Experiment and Study on Mechanical Property of Sandstone Post-peak Under the Cyclic Loading and Unloading

Engineering research has shown that the surrounding rock of deep roadways experienced many times of post-peak cyclic loading and unloading. So studying on rock mechanical characteristics of post-peak loading and unloading is helpful to control the deep surrounding rocks. The test using RMT-150B rock mechanics testing system, to experiment on the mechanical properties of sandstone of post-peak cyclic loading and unloading. The results show that: the stress–strain curves of post-peak cyclic loading and unloading have significant plastic hysteretic loops. The area of plastic hysteretic loops gloss back. The enveloping outer enclosure of cycle loading curve is the similar as the stress–strain curves of strain softening stage when the samples failure, which shows that post-peak failure of rocks have significant memory. With the increase of cycles, the cumulative deterioration parameters are gradually increased, and the ultimate bearing capacity, elastic of loading section of samples and cumulative deterioration parameters conform with the exponential attenuation function with constant term. With the increase of surrounding pressure, the total energy, dissipated energy and elastic energy of samples are gradually increased. With the increase of cycles, the total energy, dissipated energy and elastic energy of samples all are gradually decreasing, the rate of reduction decreases gradually. The samples exist in vertical splitting and transverse shear combination failure under the post-peak uniaxial cycles, or exist in shear failure under the post-peak triaxial cycles. The shear plane exists slip traces.     

脆性岩石破裂演化过程的三维细胞自动机模拟

在三维条件下定义了实体细胞自动机的基本组件,综合运用弹塑性理论、细胞自动机自组织演化理论、统计原理以及岩石力学理论等,建立了模拟岩石三维破裂过程的张量型细胞自动机模型,并开发了相应的数值模拟软件EPCA3D。利用EPCA3D对脆性岩石进行单轴压缩破裂过程模拟,通过破裂模式、岩样内部破裂情况、全应力-应变曲线和声发射曲线等的分析,揭示岩石破裂的机制。结果表明,EPCA3D能够较好地模拟非均质岩石在载荷作用下微裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通的全过程。利用该模拟系统,采用应力-应变线性组合的加载控制方式,研究了不同围压对岩石全应力-应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明：对于脆性非均质岩石,低围压下容易表现为II类行为,且强度较低;高围压下容易表现为I类变形行为,且强度较高。     

Mechanical Properties and Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Surrounding Rocks of Tunnels Excavated in Soft Rocks

As soft rocks are likely to soften, slime and swell while contacting water, the existence of soft rocks is harmful for stability of surrounding rocks and supporting structures of tunnels. Through uniaxial and triaxial tests under dry condition and triaxial test with different moisture contents, the mechanical properties and failure modes of soft rocks were studied under conditions that the schistosity plane of the rock samples was vertical to, presented an oblique angle with, and paralleled to the loading direction. The results showed that peak strengths in natural and water-bearing states increased with increasing confining pressures, while those in water-bearing state were 40% lower than those in natural state. The samples were mainly subjected to ductile failure in both natural and water-bearing states while the samples in natural state exhibited a certain brittle failure characteristic in post-peak phase. With the increase of confining pressures, the post-peak curve gradually became gentle after certain brittle failure while the post-peak stresses had an insignificant change. In comparison, the samples in water-bearing state showed significant post-peak disparity, that is, exhibited strong ductile failure characteristic. Moreover, the fitting relationship between triaxial compressive strength and moisture of soft rocks can be expresses as σ ₁ = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0) while that between elasticity modulus and moisture can be expresses as E = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0).     

砂质泥岩峰后破裂承载特征与块体分布规律研究

岩石峰后阶段的变形承载规律对巷道破碎区围岩的稳定性控制具有重要意义。为研究岩石峰后阶段的破裂演化规律与承载特征,以砂质泥岩为试验对象,开展了控制应变量为峰值应变不同倍数的单轴压缩试验,并应用非线性分形理论阐明了峰后破裂块体的分布规律。基于试验结果,构建了峰后含贯通破裂面岩样的力学分析模型。结果表明：(1)砂质泥岩全应力-应变曲线呈现出单峰状与多峰状两种形态的峰后应力跌落方式;(2)峰后阶段,试样破坏模式由低倍峰值应变下的张性破坏逐渐转变为高倍峰值应变下的剪切滑移破坏;(3)同应变量下试样破裂块体的分形维数内部大于外部,且二者与试样的峰后应变倍数值均具有显著的正相关性;(4)岩石在峰后阶段的持续破坏方式与块体间接触破裂面特性有关,破裂块体仅会在一定的倾角范围内沿破裂面滑动,依据所建立的分析模型可准确解释砂质泥岩峰后阶段破裂承载特性与块体分布规律。     

