and in the Marine Organic Geochemistry Laboratory in the University of Georgia respectively. Nitric oxide was added into the media when these marine microalgae were growing. We found the growth of these four microalgae were promoted or inhibited when nitric oxide of different concentrations was added one or two times each day during the cultivation process. The results are consistent with the influence of nitric oxide on the growth of high plants. The results show that nitric oxide may be a new factor of regulation and control for the phytoplankton growth in seawater.     

Extract of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus induces angiogenesis in vitro and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine in oriental medicine.The angiogentic activity of the extract of M.meretrix was investigated in this study,using human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Extract of M.meretrix Linnaeus(AFG-25) was prepared with acetone and ethanol precipitation,and further separated by Sephadex G-25 column.The results show that AFG-25 promoted proliferation,migration,and capillary-like tube formation in HUVECs,and in the presence of eNOS inhibitor NMA,the tube formation induced by AFG-25 is inhibited significantly.Moreover,AFG25 could also promote the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) and the resultant elevation of nitric oxide(NO) production.The results suggested that M.meretrix contains active ingredients with angiogentic activity and eNOS/NO signal pathway is in part involved in the proangiogenesis effect induced by AFG-25.     

Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass in autumn of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Estuary and its adjacent waters after the Three Gorges Dam construction

A cruise was undertaken from 3rd to 8th November 2004 in Changjiang （Yangtze） River Estuary and its adjacent waters to investigate the spatial biomass distribution and size composition of phytoplankton. Chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration ranged 0.42-1.17 μg L^-1 and 0.41-10.43 μg L^-1 inside and outside the river mouth, with the mean value 0.73 μg L^-1 and 1.86 μg L^-1, respectively. Compared with the Chl-a concentration in summer of 2004, the mean value was much lower inside, and a little higher outside the river mouth. The maximal Chl-a was 10.43 μg L^-1 at station 18 （122.67°E, 31.25°N）, and the region of high Chl-a concentration was observed in the central survey area between 122.5°E and 123.0°E. In the stations located east of 122.5°E, Chl-a concentration was generally high in the upper layers above 5 m due to water stratification. In the survey area, the average Chl-a in sizes of 〉20 μm and 〈20 μm was 0.28 μg L^-1 and 1.40 μg L^-1, respectively. High Chl-a concentration of 〈20 μm size-fraction indicated that the nanophytoplankton and picophytoplankton contributed the most to the biomass of phytoplankton. Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum micans and Scrippsiella trochoidea were the dominant species in surface water. The spatial distribution of cell abundance of phytoplankton was patchy and did not agree well with that of Chl-a, as the cell abundance could not distinguish the differences in shape and size of phytoplankton cells. Nitrate and silicate behaved conservatively, but the former could probably be the limitation factor to algal biomass at offshore stations. The distribution of phosphate scattered considerably, and its relation to the phytoplankton biomass was complicated.     

O2和H2O对脉冲电晕分解NO的影响

在脉冲电晕放电条件下，探讨了O2和H=O对NO分解反应过程的影响，并对复杂组分中NO的分解特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明，脉冲电晕放电对NO分解反应具有一定的促进作用，可有效地分解模拟烟气中的NO，脱除效率随脉冲电压的增加而缓慢增加；受O2和H2O影响，NO分解转化率较N2氛围略有降低。     

O_2和H_2O对脉冲电晕分解NO的影响

在脉冲电晕放电条件下,探讨了O2和H2O对NO分解反应过程的影响,并对复杂组分中NO的分解特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,脉冲电晕放电对NO分解反应具有一定的促进作用,可有效地分解模拟烟气中的NO,脱除效率随脉冲电压的增加而缓慢增加;受O2和H2O影响,NO分解转化率较N2氛围略有降低。     

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri inhibits UVB-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells via iNOS/NO and HSP90

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri(PCF) is a novel marine bioactive product that was isolated from the gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri,and was found to be an effective antioxidant in our recent studies.In this study,we investigated the effect of PCF on ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells and the intracellular signaling pathways involved.Pretreatment with the inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) inhibitor S-methylisothiourea sulfate inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis,indicating that iN...     

