微波炉法测定遗址土含水率的可靠性研究

古代土遗址病害发展与土的含水率变化密切相关,但土遗址保护现场快速准确测定土的含水率不是一件容易的事。选择遗址土、含盐土、黄土等进行对比试验,研究分析微波炉烘干法（简称微波炉法）测遗址土含水率结果的可靠性。在测定试验土样界限含水率和易溶盐含量的基础上,对比分析微波炉法、烘箱法两种方法测定土含水率的误差来源。试验结果表明,土的塑性对微波炉法的测定有一定影响,但测定误差均在2%以内;土的含盐量影响水分的蒸发速度,不影响微波炉法的测定结果;微波法测定遗址土含水率准确,且具有快速、便捷等优势,值得在土遗址保护工程中推广使用。     

不同遗址土的热物理参数研究

为了研究干密度、含水率和NaCl含量对遗址土热劣化的影响,采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪对良渚遗址、交河故城遗址和通古斯巴西古城遗址的遗址土重塑样进行了热物理参数的测试,分别确定了遗址土的导热系数、热扩散系数和体积比热随干密度和含水率的变化关系。对通古斯巴西古城遗址重塑样掺入了不同含量的NaCl,研究了含盐量对遗址土重塑样导热系数的影响。结果表明,当含水率与干密度增加时,3种遗址土的导热系数均呈线性增长,热扩散系数和体积比热也随着含水率与干密度的增加而增大;相同条件下3种遗址土的热物理参数存在差异,良渚遗址的较大,交河遗址的较小,通古斯巴西古城的居中总体上与土中SiO2含量成正相关关系。当干密度与含水率一定时, 掺入NaCl增加了遗址土的导热系数。     

改良花岗岩残积土进失水能力及接触角试验研究

花岗岩残积土的进失水能力与其软化崩解的特殊力学特性息息相关,现有的改良土研究都着重于土体宏观力学与微观结构的变化,忽视了固化剂对土颗粒表面性质的影响。为了探索固化剂改良后的花岗岩残积土进失水能力及三相接触角的变化规律,开展了水滴入渗试验、接触角测量试验、进水试验和失水试验,并结合扫描电镜和红外光谱方法,定性及定量分析了花岗岩残积土在不同固化剂作用下微观结构和化学成分的变化规律对花岗岩残积土进失水能力的影响机制。结果表明:（1）不同含量的改良剂能不同程度地影响花岗岩残积土表层斥水性能;随着固化剂掺量的提高,土体的表面斥水性增强,三相接触角变大,进失水能力减弱;固化剂改良土体的效果依次为石灰、水泥、高岭土,且改良土体的进失水能力变化与土体表面斥水性和三相接触角的变化有明显的相关性。（2）改良花岗岩残积土进失水能力的变化由土体内部结构的改变以及表面性质的改变共同导致。（3）水泥和石灰主要依靠离子的交换团聚作用、土壤固化剂对土颗粒的包裹作用、硬凝反应以及碳酸化作用减弱土颗粒外部的双电层及其表面自由能,使土体斥水性和初始接触角变大;而高岭土主要依靠自身对水分子的吸附作用,对土体的斥水性和接触角影响不大。结果可为固化剂改变土体表面性质导致的接触角变化规律提供一定科学依据,也为不同渗透需求的实际工程选取改良剂提供一定参考。     

Water repellency in oil contaminated sandy and clayey soils

Two sites from a humid tropical environment were studied with respect to soil water repellency caused by hydrocarbon contamination. Samples were analyzed for water repellency (molarity ethanol droplet method), total petroleum hydrocarbons, acute toxicity (Microtox) and field capacity. At both sites, water absorption times were logarithmically related to the molarity ethanol drop value (R > 0.95). In a sandy soil collected from an old separation battery which had been bioremediated, field capacity was strongly related to hydrocarbon concentration (R = 0.998); and at 10,000 mg/kg the calculated field capacity was only 75 % of the baseline. Water repellency was related to hydrocarbon concentration asymptotically and plant growth limiting values (severity > 3.0) were observed at low concentrations (2,400 mg/kg), even though toxicity was at, or below background levels. Bioremediated soil at this site had hydrocarbon concentrations only 1,300 ppm above background, but had extreme water repellency (severity = 4.6–4.7). Soil water repellency was also measured in a clayey, organic rich floodable soil, in a multiple pipeline right-of-way colonized by water tolerant pasture and cattails. Water repellency was associated with total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration (R = 0.962), but was not related to field capacity or toxicity. In this low-lying site, the water repellency observed in the laboratory is probably not representative of field conditions: samples taken at the end of the ten week dry season (and only four days before the first rains) showed ample moisture (> 80 % field capacity).     