Micromechanics modelling for stress–strain behaviour of brittle rocks

A micromechanics model for stress–strain behaviour of brittle rocks has been developed. Microcracking is the mechanism of the non-linear deformation behaviour for brittle rocks in the pre-peak stage. The non-linear behaviour in this stage is simulated by considering the local axial splitting of microcracks. The relationships between the compressive stresses, the growth of microcracks, and the fracture-induced deformation are analytically established. In the post-peak stage the shear faulting predominates the process of deformation, which is simulated by a damage model. This micromechanics model is helpful in understanding the failure process in brittle rocks. The model can be used to simulate the complete stress–strain behaviour of rock. The model simulations are consistent with experimental results.     

单轴压缩岩样轴向回跳及侧向回跳理论研究

研究了单轴压缩条件下轴向回跳及侧向回跳之间的关系。在应变软化阶段,试样的弹性轴向应变及弹性侧向轴向应变由虎克定律确定;试样的轴向塑性应变及侧向塑性轴向应变由梯度塑性理论确定,它们与应力水平、剪切带倾角及宽度、软化模量及试样的尺寸有关。根据轴向应力-应变曲线及侧向应力-应变曲线软化段斜率的正负,得到了轴向回跳及侧向回跳的条件。轴向回跳的原因是轴向弹性应变的恢复快于轴向塑性应变的增加。侧向回跳的原因是侧向弹性应变的恢复快于侧向塑性应变的增加。当剪切带倾角的正切小于泊松比与试样宽高比之积时,若侧向变形发生回跳,则轴向变形就发生回跳;反之,若轴向变形发生回跳,则侧向变形就发生回跳。对于常规岩样,若侧向发生回跳,则轴向必定是回跳的。在应变软化阶段,根据轴向应变及侧向应变是否发生回跳,轴向应变与侧向应变曲线被划分为4种类型：即轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向不回跳及侧向回跳情形及轴向回跳及侧向不回跳情形,并得到了各种类型的条件。     

Petrology and geochemistry of Mesozoic granitic rocks from the Nansha micro-block, the South China Sea: Constraints on the basement nature

There are several micro-blocks dispersed in the South China Sea (SCS), e.g., Xisha-Zhongsha block, Nansha block and Reed-Northeastern Palawan block, etc., but detailed petrological constraints on their basement nature were previously lacking. The magmatic ages for granitic rock samples from two dredge stations in the Nansha micro-block vary from 159 to 127 Ma, which are comparable to magmatic activities occurred in the northern margin (Pearl river mouth), HongKong and East China. Petrographic characteristics, major-, trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic data of nine samples from two dredged station performed in the Nansha micro-block, the SCS, are reported. Petrographically, these granitic rocks can be divided into two groups which underwent a complex history of magmatic process, i.e., tonalitic rock (Group I) and monzogranitic rock (Group II). The Rittmann index (σ) for these rocks (1.9–3.1) suggest that they belong to calc-alkaline rocks. Group I rocks which is of typical I-type, have higher contents of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O and P₂O₅, but lower values of SiO₂ and K₂O, when compared with those of Group II with I-type characteristics. Group I rocks are produced by partial melting of older Precambrian basement with the variable influence of mantle-derived magma which results from the interaction of released fluids from the subducted slab and the overlying mantle wedge in a general convergent margin setting, and Group II rocks result from partial melting of lower crustal basic rocks (amphibolite) and/or further partial melting of the Group I rocks associated with the variable influence from the underplating mantle-derived magma resulting from lithospheric extensional regime. Both Groups I and II have undergone assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes during its petrogenesis. This study therefore demonstrates that there exists a continental basement within micro-blocks in the South China Sea, and further supports the idea that a Middle Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous subduction zone existed across the temporary Taiwan, Palawan to Southern Vietnam, which was associated with westward to northestward convergence of the Pacific Plate during Late Mesozoic. We suggest that this subduction zone may have been connected with the paleo-Pacific plate subduction zone offshore eastern China during Mesozoic era. This study provides petrologic data for the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the South China Sea.     