The inhibitory degree between Skeletonema costatum and dinoflagllate Prorocentrum donghaiense at different concentrations of phosphate and nitrate/phosphate ratios

Interactions between Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum) and Prorocentrum donghaiense (P. donghaiiense) were inves-tigated using bi-algal cultures at different concentrations of phosphate (PO4-P) and nitrate/phosphate (N/P) ratios. Experiments were conducted under P-limited conditions and the Lotka-Volterra mathematical model was used to simulate the growth of S. costatum and P. donghaiense in the bi-algal cultures. Both of these two species were inhibited significantly in bi-algal culture. The results of the simulation showed that the inhibitory degree of S. costaum by P. donghaiense was high when the concentration of PO4-P was low (0.1μmolL-1/2 d), but that of P. donghaiense by S. costaum was high with increased PO4-P supply (0.6μmolL-1/2 d). At low concen-tration of PO4-P (0.1μmolL-1/2 d), or high concentration of PO4-P (0.6μmolL-1/2 d) with high N/P ratio (160), the interactions be-tween S. costatum and P. donghaiense were dependent on the initial cell densities of both species. At high concentration of PO4-P (0.6μmolL-1/2 d) with low N/P ratio (25 or 80), S. costatum exhibited a survival strategy superior to that of P. donghaiense. The de-gree of inhibition of P. donghaiense by S. costaum increased with elevated N/P ratio when the medium was supplemented with con-centration 0.1μmolL-1/2 d of PO4-P. The degree of inhibition to P. donghaiense by S. costaum increased with elevated N/P ratio at low concentration of PO4-P (0.1 μmolL-1/2 d). This trend was conversed at high concentration of PO4-P (0.6μmolL-1/2 d). However, the degree of inhibition of S. costaum by P. donghaiense increased with the increased N/P ratio at different PO4-P concentrations (0.1μmolL-1/2 d and 0.6μmolL-1/2 d). These results suggested that both phosphate concentration and N/P ratio affected the competition between S. costaum and P. donghaiense: P. donghaiense is more competitive in environments with low phosphate or high N/P ratio and the influence of N/P ratio on the competition was more significant with lower phosphate concentration.     

基于OMI数据的中国NO2时空分布与人类影响分析

近年来,空气质量不断恶化,严重威胁人类身体健康。二氧化氮(NO2)作为人类排放的重要污染物之一,实时监测其时空分布及含量,对空气质量研究及公众安全预警具有重要意义。本研究利用搭载在AURA卫星上的OM(IOzone Monitoring Instrument)传感器反演获取的2005年1月至2010年12月中国区的NO2数据,探究了NO2的时空分布特征及其人类影响。结果表明:中国NO2浓度上升趋势显著,6年来总NO2柱浓度(TotNO2)和对流层柱浓度(TropNO2)净增值分别为0.61×1015molec/cm2和0.63×1015molec/cm2,年均增长率为2.47%和5.69%;全国绝大部分地区NO2浓度呈增长趋势,但增长速率在空间上有所差异,表现为东部沿海地区大于西部欠发达地区。在全国尺度上,NO2呈现显著的时空分布差异特征:空间上,总体呈东高西低态势;时间上,东部地区的NO2浓度冬季明显高于夏季,西部地区则相反。最后,对比分析了TropNO2/TotNO2与人类足迹的相关性,结果显示二者间呈显著相关,且冬季最大,夏季最小。同时,分析发现各地地区生产总值和全国汽车保有量与对流层NO2间呈较强相关性。表明人类活动和经济发展是导致大气中NO2增多的主要原因。     

The effects of nitrogen,phosphorus, vitamins and trace metals on the growth of the red tide organismProrocentrum Micans