抗疏力固化剂改性黄土进失水能力研究

抗疏力固化剂在我国黄土加固中运用较少,探究抗疏力固化剂是否有利于维持黄土内部干燥状态很有必要。采用抗疏力固化剂对重塑Q3黄土改性,室内开展水滴入渗试验、柔性壁渗透试验、收缩试验及压力膜仪脱水试验,分别探讨抗疏力固化剂掺量对黄土进水、渗透及失水能力的影响。结果显示,随抗疏力固化剂掺量提高,土样斥水性急剧增大,明显优于粉煤灰、水泥、石灰改性土;渗透系数基本不变,水的流通性基本不变;干缩失水过程改性土样含水率及土-水特征曲线毛细作用区曲线斜率均变化不大,黄土失水能力基本不变。结合电镜及压汞试验结果可知,抗疏力固化剂对黄土中大孔隙、中孔隙体积含量影响较小,从而对黄土中水的流通及失去能力影响较少,证明抗疏力固化剂改性黄土斥水性明显提高,而失水能力基本不变,有利于维持黄土内部的干燥状态。     

火烧迹地土壤斥水性和渗透性变化特性

林火会造成火烧迹地土壤斥水性增强及渗透性降低,导致降雨期间流域内地表产流率激增。在一定条件下,尤其是地形陡峭的高海拔山区,地表产流激增一般是泥石流灾害发生的重要诱因。然而,对于高海拔山区火烧迹地土壤斥水性和渗透性变化特征的研究相对缺乏。以海拔高程3029~4474 m的四川省雅江县恶古乡火烧迹地为研究对象,通过现场水滴入渗试验和圆盘入渗试验,探究斥水性强度分布及其与土壤入渗参数之间的内在联系。结果显示:土壤斥水性强度分布具备较大的空间异质性,林火对斥水性的影响深度在轻度火烧区为2 cm,在中度和严重火烧区为3 cm;研究区土壤渗透能力与斥水性强度呈反比,饱和导水率和吸渗率与水滴入渗时间之间遵循幂函数分布,其变异系数与火烈度呈正比,且严重火烧区部分土壤由于斥水性被高温破坏造成饱和导水率增大;斥水性土壤相较于亲水性土壤出现明显的入渗延迟现象。研究结果丰富了高海拔山区火烧迹地水文特征的研究,为揭示火烧迹地泥石流坡面物源起动机理提供理论依据。     

Treatment of water-repellent petroleum-contaminated soil from Bemidji,Minnesota, by alkaline desorption

A pipeline right-of-way contaminated with light crude in 1979 and subsequently burned shows severe hydrophobicity, poor infiltration rates, and loss of vegetative cover. To evaluate alkaline desorption as a treatment method, surface soil samples were collected and analyzed pre- and post-treatment. Samples had total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations of 2800–63,100 mg/kg, severe water repellency, critical moisture 2–5 times above the in situ moisture content, but no acute toxicity. Thus, water repellency, rather than toxicity, is causing the loss of vegetation. Samples were treated with 0.1 N NaOH in two doses (1:3; soil/solution), with complete drainage between doses. Finally, each soil sample was washed with an equal volume or water and allowed to drain completely. For more hydrophobic samples, repeated treatments, without rinsing between each treatment, were made. Post-treatment, the samples were re-analyzed for water repellency and critical moisture content. In samples with initial water repellency values in the range of 5.0–6.7 M, the repellency was reduced 94–100 % and below critical levels to avoid soil hydrophobicity in field conditions. The other samples with initial water repellency values in the range of 10–13 M could not be recovered with single treatment, but sequential treatments reduced the hydrocarbon content up to 87 % and reduced the hydrophobicity to levels low enough or nearly low enough to avoid severe water repellency in the field. Currently, field studies are being carried out to evaluate this treatment method at the site, as a stand-alone method and in combination with organic amendment.     