Experimental study on the instability mechanism of the major-defect fractured rock

Based on calculations of rock fracture surface and angle, incremental-load creep experiments were conducted on two groups of major-defect fractured rock specimens in an RLW-2000 rheology test system. The research investigated the fracture type and the creep properties of major-defect fractured rock and analyzed the relationships between failure load and horizontal or vertical projection distance, and between each of theme and fracture area or angle. The results showed that rock fracture was divided into three types according to the distribution, including I, II, and III types. I, II, and III types were respectively an internal fracture running through neither the upper nor lower end, one through the upper or lower end and one through both upper and lower ends, and a III type was further sub-divided into III_I and III_II types. The instantaneous strain was larger than the creep strain under the same creep loading stage. As the creep loading increased on two groups of major-defect fractured rock, the instantaneous strain decreased abruptly and then increased abruptly, while the creep strain decreased rapidly at first and later increased near-linearly. When the failure angle was larger than the friction angle, failure load was positively correlated with failure angle yet was negatively correlated with vertical projection distance. Vertical projection distance and fracture angle, which decided fracture type, controlled rock failure load. Failure load increased in turn from I type to III type, and low-type fracture determined mainly failure load in multiply-fracture specimen.     

Calculation of partial melting equilibria in the system Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCKFMASH)

A thermodynamic model for haplogranitic melts in the system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (NCKASH) is extended by the addition of FeO and MgO, with the data for the additional end‐members of the liquid incorporated in the Holland & Powell (1998) internally consistent thermodynamic dataset. The resulting dataset, with the software thermocalc , is then used to calculate melting relationships for metapelitic rock compositions. The main forms for this are P–T and T–X pseudosections calculated for particular rock compositions and composition ranges. The relationships in these full‐system pseudosections are controlled by the low‐variance equilibria in subsystems of NCKFMASH. In particular, the solidus relationships are controlled by the solidus relationships in NKASH, and the ferromagnesian mineral relationships are controlled by those in KFMASH. However, calculations in NCKFMASH allow the relationships between the common metapelitic minerals and silicate melt to be determined. In particular, the production of silicate melt and melt loss from such rocks allow observations to be made about the processes involved in producing granulite facies rocks, particularly relating to open‐system behaviour of rocks under high‐grade conditions.     

拉-压应力状态下脆性岩石强度及破坏机制颗粒流模拟

高地应力区地下岩体工程开挖常形成围岩拉-压应力状态,发生岩体张性破坏灾害。本文针对传统PFC平行黏结模型不能模拟脆性岩石高单轴压缩与拉伸强度比的问题,建立双抗拉强度参数的平行黏结强度准则,开展岩石拉-压数值模拟试验,得到了与物理试验接近的拉-压强度,实现了岩石高压拉强度比的模拟,并深入分析了破坏机制。研究结果表明随着围压的增加,破裂面倾角逐渐增大,由拉伸破裂转化为拉-剪破裂,发现了拉-压应力状态下破裂面处的雁行裂纹。根据细观颗粒位移场揭示了破裂面力学性质,随着围压的增加(破裂面倾角逐渐增大),破裂面张性逐渐减弱而剪性增强。可将拉-压应力状态下岩石损伤演化过程大致分为弹性变形阶段、稳定破裂发展阶段、不稳定破裂发展阶段和整体破裂阶段(峰后应力跌落及残余阶段)。围压较大时弹性变形和稳定破裂发展阶段相对较短,不稳定破裂发展阶段相对较长较剧烈,峰后残余阶段破裂面摩擦更强、应力波动较大。     

基于UDEC的隧道掘进机滚刀破岩数值模拟研究

现今全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工方法在长大深埋隧道工程中已被广泛采用,对滚刀破岩关键技术的进一步认识具有重要的工程价值。为了研究滚刀破岩机制,分析刀圈断面形态、岩石强度和节理角度对其的影响,运用UDEC方法建立了滚刀贯切岩石的二维数值系列模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程进行了仿真。分析表明：滚刀破岩是滚刀下岩石拉破坏和剪破坏的综合反映,拉破坏是裂纹萌生与扩展的主要驱动机制;刃宽较大的平刀与刃角较大的楔刀破岩效果较好;平刀与楔刀在软岩中破岩效果相近,平刀在硬岩施工中比楔刀的破岩效果好;滚刀对节理角度为30°～60°的岩石破坏效果较好,由于楔刀的“劈裂”作用,楔刀比平刀更适合用于贯切含有节理的岩石。     

