海洋真菌Neosartorya fischeri 1008F1的次级代谢产物抑菌及抗肿瘤活性的研究

通过抑菌及抗肿瘤活性实验,明确海洋真菌Neosartorya fischeri 1008F1次级代谢产物中的活性有效组分。应用对峙培养法和生长速率法,对菌株的抑菌活性进行测定。应用MTT法,对菌株的抗肿瘤活性进行测定。应用凝胶(Sephadex LH-20)柱层析的方法,对菌株发酵产物的提取物进行分离。结果发现,海洋真菌Neosartorya fischeri 1008F1的水溶性提取物对番茄早疫菌(Alternaria solani)具有一定的抑制活性。菌株的粗提物浸膏经Sephadex LH-20柱梯度洗脱后,得到的组分B、C、D、E和F。在0.5 g/L的供试浓度下,组分B、C和D对胃癌细胞SGC-7901的抑制率均高于80%,而组分B、C、D、E和F对肝癌细胞BEL-7404的抑制率均高于70%。     

南海礁栖海藻共附生真菌Pestalotiopsis neglecta SCSIO41 403次级代谢产物研究

研究南海礁栖腔节藻Coelarthrum sp.共附生真菌Pestalotiopsis neglecta SCSIO41403的次级代谢产物。采用中压正相柱层析色谱法和半制备高效液相色谱法, 对真菌发酵产物进行分离纯化, 制备获得6个次级代谢产物单体化合物, 使用核磁共振、质谱等波谱学方法, 结合其理化性质以及文献数据对比, 分别鉴定为: gamahorin (1)、microsporaline C (2)、7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4,6-dimethylphthalidc (3)、demethyl nectriapyrone A (4)、4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5)和4-hydroxyphenethyl acetate (6)。这6个化合物均为首次从该菌株发现, 其中化合物1、2、5和6是首次从海洋动植物共附生真菌中发现。抗菌活性筛选显示其中化合物3对白色念珠菌有明显抑制活性。     

广西北部湾海洋腐木产孢真菌的分离鉴定和抗菌活性菌株筛选

采集广西北部湾钦州附近月亮湾、钦州港和茅尾海海域海洋腐木,采用稀释法分离纯化得到32株产孢真菌,对真菌的菌落、孢子和菌丝形态进行研究,32株真菌可被分为5种真菌类型,其中第I、II和III种类型的真菌仅分离于月亮湾,第IV和V种类型在3个样品采集地均有分离.通过ITS基因测序表明,32株真菌为5个不同的种,其分别属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota),可以确定种属的包括伞状霉属(Umbelopsis)和青霉菌属(Penicillium),其中分离的青霉菌属在数量上具有优势,占分离菌株总数的75%,属于优势种属.采用4种指示菌大肠杆菌(E.coli)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、烟草节杆菌(Arthrobacter nicotianae)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)检测抑菌活性,发现两株伞状霉属真菌Umbelopsis sp.B10和Umbelopsis sp.B9菌丝体提取物对四种指示菌均具有较强的抑制作用,另外两株青霉属真菌Penicillium sp.A5和Penicillium sp.B7的菌丝浸出物分别对革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性副溶血弧菌具有较强的抑制活性.本研究为首次报道广西北部湾海洋腐木真菌及其抗菌活性.     

海藻组分抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

采用乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂活性筛选模型对采自青岛沿海的22种海藻样品提取物的石油醚组分和乙酸乙酯组分进行了活性筛选.结果表明,22种海藻的石油醚组分均具有不同程度的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,其中亮管藻、海头红、鸭毛藻和孔石莼表现出较强的活性,在浓度为50μg/ml时的抑制率均大于50.0%,分别为50.5%、55.5%、56.6%和65.8%;其他大部分海藻的抑制率在30.1%到48.9%之间.与石油醚组分不同的是,只有少数海藻的乙酸乙酯组分表现出乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,其中鸭毛藻的活性最为显著,在浓度为25μg/ml时抑制率高达71.8%;孔石莼的乙酸乙酯组分也具有较强的抑制活性;其余海藻的乙酸乙酯组分对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性较弱,有些不仅没有活性,反而表现出不同程度的增强作用.     

