新城市主义思想与广州城市建设实践

从介绍新城市主义思想的内涵入手,分析广州在城市建设中存在的问题,指出广州采用新城市主义思想进行城市建设会受到制度的制约、旧城和城中村改造问题的阻碍和利益冲突的干扰,着重探讨广州借鉴新城市主义思想建设生态型城市的可行性:土地资源匮乏的制约使新城市主义思想更容易被接受与实践,"城市化后发优势"使广州城市建设仍具有很大的可塑性,深入人心的可持续发展观念会推动新城市主义的实践.     

可持续城市理念下新城市主义社区规划的价值观

从空间公正与价值尊严等方面对新城市主义社区规划的价值观进行研究,阐述其基本理念和规划原则。通过上述原理的分析,明确了新城市主义社区规划的社会价值观和空间价值观的内涵,前者涉及人本性、空间多样性、社区平等感和社会环境协调性4个层面,后者则体现在重视公共区域的阶层平等可进入性、提高混合居住的社会平等空间的宜居性和以强制性的宜居环境标准提升社会的平等性。最后,对新城市主义社区规划价值观的理论和实践性进行批判性的审视,并尝试性地提出解决实践中普遍存在的空间不公正问题的对策。     

从田园城市到精明增长：西方新城市主义思潮演化及批判

随着工业时代的洗礼和二战后城市人口的迅速增长,城市蔓延、中心城市衰退和大城市病已经成为了制约西方国家城市可持续发展的三大毒瘤,新城市主义理念孕育而生。从田园城市到精明增长,新城市主义思潮经历了长时间的酝酿和演化,其倡导的多样化、紧凑型、公交导向的交通和社会融合的城市形态普遍受到多数人的支持,但在实践当中,新城市主义者又常常因违背其宣扬的社会公正、对抗蔓延、保护生态和文化多样性等价值理念而备受批评。     

上海郊区城市化模式探讨

郊区城市化就是城市郊区乡村型社会地域组织向城市型社会地域组织演变的过程。20世纪90年代以来,上海郊区进入了快速城市化阶段,大片农村景观迅速演变为城市景观,但是“均衡发展”模式引导下,上海郊区城市化明显滞后于工业化水平,并出现“大城市,小郊区”的状况,笔者提出,欲加快郊区城市化速度与提高城市化质量,必须实现由“均衡发展”到“重点建设”的转变,并提出新城建设、中心镇建设与中心村建设等三种重要模式。     

城市化过程中开封市郊区农业景观变化过程分析

运用景观生态学的基本原理,借助于遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析了1975-2004年城市化过程中开封市郊区农业景观变化过程。结果表明:1975年,开封市郊区农业景观特征显著,为典型的农业景观,景观类型主要是旱地和稻田景观类型,其次为建设用地景观类型,其中旱地景观类型为优势景观类型,景观为农业、城市和自然植被组成的镶嵌体。2004年,西郊城市化特征明显,景观特征表现为密集的建筑物和道路,景观类型主要为灌溉用地和建设用地景观类型,而北郊基本上还保持郊区农业景观特征。1975-2004年,各采样区内景观格局动态明显,其中旱地、稻田、灌丛和沙地景观类型面积减少,芦苇景观类型基本消失,而道路、鱼塘、河流、绿地、建设用地和灌溉地景观类型面积增加。景观变化与城市化发展和引黄灌溉等因素密切相关,景观变化深受人类活动的影响。     

城市化进程中郊区农民迁移意愿模型——对广州的实证研究

基于行为地理学和经济学相关理论,依据农户调查数据,采用定量方法,对影响郊区农民迁移意愿的外在环境因素和内在自身因素进行了分析,构建了城市化进程中郊区农民的迁移意愿模型.模型表明:在市场经济环境下,农民的迁移行为选择是理性的,农民是否迁移取决于能否获得预期迁移收益的最大化,而农民的最大化收益又取决于其所处的外在环境因素和内在自身因素的综合作用.     