湿度影响下莫高窟壁画地仗层吸附水及吸力变化特征研究

莫高窟气候干燥,窟内壁画地仗层常处于低含水率、高吸力的状态,受到洞窟环境湿度波动的影响较大。为了进一步了解湿度影响下地仗层土体中吸附水以及吸力变化特征,本文通过蒸汽吸附法测试莫高窟不同地仗层高吸力段内的土水特征曲线,并且根据测试结果分析土体中由于范德华力与毛细凝聚作用产生的不同吸力的变化特征;同时进一步利用蒸汽吸附法测试了含NaCl地仗层土水特征曲线并探讨水汽吸附过程中渗透吸力特征;此外利用热重分析方法测试地仗层土体中在范德华力与毛细凝聚作用下所吸附水分的特征。结果表明:地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内大部分基质吸力来自于毛细凝聚作用,土颗粒分子间范德华力仅在含水率极低的情况下为土体提供比较明显的吸力,湿度影响下地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内渗透吸力仅在外界环境湿度大于地仗层中盐分的潮解临界湿度时才比较明显;地仗层土体所吸附的水分大部分以弱结合水形式存在,并且地仗层中澄板土含量越高,弱结合水临界含水率越大。结论可以为湿度影响下的壁画病害机理以及地仗层中水汽运移等问题的研究提供理论基础。     

Characterization of fresh and weathered petroleum for potential impacts to soil fertility

In many petroleum-producing regions, there are not adequate controls to prevent pipeline breaks and spills, and thus soil is frequently contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Different petroleum oil compounds may produce negative impacts on soil fertility. In this study, four fresh crudes, a weathered petroleum, and oils from bioremediated and burned sites were investigated (specific gravities 0.83–1.27). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed three predominant polar functional groups to be more plentiful in the heavier crudes. The relative abundance of these groups was used to calculate an index that was directly correlated with specific gravity (R ² = 0.9960) and the percent of asphaltene plus (polars + resins) fractions in the oil (R ² = 0.9643). This index correlated exponentially to the water repellency caused by petroleum in an alluvial soil (R ² = 0.9928). Furthermore, extra-heavy oil at a concentration of 10,000 ppm, the maximum allowable oil concentration in the soil that is within regulatory norms in many US states and other countries, and with a specific gravity >1.002, showed severe water repellency. This study presents an alternative for determining soil remediation criteria based on the API gravity of the oil rather than the C-range of the hydrocarbon mixtures, simplifying analytical methods and systematically studying the interaction between the kinds of petroleum mixtures and potential impacts to soil fertility.     

酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀加固遗址土动力特性试验研究

中国西北地区地震频发,土遗址长期受到地震活动的不利影响。为了研究酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术（EICP）加固遗址土的动力特性,对1.55、1.65、1.75 g/cm³这3种初始干密度的遗址土进行EICP处理,并设置未经EICP处理的对照组。开展了不同围压、振动频率下的动三轴试验。结果表明：在相同动应力作用下,相比对照组,试验组的动应变更小,耗散的能量更少,阻尼比更小;在EICP加固后,随着干密度、围压、振动频率增大,可以降低动应变的产生,但这种效果依次减弱。动本构关系符合Hardin模型,干密度、围压、振动频率对模型参数a（动弹性模量）的影响程度逐渐减小;微观分析发现,EICP加固后,碳酸钙沉淀在土颗粒表面附着,填充孔隙,并与土颗粒相互胶结成致密结构,土体结构强度增强。     

Time-dependent changes in the strength of repair mortar used in the loss compensation of stone

Repair mortar and mixture of repair mortar with porous limestone sand aggregate were tested under laboratory conditions. Water absorption properties and micro-fabric analyses with a combination of strength tests were applied to assess the durability and compatibility of repair mortar with porous limestone. Uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength were measured after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days of casting. Durability was tested by comparing strength test results of samples kept air dry, water saturated, dried in drying chamber, freeze–thaw and non-standardized freeze–thaw cycles. The results indicate that with time various trends in strength were observed. In general, limestone aggregate content decreases more the compressive strength more than the flexural strength of the mortar. Standardized freeze–thaw tests of saturated samples caused a rapid material loss after 25 cycles, while freeze–thaw tests of undersaturated samples demonstrated that even after 100 cycles the test specimens still have a significant strength. Water-saturated samples that contain 50% of limestone aggregate have a 50% loss of strength in comparison with saturated repair mortar, while air-dry and water-saturated repair mortar has a minor strength difference after 90 days. The use of smaller amounts of porous limestone aggregate in repair mortar allow the preparation of repairs that are compatible with the monuments of Central Europe that were constructed from porous limestone.     