不同岩石破裂全过程的声发射序列分形特征试验研究

通过对不同岩性的岩石进行单轴压缩声发射试验,获取岩石破裂全过程中的载荷-轴向变形曲线及声发射参数,观察试件破裂失稳时的破坏情况,分析破坏过程的载荷变化关系。着重对比了不同岩石的不同力学性质、岩石声发射序列的时域特征和声发射序列的分形特征。研究结果表明,采用声发射率、能率可以很好地描述岩石破裂损伤的整个阶段;计算岩石声发射率、声发射能率的关联维数,可得出岩石破裂过程的声发射序列具有分形特征;岩石破裂过程的声发射分维值D反映了岩石内部微裂隙的统计演化规律;不同岩性的岩石破裂过程的声发射参数序列的分形特征具有一定的共性;归纳总结出岩体声发射序列分维曲线的演化模式,即波动→持续下降演化模式,提出可以将分维值的持续下降作为岩体破裂失稳的前兆。     

基于一种脆性指标确定岩石残余强度

岩石的残余强度是岩石力学的重要指标,准确地评价岩石残余强度对于评价地下工程的稳定性以及优化岩体支护设计具有重要意义。基于岩石的三轴力学特性提出一种表征岩石峰后强度衰减行为的力学指标--岩石强度衰减系数,该指标可反映岩石的脆性程度,并提出岩石强度衰减系数与围压关系的幂函数模型。对22组不同成因的岩石常规三轴压缩试验数据进行幂函数模型参数拟合,发现不同岩石拟合所得参数离散性较大,分析其原因主要与岩石矿物组成和岩石结构特征等因素相关。在此基础上提出基于强度衰减方法确定岩石残余强度的方法,分析表明,该方法能够很好地拟合岩石残余强度试验数据,并能反映岩石结构性质对残余强度的影响。     

脆性岩石卸围压强度特性试验研究

岩样的承载能力由材料强度和围压共同确定,轴向压缩和卸围压二者都能导致岩样破坏,但由于应力路径不同,两种条件导致岩样的破坏过程并不相同。对取自位于雅砻江上的锦屏二级水电站辅助洞内的白山组大理岩进行了常规三轴试验和峰前、峰后卸围压试验,通过对试验曲线和岩样破坏特征的分析表明：无论是峰前还是峰后卸围压,岩样都表现出脆性破坏的特征,而岩样破坏表现出的脆性峰前卸围压比峰后卸围压更为强烈;岩样在加、卸载条件下的变形均随主应力差的增大而增大,但在相同的主应力差下,卸载产生的扩容量比加载的扩容量更大;峰前卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的60 %左右时,岩样发生破坏;峰后卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的80 %左右时,岩样发生破坏。结论对相关工程稳定性分析、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

动载下节理岩体破坏过程的数值试验研究

节理岩体是工程中最常见的一类岩体,其在地震、爆炸等动载下的力学响应及破坏过程对相关工程安全性的影响至关重要。采用基于有限元应力分析和统计损伤理论开发的动态版RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对动载下节理岩体的动态破坏过程进行了模拟,重点讨论了节理条数、节理贯通度、节理倾角及应力波峰值对岩体动态破坏过程的影响规律。计算结果表明,断续节理岩体动态破坏过程及破坏强度与节理构造形态、应力波峰值密切相关。相同动载下,随着节理条数的增加,岩体破坏程度以及应力波能量损失增强,但当节理条数数超过一定值后,岩体破坏程度及应力波能量损失逐渐趋于稳定;节理贯通度较小时,岩体破坏程度较低且破坏单元自上而下均匀分布。随着节理贯通度的增加,岩体破坏增强,且破坏主要出现于节理上部岩体;节理倾角较小时,节理上部岩体破坏严重,易形成次生贯通裂纹。随着节理倾角增加,破坏范围逐渐变大,不易形成次生贯通裂纹;倾角为45°～60°时,岩体破坏效果最佳;动载荷的峰值越大,试样的破坏越严重。当峰值达到一定值时,节理附近发育出多条裂隙并向上下方不断发展而导致岩体完全破坏。在不同节理贯通度工况下与岩石霍布金森压杆（SHPB）试验结果进行比较,结论吻合,证明该数值模拟的合可行性和结论的可靠性。     