对我国城市化研究的再考察

本文通过对当前我国城市化研究领域中一些观点的重新考察,以务实的态度提出有关我国城市化进程,城市规模,城市化转移空间,郊区化等问题的探讨性看法,指出城市化既要遵循经济规律,又要发挥政府的适当调控,不拘于西方模式与简单的现象分析,追求城市实质性的健康,有序,持续发展,才是城市化的主旨。     

社区主客观特征对社区满意度的影响机理——以上海市郊区为例

在以人为本发展理念的指导下,城市研究与规划越来越关注城市生活空间的构建与居民生活质量的提升,社区满意度研究的重要性不断增加。在郊区快速发展和社区生活圈构建的背景下,论文基于对上海市郊区居民活动日志调查的一手数据,在Campbell模型的基础上建立理论模型,从客观和主观相结合的视角出发,聚焦社区客观建成环境、社区主观感知特征和社区满意度三者之间的影响机理,并利用结构方程模型开展实证研究。研究结果表明：居民的社区感知情况对社区满意度有直接性和决定性的影响,居民对社区的健康、便利、安全和美观情况的感知对社区满意度都存在显著的正影响;社区的密度、可达性、设施等客观建成环境通过影响社区感知特征而间接地影响社区满意度;居民的社会经济属性对社区感知特征和社区满意度的影响甚微,影响郊区居民社区满意度的主要因素是社区特征。     

新城市贫困空间居住满意度及其影响因素——基于西安市企业社区的实证

研究新城市贫困空间居住满意度,对深入认识城市贫困群体生活状况,提升居住质量,完善居住区理论具有重要意义.论文以西安市主城区典型老旧企业社区为例,基于1010份问卷数据,构建居住满意度结构方程模型,探究居民居住满意度及其影响因素;引入重要性—绩效理论(importance-performance analysis,IPA...     

城市化时期郊区土地利用结构信息熵上升的原因

本文认为,此前一直被当作城市化地区的土地利用结构信息熵快速上升,应是指城市化地区郊区的土地利用结构信息熵上升。城市化时期郊区土地利用结构向均衡化方向的明显变动,引起了郊区土地利用结构信息熵的上升;城市建成区的土地利用结构信息熵却未有上升,其各种土地利用类型的面积占比在城市化时期基本稳定,或向居民点及工矿用地、交通用地类型有所集中,导致其土地利用结构信息熵基本不变或有所下降。郊区的局部城市化区域对郊区土地利用结构信息熵的上升有着主要贡献。数据分析显示,城市化时期郊区的农用地较多较快地转化成了城市建设用地,且后者的面积占比与土地利用结构信息熵之间具有高度正相关关系,说明城市建设用地的快速增加是引起郊区土地利用结构信息熵上升的主要原因。熵变化分析表明,城市化时期郊区系统的熵变化与郊区土地利用结构信息熵的变动方向一致,均大于零,表征了郊区的自然地理环境演化在此期间是向着有序性降低的方向发展的。     

Spatial Prescriptions and Social Realities: New Urbanism and the Production of Northwest Landing

In this paper I analyze the popularity and proliferation of New Urbanism within the context of a post-industrial urban political economy. By looking at the production of Northwest Landing, a New Urban development, I consider the post-industrial company town as one way to understand how political and economic processes are structured into the landscape. Because it focuses solely on spatial arrangements, and therefore on those who design particular configurations of space, New Urbanism effectively ignores the broader social and economic processes that both constrain and enable particular agents. I suggest that by attending to the broad appeal of New Urbanism without losing sight of the specific context within which projects such as Northwest Landing are created, our focus shifts from simply imagining what a better way of life might look like to critically analyzing the processes that prevent or facilitate the attainment of New Urbanism's normative ideals.     

Is there diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the demographic characteristics of New Urbanist neighborhoods in the United States

The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.     

Evaluating the Effects of Geographic Contexts on Individual Accessibility: A Multilevel Approach1

Centrality within a city and neighborhood characteristics have often been used as indicators of access to employment and services in statements about urban form and accessibility, but there are reasons to question the appropriateness of doing so. This paper evaluates the importance of geographic context within the urban environment (both location within cities as well as neighborhoods characteristics) for individuals in Portland, Oregon. Because conventional accessibility measures cannot incorporate individual characteristics, space-time individual accessibility measures were used with multilevel modeling to isolate the effects of individual level variations from that of geographical context. The results show that the influence of context on individual accessibility is weak, as accessibility tends to reflect individual and household characteristics rather than the local urban environment. Accessibility cannot be determined from location within cities, or from land uses around an individual's home, implying that the use of urban design to influence accessibility is inappropriate.     