Laboratory culture experiments showed that <100μ mol/L nitrate, amonium or mixture of amino acids promote the growth of the red tide organismProrocentrum micans Ehrenb, but that >100μmol/L of ammonium, or mixture of glycine and glutamate was harmful to growth, and that orthophosphate wasP. micans’ main phosphorous source in the ocean. Presence of 80μ mol/L EDTA, 0.5 to 1 μmol/L Fe³⁺, 1.0 to 20.0 μ mol/L Mn²⁺ 0.1 to 0.4 μmol/L Co²⁺ in the culture medium could improve the growth ofP. micans. Vitamin B₁ promoted growth, but vitamin B₁₂ and biotin did not. The estimated minimum cell quotas (q _o) for nitrogen and phosphorus being 0.74 pmole/cell and 0.045 pmole/cell show that phosphorus (more than nitrogen) limits the growth ofP. micans in the study area. This project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province.     

Development of a real-time PCR method (Taqman) for rapid identification and quantification of Prorocentrum donghaiense

Prorocentrum donghaiense is a dinoflagellate that is widely distributed in the East China Sea and has become increasingly involved in Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Therefore, it is necessary to study this dinoflagellate to monitor HABs. In this study, 13 pairs of primers specific to P. donghaiense (within its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions) were designed for SYBR Green I real-time PCR. As the SYBR Green I real-time PCR could not identify P. donghaiense in a specific manner, a Taqman real-time PCR method was developed by designing a set of specific primers and a Taqman probe. A 10-fold serial dilution of recombinant plasmid containing ITS regions of P. donghaiense was prepared as standard samples and the standard curve was established. Additionally, we quantified the genomic DNA in P. donghaiense cells and utilized this DNA to prepare another 10-fold serial dilution of standard sample and accordingly set up the standard curve. The mathematic correlation between the cell number and its corresponding plasmid copy number was also established. In order to test the efficiency of the real-time PCR method, laboratory samples and P. donghaiense HAB field samples were employed for identification and quantitative analysis. As to laboratory samples, as few as 102 cells of P. donghaiense could be quantified precisely utilizing both centrifugation and filtration techniques. The quantification results from field samples by real-time PCR were highly similar to those by light microscopy. In conclusion, the real-time PCR could be applied to identify and quantify P. donghaiense in HABs.     

嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响

在饲料中分别添加3.0×108kg-1(A组)、1.5×108kg-1(B组)、1.0×108kg-1(C组)的嗜酸小球菌,制成3种实验饲料,以不添加嗜酸小球菌(D组)作为对照,饲养日本鳗鲡60d,以研究嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响。测定了增重率、饵料系数、成活率、血清中一氧化氮含量以及人工感染后的死亡率,并通过电镜观察了小肠壁细胞的微绒毛结构。结果表明A、B、C组和对照组的相对增重率分别为42.31%、75.42%、89.65%和40.32%,饲料系数分别为1.93、1.12、0.98和1.58,C组的相对增重率显著高于其他组,饵料系数则显著低于其他组,成活率也显著提高。电镜观察发现C组和B组的鳗鲡小肠细胞微绒毛排列整齐、细而长,吸收面积增大,从而提高了对饲料利用率,D组鳗鲡小肠细胞的微绒毛稀疏、短,排列不均匀。血清中NO的含量A、B、C组分别比对照组提高了23%、42%和73%。C组人工感染后的死亡率显著低于其他组。实验结果表明,在鳗鲡饲料中添加嗜酸小球菌可以显著促进鳗鲡的生长,降低饵料系数,增强其免疫力。     

Studies on the effects on growth and antioxidant responses of two marine microalgal species to uniconazole