陕北浅层低渗油田污水处理剂筛选及应用探讨

注水开发是提高陕北浅层低孔特低渗油藏最终采收率和开发效益的主要方式。随着开发工作的开展,油田污水已成为注水开发的主要水源,污水的处理、污水回注和再利用是油田可持续高效发展的关键问题之一。针对南泥湾低渗油藏脱后污水及池塘污水化验结果,通过对絮凝剂、助凝剂、杀菌剂、缓蚀阻垢剂、除氧剂、浮选剂种类及加药量的优选,进行了回注污水处理研究。结果表明：按照所筛选出的各种水处理剂选型及浓度选择混合后,配伍性良好,处理后的污水水质各项指标均达到延长低渗透油藏注入水推荐标准,可满足南泥湾油田特低渗油藏注水开发要求。研究结果可为陕北浅层低渗油田污水处理及注水方案优化提供理论依据。     

遗址土劣化进程中微观结构变化的类比研究

长期的风化会使遗址土体劣化,进而威胁到遗址本体的安全,但在自然条件下这一演化过程尚不明确。遗址土体微观结构的变化是该过程的重要体现,研究选取风化条件近似而暴露时间不同的黄土质边坡作为类比对象,采用扫描电镜法（SEM）和压汞法（MIP）分别对表部以及内部土样的微观孔隙结构进行观察和量测。试验结果表明,表部土体微观结构的变化程度大于内部土体,并呈现一定的规律性;与内部土体相比,表部土体的土颗粒排列为致密的叠片状;其孔径分布为双峰模式,团聚体内孔隙占比较大;随着风化时间的增长,表部土体的孔隙总体积和表面分形维数逐渐减小,导致孔壁粗糙程度降低,减小了颗粒间的摩擦,在宏观上容易诱发土体表层的剥离损耗或其他病害。     

PS加固土遗址土体的红外热像检测试验研究

红外热像技术作为一门新兴的无损检测技术,是基于被测对象温度场的变化规律而进行的,目前广泛应用于检测物体表面的结构状态、性质和内部缺陷等。为了探讨土遗址加固土体的无损检测方法,以新疆交河故城遗址现场采取的扰动土制作了模型。模型的1/2用浓度为10%PS（PS为一种高模数的硅酸钾溶液）加固,1/2不加固,将加固后的模型室温静置30 d,自然风干后进行了红外热像室内模型试验。试验表明,PS阻碍了土体的热传导过程,加固前后的土遗址土体在红外热像上会出现差异,为进行土遗址加固效果的无损检测提供了一种途径。最后进行了PS加固遗址土体的热传导率测定试验和微型贯入仪现场试验,结果表明加固土体与未加固土体的热传导性能产生差异的原因与经PS加固减小了土体的热传导率、提高了土体的力学强度有关     

Bearing Capacity of a Model Scale Footing on Crude Oil-Contaminated Sand

Onshore and offshore oil spills contaminate soil. In addition to environmental concerns for ground water pollution and other possible effects, the geotechnical properties of the contaminated soil such as the shear strength and the hydraulic conductivity are also altered. This note is a report of research in progress to evaluate the variation of the shear strength of a sand contaminated by a crude oil and thus the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The limited results of the tests reported here relate to only one type of sand and one crude oil. The oil content was varied from zero to 4.2%. Results of direct shear tests for determining the soil friction angle are given. Along with these, laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a surface strip foundation supported by crude oil-contaminated sand are also presented. Based on these test results, the effect of oil contamination in drastically reducing the bearing capacity is discussed.     

Erosion Resistance of HPTRM Strengthened Levee from Combined Wave and Surge Overtopping

Post-Katrina investigations revealed that most earthen levee damage occurred on the levee crest and land-side slope as a result of either wave overtopping, storm surge overflow, or a combination of both. This study addresses erosion resistance performance of a levee strengthening technique—high performance turf reinforcement mat under combined wave and surge overtopping conditions using full-scale flume tests as well as erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests. Based on the results of full-scale flume tests, an “upper limit” of soil loss is observed for certain flow conditions. Erosion rate was presented as a function of velocity and freeboard. The effect of duration of overtopping on the erosion depth is also determined. The results of EFA tests indicate that the presence of grass roots substantially improve the critical velocity and soil erodibility.     