Suburban gentrification? Examining the geographies of New Urbanism in Atlanta’s inner suburbs

Since the 1990s, Atlanta’s inner suburbs have experienced rising rates of poverty alongside growing racial/ethnic diversity. ? Meanwhile, on the built landscape, high-end (re)development projects incorporating New Urbanist features such as pedestrian accessibility, compact densities, and mixed land uses have become increasingly common. Although practitioners suggest that these developments promote social inclusivity and enhanced “livability,” individual cases suggest that some New Urbanist projects may be gentrifying underserved communities of color. This paper tests the extent of this concern by examining Atlanta's inner-suburban geographies of New Urbanism using a logit model. Results indicate that neighborhoods with older housing stock, more renters, lower incomes, lower rents relative to home prices, and higher Latino populations in close proximity to inner-suburban downtowns are most likely to be targeted for New Urbanist (re)development. Thus, despite the optimistic language, New Urbanism in this region appears to be serving as the inner-suburban face of gentrification.?     

City renaming as brand promotion: exploring neoliberal projects and community resistance in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Proposals to change the names of entire urban centres are rare. We examine the case of Blenheim, New Zealand, where in 2016, representatives of local businesses campaigned for its renaming as Marlborough City, in recognition of the region’s wine industry. Although defeated the proposal threatened to over-write established settlement history. It presumed to rename Blenheim under the aegis of New Zealand Inc., a shorthand for the pervasive yet nebulous economic nationalism that seeks to yoke all local and national identity to enhancing export growth. Drawing on media reports, we interpret this example of toponymic commodification as a neoliberalized project of place-making. Ironically, Blenheim and Marlborough are colonial names that displaced a long-established Māori name. The proposal highlights both the perversities and the deeply contested claims-making that often underlie and animate toponymic politics. Ultimately, it illustrates some of the limits of rights claimed under neoliberalism.     

中国新经济产业区域专业化水平分析

通过对中国各省市1998-2005 年信息化产业和高技术产业的区位商、状态概率分布与各态历经概率以及Shorrocks 指标的分析, 得出目前中国新经济产业具有地区发展非常不均衡, 产业发展梯度差异大; 极少数地区的发展水平远远超过全国平均水平, 而绝大多数地区的发展水平都处于较低的水平; 各省专业化普遍发展, 新经济产业的地域差异正在减小, 聚集现象正在发展, 聚集状态明显的特征。我国新经济产业与美国木材业的相关数据进行对比分析, 得出中国新经济产业发展速度迅猛, 但状态极不稳定, 具有较大的迁移性。高技术产业比信息化产业相对趋向稳定, 信息化产业的发展速度更快, 区域状态变化大, 区域的分工过程还远远没有完成。     

新西兰旅游研究及对我国的启示

为保持持续的竞争优势、增强旅游企业的发展能力和保证旅游研究成果在旅游决策中的应用,新西兰先后制定了3个旅游研究战略。新西兰旅游研究具有产业导向明显、广泛支持与参与、研究的连贯性和成果的应用性等特点。该文分析我国旅游研究的现状及其原因,从利益相关者的视角探讨我国旅游研究参与主体之间的关系,并借鉴新西兰的经验,从加强旅游研究的宏观管理、推进产业导向的旅游研究、建立健全旅游研究的合作机制等方面提出促进我国旅游研究发展的若干对策与措施。     

Beyond Gentrification: Mobilizing Communities and Claiming Space

During the 20th century, neighborhood change and the displacement of low-income residents from their homes has occurred in a variety of ways from the demolition of entire areas to more recent revitalization efforts emphasizing the building of community and new governance structures. In this paper, I argue two interrelated points. First, whereas economic displacement of low-income people from their homes and neighborhoods is one effect of neighborhood revitalization initiatives, there is a wider set of factors that constitutes the marginalization, displacement, and exclusion of certain population groups from effectively making claims on neighborhood space. Second, in an era of neoliberalization, whereby civil society is expected to play a larger role in neighborhood governance and the provision of social welfare, the formation and activities of neighborhood-based communities, and their relation to state and market forces, have become increasingly important factors to examine. In this article, I address these areas of inquiry through a case study of a neighborhood revitalization initiative in Chattanooga, Tennessee that has been under way since 1998.     

中国国家自然地图集的特点与创新

新编国家自然地图集的特点与创新包括：（１）基础科学资料与数据在时间与空间上明显地早与更新,更全面显示２０世纪我国地学与生物学的科学积累;（２）贯彻“可持续发展”战略与结合当今社会关注的焦点,集中反映我国自然资源、自然灾害与自然利用保护,突出了人与自然的关系;（３）学科层次进一步深化,较多的动植物地图很好地显示我国生物多样性及其研究的深入;（４）突出反映了我国地球科学研究的新进展与新贡献,有力地阐明