Uniconazole, as a plant growth retardant, can enhance stress tolerance in plants, possibly because of improved antioxidation defense mechanisms with higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) enzymes that retard lipid peroxidation and membrane deterioration. These years much attention has been focused on the responses of antioxidant system in plants to uniconazole stress, but such studies on aquatic organism are very few. Moreover, no information is available on growth and antioxidant response in marine microalgae to uniconazole. In this paper, the growth and antioxidant responses of two marine microalgal species, Platymonas helgolandica and Pavlova viridis, at six uniconazole concentrations(0-15 mg L-1) were investigated. The results demonstrated that 3 mg L-1 uniconazole could increase significantly chlorophyll a and carbohydrate contents of P. helgolandica(P 0.05). Higher concentrations(≥12 mg L-1) of uniconazole could inhibit significantly the growth, dry weight, chlorophyll-a and carbohydrate contents of P. helgolandica and P. viridis(P 0.05). Uniconazole caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation production(MDA) at higher concentrations(≥ 9 mg L-1). The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were enhanced remarkably at low concentrations of uniconazole. However, significant reduction of SOD and CAT activities was observed at higher concentrations of uniconazole.     

眼柄粗提物对凡纳滨对虾性分化的影响

采用生化方法制备凡纳滨对虾[Litopenaeus(Penaeus)vannamei)]眼柄粗提物,用活体注射法研究不同粗提物剂量对去眼柄凡纳滨对虾卵母细胞直径大小的影响,以检验其性腺抑制素(Gonadinhibiting hormone,GIH)的生物活性;在凡纳滨对虾仔虾后17、22和27 d,分别以不同浓度眼柄粗提物浸泡24 h,结果显示:除0.001个眼柄/mL的GIH浓度外,0.01、0.1和1个眼柄/mL组均显著降低凡纳滨对虾卵母细胞直径(P﹤0.05);浸泡处理后,仔虾后17 d GIH处理组凡纳滨对虾雌性率达70.1%～80.1%;仔虾后22 d GIH处理组雌性率达65.8%～71.7%,各浓度GIH处理组雌性率比对照组(雌雄比例约为1:1)显著提高(P﹤0.05);仔虾后27 d,0.01和1个眼柄/mL处理组雌性率(约58%)略高于对照组,但0.1个眼柄/mL处理组雌性率(73.1%)与对照组相比显著提高(P﹤0.05)。结果表明较低浓度的眼柄粗提物可明显诱导凡纳滨对虾雌性化,在仔虾后22 d前处理效果最佳。     

光纤中的非线性效应对高斯光脉冲传输的影响

非线性效应和色散都是影响光脉冲在光纤中传输的重要因素,在反常色散区,色散和非线性效应的相互平衡可实现光孤子传输;在正常色散区,二者的相互作用可用于光脉冲的压缩.因此,两种效应对光脉冲传输的影响一直受到人们的广泛关注.从光脉冲的非线性薛定谔方程出发,在忽略色散的条件下,推导并模拟了自相位调制(SPM)非线性效应下的高斯光脉冲的非线性相移、频率啁啾;数值模拟了SPM下不同最大相移时无啁啾和有正啁啾时高斯光脉冲的频谱.讨论了SPM效应对高斯光脉冲频谱的影响.     

Effects of ambient DIN:DIP ratio on the nitrogen uptake of harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense in turbidistat

The effects of varying nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios on the growth and N-uptake and assimilation of the harmful dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were examined in turbidistat culture experiments. Algal cultures were supplied with media containing PO34? in various concentrations to obtain a wide range of N:P ratios. Experiments to determine rates of N uptake and assimilation of different N sources (NO3?, NH4+, urea and glycine by P. minimum and NO3?, NH4+ by P. donghaiense) were conducted using 15N tracer techniques at each N:P ratio. The growth rates suggested nutrient limitation at both high and low N:P ratios relative to the Redfield ratio. On a diel basis, the growth of both species was regulated by the light-dark cycle, which may be a result of regulation of both light- dependent growth and light-independent nutrient uptake. Maximum growth rates of both species always occurred at the beginning of light phase. In P-rich medium (low N:P ratio), both species had higher N assimilation rates, suggesting N limitation. Low assimilation coefficients at high N:P ratios suggested P limitation of N uptake and assimilation. NO3? and NH4+ contributed more than 90% of the total N uptake of P. minimum. Reduced N sources were more quickly assimilated than NO3?. Highest average daily growth rates were recorded near an N:P ratio of 12 for both species. The N uptake rates of cultures at N:P ratios near Redfield ratio were more balanced with growth rates. The linkage between growth rates and N uptake/assimilation rates were conceptually described by the variation of cell N quota. The N:P ratios affect the N uptake and growth of Prorocentrum spp., and may regulate their bloom progression in eutrophic ecosystems.     