侧扁软柳珊瑚(Subergorgia suberosa)乙醇提取物抗氧化和抑菌活性研究

对中国南海侧扁软柳珊瑚(Subergorgia suberosa)乙醇提取物及其石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相进行了抗氧化和抑菌两种生物活性研究。结果表明:中国南海侧扁软柳珊瑚乙醇提取物及其各萃取相对羟自由基的清除效果好,在50mg/L时清除效率均高于同浓度的合成抗氧化剂TBHQ和BHT;石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除效率优于正丁醇相和乙醇提取物。另外,对5种海洋细菌、4种陆地细菌进行了抑菌活性测定,发现乙醇提取物及其各萃取相对海洋细菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为100g/L左右,对受试陆地细菌未见抑菌作用。     

海洋真菌ZJ27 次级代谢产物的抑菌活性的研究

对从南海海藻内生真菌ZJ27次级代谢产物中分离得到的5种化合物进行抑菌活性的研究,采用96孔板法测定化合物对蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等6种细菌的抑制活性,并用生长速率法测定化合物对黑曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌和白色念珠菌等4种真菌的抑制活性。化合物对上述6种细菌均有不同的抑制作用,其中化合物1对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色葡萄球菌和藤黄八叠球菌有很好的抑制作用,MIC值分别为0.1、0.2、0.2μmol/mL。化合物1和2对黑曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌和白色念珠菌也有很好的抑制作用,化合物1对这4种真菌的IC50分别为15.06、3.09、3.68、8.19μmol/mL,化合物2相应的IC50为22.28、21.32、8.18、21.75μmol/mL。化合物1和2作为天然抗菌物质,具有广谱抑菌效果,具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

两种海藻提取物抗水产动物病原菌活性的初步研究

研究了两种大型海藻——羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)、条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)提取物对11种水产动物病原菌的抑制活性。结果显示:羊栖菜乙醇粗提物乙酸乙酯相对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio algi-nolyticus)的抑制作用最明显,抑菌圈可达21.6 mm;薄层层析表明羊栖菜乙醇粗提取物乙酸乙酯相有6条层析带,其中Rf=0.54带对哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的抑制作用最强,抑菌圈可达13.6 mm;条浒苔乙醚粗脂对11种水产动物病原菌均表现出了较强的抑制作用,其中对灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)的抑制作用最强,抑菌圈可达24.7 mm;进一步的实验显示,条浒苔乙醚粗脂3种洗脱组分抗菌性均比粗脂减弱了,而其95%乙醇洗脱组分对恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的抑菌圈仍可达13.8 mm。说明利用羊栖菜、条浒苔为开发海洋药物资源提供了可能。     

鲸鱼骨来源真菌Penicillium sp. S2014503化学成分及其生物活性研究

从一块腐烂的鲸鱼骨头分离鉴定了一株真菌Penicillium sp. S2014503。利用大米固体发酵培养技术从该菌产物中获得10个化合物,通过核磁共振波谱数据比对分析结合质谱数据分析,手性化合物测定旋光值或者进行X-射线单晶衍射分析后将这10个化合物分别鉴定为emodin(1)、citreorosein(2)、tetrahydroaltersolanolB(3)、conioxanthoneA(4)、chrysogine(5)、pyramidamycin B (6)、germicidin O (7)、2-(6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethylbenzefuranone-4-yl) acetaldehyde (8)、astrophenone (9)和chenopodolans A (10)。经生物活性测试发现,化合物1和2对藤黄微球菌具有弱的抑制活性,化合物1、2和4对卤虫幼虫具有显著的致死毒性。此外,化合物1是中药大黄和虎杖的主要致泻成分。文章首次报道了来源于海洋动物样品鲸鱼骨的真菌Penicillium sp.能够生产大黄素类等活性天然产物。     

大米草中生物活性物质的筛选

大米草(Spartina anglica)是一种资源丰富的盐沼植物，目前已在中国沿海大量分布，综合开发利用大米草具有重要的生态意义和经济效益。利用硅胶柱层析方法分离大米草甲醇提取物，再分别用DPPH法、纸碟法和MTT法对大米草中40多个组分进行了抗氧化、抗细菌和抗肿瘤活性的筛选。结果得到抗氧化活性组分5个、抗菌活性组分2个、抗肿瘤活性组分3个。目前对其活性先导化合物的分离纯化研究正在进行中。     

耐盐真菌Aspergillus variecolor B-17产生的烃基苯甲醛衍生物及其细胞毒活性

为从极端环境微生物中获得抗肿瘤药物先导化合物,作者从采自内蒙古盐湖的沉积物中分离了96株耐盐真菌.采用小鼠乳腺癌细胞株tsFT210和海虾(Artemia salina Leach)筛选抗肿瘤活性微生物,1株耐盐真菌Aspergillus variecolor B-17表现出明显的细胞毒活性和海虾致死活性.采用活性跟踪的分离方法,从该菌株的大量发酵产物的石油醚层提取物中分离得到了3个单体化合物.通过一维、二维超导核磁共振、质谱等波谱方法确定其结构分别为:2-(E-1-庚烯基)-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(1)、2-庚基-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(2)、2-(E,E-3,5-庚二烯基)-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(3).化合物1、2和3对P388、A549、HL-60和BEL-7402肿瘤细胞表现弱的细胞增殖抑制活性,IC50值分别为88,68,66,65 μmol/L,9,99,110,84 μmol/L以及77,147,93,203 μmol/L.     