硅酸钾材料加固土遗址耐风蚀颗粒元模拟分析

西北干旱地区土遗址受风化、风蚀等破坏严重,大量土质文物亟待加固抢修。加固后土遗址的各耐环境因素及加固机制研究是土遗址加固的理论基础。首次引入颗粒元程序PFC,通过改变模型中颗粒间平行连接强度,对硅酸钾（简称PS）加固前后的土样进行数值模拟。在考虑实际土样颗粒粒径和密度的前提下,拟合了生土PS加固前后的抗压和抗拉强度,并将拟合后的颗粒元模型应用于风蚀模拟。通过随机生成挟沙风颗粒,以一定的速度撞向土体,模拟挟沙风的吹蚀作用。挟沙风颗粒数与循环步数成正比例,因此,可以用挟沙风颗粒数来代表吹蚀时间的长短。挟沙风颗粒的速度则代表挟沙风风速。模拟结果表明,在20 m/s的挟沙风吹蚀作用下,风蚀程度随吹蚀时间的增加而增大,未加固土样的风蚀程度增幅度远大于加固土样;同样吹蚀时间条件下,加固土样的抗风蚀强度明显高于未加固土样。这些模拟结论与风洞试验结果的统计规律一致。本研究拟合的颗粒流模型可进一步应用于PS加固机制研究及耐风蚀、雨蚀、冻融等诸环境影响分析研究。     

击实膨胀土工程变形特征的试验研究

以湖南邵阳膨胀土为例,对3种击实膨胀土工程变形特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：膨胀土的起始含水率和起始干密度对其膨胀力和膨胀量大小的影响是主要的外部因素;根据膨胀力试验和膨胀量试验的试验数据,拟合出膨胀力曲线和膨胀量曲线的变化规律均为指数关系。同时,还研究了膨胀速度曲线、收缩特性曲线的特征及膨胀和收缩两个过程的相似关系。研究结果为膨胀土路堤的设计及膨胀土地基处理等膨胀土问题提供了重要的依据。     

Portland Cement Stabilization of Soil–Bentonite for Vertical Cutoff Walls Against Diesel Oil Contaminant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water-cement ratio and cement content on the hydraulic behavior of soil–cement–bentonite (SCB) and soil–bentonite (SB) mixtures permeated with water and diesel oil, to assist with the design of vertical cutoff walls constructed with those mixtures. The experimental program included unconfined compression tests, hydraulic conductivity tests and X-ray diffraction analysis. The test results indicated changes in hydraulic conductivity take place due to the variation of the water-cement ratio and permeant fluid. The hydraulic conductivity of the SB mixtures permeated with diesel oil was higher than the hydraulic conductivity of the same samples permeated with water. X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that this might be due to the decrease in double layer thickness and increase of seepage pore space imparted by diesel oil permeation. Conversely, Portland cement addition increased the hydraulic conductivity of the SCB specimens permeated with water, whereas subsequent diesel oil permeation reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the SCB specimens; this might be due to the relatively lower impact imparted by diesel permeation on the double layer characteristics of the bentonite stabilized with Portland cement.     

三星堆城墙干缩裂缝开裂与扩展机理

针对土遗址干缩裂缝病害,以三星堆月亮湾城墙剖面为依托,探讨干缩裂缝的开裂条件、扩展特征以及失稳扩展条件。研究结果有助于揭示土遗址开裂规律,对遗址保护的工程实践具有指导意义。针对月亮湾城墙土体进行室内干燥试验,通过电子天平记录试样失水过程,采用图像分析技术得到裂缝的开裂与扩展过程,利用数字图像相关技术得到开裂过程的位移场与应变场。结果表明:试样表面缺陷降低了开裂所需的拉应力,缺陷与边界的距离越小,引发开裂的缺陷临界尺寸就越小,因此裂缝更易在试样边界附近缺陷处产生;根据断裂力学理论,考虑含水率对土体性质的影响,裂缝失稳扩展需满足应力强度因子对含水率的增加率大于断裂韧性;理论推导出裂缝失稳扩展临界长度的计算方法,该方法初步得到了实测数据验证;随着含水率从45.6%降低到29.1%,失稳扩展临界长度与试样宽度比值从0.109减小到0.024,含水率越低裂缝越易进入失稳扩展阶段,开裂处一个微小的缺陷就可能引发裂缝的快速扩展;对土遗址表面进行保护时,应着重修补分布在土层边界区域的大尺寸缺陷;定期监测土遗址临空面,一旦发现开裂,应及时对裂缝及其附近缺陷进行修复,以防止裂缝失稳扩展。