5种波长光对日本沼虾人工育苗幼体成活率的影响

光照与日本沼虾繁殖和孵化关系极为密切。研究了不同波长的光对日本沼虾孵化的影响 ,结果表明 :在环境光谱主峰值 4 70 .5nm、4 77.9nm、4 92 .6nm、5 0 4 .8nm和 6 15 .2nm条件下 ,适度成熟的亲虾都能顺利孵化 ,日本沼虾孵化与否 ,与孵化环境中的光波波长无关 ,而与抱卵日本沼虾胚胎发育有关。日本沼虾在孵化期对不同波长的光谱有明显的视觉敏感度分布 ,在前 4种光谱条件下 ,日本沼虾视觉器官敏感 ,而在光谱主峰值 6 15 .2nm时日本沼虾视觉器官不敏感。这一特点在日本沼虾育苗生产上具指导意义 ,可防止抱卵亲虾在孵化过程中吞食幼体 ,提高幼体成活率     

Effects of different dietary lipid contents on growth and lipase activity of Eriocheir sinensis larvae

The effects of different dietary lipid content on the growth and lipase activity of Eriocheir sinensis larvae were studied in the paper. The results showed that the survival, metamorphic rate and weight gain of E. sinensis larvae at different stages of growth all varied significantly with lipid content (P<0.05). Further, the survival and metamorphosis rates were the highest during the larval phases Z₃ to Z₄, and the weight gain was the highest during the larval phases Z₅ to M. During the first 20 h after metamorphosis of every larval stage, the lipase activity increased over time at Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ and M and declined at Z₄ and Z₅, and was influenced significantly by lipid content (P<0.05). In addition, lipase activity at each larval stage began to respond to dietary lipid contents 4 h after the larvae were fed, and tended to be stable after 12 h. The diets with higher lipase activity and lower lipid content were selected to give the suitable recipe of lipid requirements at each larval stage. It was concluded that the suitable lipid requirements at Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₅ and M were 6%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 8% and 10%, respectively.     

基于LUR的二氧化氮浓度空间分布模拟及其下垫面影响因素分析

随着经济的快速发展,空气污染已经成为当今重要的环境问题,引起公众的广泛关注,二氧化氮（NO₂）作为主要的空气污染物之一,成为相关研究的重点。通过监测数据发现,二氧化氮质量浓度值的空间分布具有区域性差异,所以对其空间分布模拟,以及形成区域差异的下垫面影响因素分析,具有重要的研究价值。土地利用回归模型（Land-use Regression,LUR）是将统计方法中的回归模型与空间上的土地利用数据、监测数据和其他相关的地理数据结合分析并在地图上显示的方法。本文结合缓冲区分析、叠加分析、Spearman相关性分析、多元回归分析等方法构建土地利用回归模型（Land Use Regression,LUR）,用于识别与NO₂浓度相关的下垫面影响因素,并模拟NO₂质量浓度的空间分布。LUR模型可以模拟出NO₂质量浓度空间分布特征,并针对下垫面影响因素得到以下结论：城乡居住地及工业用地面积增加、污染源的距离减少和道路长度增加会导致NO₂浓度升高;耕地面积、绿地面积和水域面积的增加会导致NO₂浓度减少;NO₂浓度最高的区域主要集中在工业园区;NO₂浓度值从城区到郊区递减,需要通过改变工业区结构和增加绿地面积来减少城区的NO₂浓度。