国际海洋测绘教育培训特点及发展对策

分析了海洋测绘教育培训国际化和标准化的原因及进程,论述了海洋测绘国际化教育培训的指导性文件及内容,针对国际化海洋测绘教育培训的特点与发展趋势,提出了发展我国海洋测绘教育培训的对策与建议。     

壳寡糖及其全乙酰化衍生物的制备及结构表征

探讨了壳寡糖及全乙酰壳寡糖的制备方法,通过正交实验考察了原料、温度、时间对降解产物的影响.制备了八种寡糖（八乙酰壳二糖、十一乙酰壳三糖、十四乙酰壳四糖和十七乙酰壳五糖,以及N,N′-二乙酰壳二糖、N,N′,N″-三乙酰壳三糖、N,N′,N″,N′′′四乙酰壳四糖和N,N′,N″,N′′′,N′′′′-五乙酰壳五糖）,并通过IR、NMR及MS等确定了其化学结构.     

聚多巴胺的合成、聚合机理及其在海洋防腐防污中的应用

聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA)含有大量的酚羟基和氨基官能团, 可以在玻璃、不锈钢、塑料、橡胶、聚四氟乙烯等材料表面黏附, 具有优异的粘附性能, 是重要的功能材料之一。本文对近年来国内外围绕聚多巴胺展开的研究进行了综述, 从聚多巴胺的合成方法、聚合机理和性能出发, 分析总结了当前合成的特点、机理研究的方案和存在的问题, 并对聚多巴胺在海洋防腐领域的应用进行了总结和展望, 旨在为研究者较全面了解聚多巴胺的研究现状提供参考。     

Adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids by clay minerals and marine sediments

The adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids on illite, montmorillonite, goethite, and marine sediments was investigated. Three ¹⁴C-labeled hydrophilic proteins, Rubisco from C. reinhardtii, and GroEL and GroES from genetically modified Escherichia coli, were synthesized and purified for this study. The proteins were strongly and rapidly adsorbed by the clay minerals and marine sediments, and much of the adsorbed protein was not readily desorbed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction and separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sucrose density gradients showed that Rubisco and GroEL were adsorbed on illite and sediments in their original forms. The apparent adsorption partition coefficients of the proteins were on the order of 10² l/kg on illite, 10³–10⁴ l/kg on goethite and montmorillonite, and 200 and 75 l/kg on Skan Bay and Resurrection Bay (Alaska) sediments, respectively. These partition coefficients are sufficiently large to permit sedimentary protein preservation via an adsorptive mechanism. Generally, basic polyamino acids had greater adsorption partition coefficients than acidic polyamino acids. Molecular size did not affect the electrostatic interaction between polyamino acids and mineral surfaces. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and negatively charged polyamino acids inhibited Rubisco adsorption, while positively charged cytochrome c and polyamino acids increased Rubisco adsorption. These results indicate that electrostatic interactions dominated in protein adsorption.     

Coastal and estuarine habitat mapping, using LIDAR height and intensity and multi-spectral imagery

The airborne laser scanning LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) that have been applied recently to the characterization, quantification and monitoring of coastal environments. This study assesses the contribution of LIDAR altimetry and intensity data, topographically-derived features (slope and aspect), and multi-spectral imagery (three visible and a near-infrared band), to map coastal habitats in the Bidasoa estuary and its adjacent coastal area (Basque Country, northern Spain). The performance of high-resolution data sources was individually and jointly tested, with the maximum likelihood algorithm classifier in a rocky shore and a wetland zone; thus, including some of the most extended Cantabrian Sea littoral habitats, within the Bay of Biscay. The results show that reliability of coastal habitat classification was more enhanced with LIDAR-based DTM, compared with the other data sources: slope, aspect, intensity or near-infrared band. The addition of the DTM, to the three visible bands, produced gains of between 10% and 27% in the agreement measures, between the mapped and validation data (i.e. mean producer's and user's accuracy) for the two test sites. Raw LIDAR intensity images are only of limited value here, since they appeared heterogeneous and speckled. However, the enhanced Lee smoothing filter, applied to the LIDAR intensity, improved the overall accuracy measurements of the habitat classification, especially in the wetland zone; here, there were gains up to 7.9% in mean producer's and 11.6% in mean user's accuracy. This suggests that LIDAR can be useful for habitat mapping, when few data sources are available. The synergy between the LIDAR data, with multi-spectral bands, produced high accurate classifications (mean producer's accuracy: 92% for the 16 rocky habitats and 88% for the 11 wetland habitats). Fusion of the data enabled discrimination of intertidal communities, such as Corallina elongata, barnacles (Chthamalus spp.), and stands of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, which presented misclassification when conventional visible bands were used alone. All of these results were corroborated by the kappa coefficient of agreement. The high classification accuracy found here, selecting data sources, highlights the value of integrating LIDAR data with multi-spectral imagery for habitat mapping in the intertidal complex fringe.