TBM滚刀破岩过程影响因素数值模拟研究

全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）的破岩效率主要受刀盘设计和岩体特征的影响。采用颗粒流方法建立了岩石试件与滚刀的数值模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程的影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,单刃滚刀交替作用下强度较低的岩石中易形成规则的张拉裂纹而生成较大岩碴;强度较高的岩石中滚刀的侧向挤压促使形成块度较小的片状岩碴;双刃滚刀作用下岩石表面受到强烈挤压后出现较大的拉应力,使岩石更易破碎,且仅在强度较高的岩石中才易形成透镜状岩碴。滚刀破岩过程中存在能耗最小的最佳间距,该最佳间距随着岩石强度的增大而减小。滚刀破岩过程中,结构面对裂纹扩展具有显著的控制性作用,并阻隔损伤向结构面下的岩石中渗透;随着结构面与滚刀侵入方向夹角的减小,结构面将引导裂纹向岩石深部扩展,而当夹角较大时,结构面则会引导裂纹横向扩展,易导致大块岩碴的形成     

Search for class I methanol maser emission in various types of objects in the interstellar medium

Observations of various types of objects in the northern sky were obtained at 44 GHz in the 7₀-6₁ A ⁺ methanol line on the 20-m Onsala radio telescope (Sweden), in order to search for Class I methanol maser emission in the interstellar medium: regions of formation of high-mass stars, dust rings around HII regions, and protostellar candidates associated with powerful molecular outflows and Galactic HII regions. Seven new Class Imethanolmasers have been discovered toward regions of formation of highmass stars, and the existence of two previously observed masers confirmed. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) neither the association of a bipolar outflow manifest in the wings of CO lines with a highmass protostellar object (HMPO) nor the presence of thermal emission in lines of complex molecules are sufficient conditions for the detection of Class I methanol emission; no association with HMPOs radiating at 44 GHz was found for EGOs (a new class of object tracing bipolar outflows); (2) the existence of H₂O masers and Class II methanol masers in the region of aHMPOenhances the probability of detecting Class I methanol emission toward the HMPO; Class II methanol masers with stronger line fluxes are associated with Class I methanol masers.     

A phenomenological constitutive model for rocks with shear failure mode

In this paper, a phenomenological constitutive model is proposed to simulate the stress–strain behaviours of intact rocks with shear failure mode. The model captures a wide range of behaviours of rock material such as elastic, plastic, strain softening, ‘Class II’, strain localization, elastic modulus degradation, etc. The sensitivity of the stress–strain relation on the parameters is also investigated. Typical results obtained by testing a number of granite and marble specimens are used to validate the proposed model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Novel Testing Apparatus for Hydromechanical Investigation of Rocks: Geo-Sequestration of Carbon dioxide

This paper presents the design, development and application of a new multi-phase high-pressure and elevated temperature rock hydromechanical testing apparatus for the investigation of reservoir and cap rock behaviour in carbon geo-sequestration projects. The triaxial apparatus is designed to support high confining stress, injection pressures and higher temperatures to imitate the natural thermo-hydro-geomechanical conditions of deep underground geological formations. The apparatus also includes an acoustic emission device for the study of the mechanical failure behaviour of rocks under compression. The apparatus is designed to support a range of different rock specimen sizes from 34 to 54?mm in diameter. Since sequestration projects involve the injection of supercritical carbon dioxide, which is extremely sensitive to temperature and pressure, and is highly corrosive in nature, special precautions were taken in the design and manufacture of the apparatus. The data acquisition system is powered and calibrated in accordance with each of the sensors and is guided by a series of in-house developed and commercial softwares for data storage and analysis. The methodology for conducting advanced testing on cap rock and reservoir rocks with the injection of water and supercritical CO₂ is presented with the appropriate theory. Some preliminary tests have been carried out on sandstone specimens sourced from the Melbourne region using the newly designed apparatus and the results are presented in this paper.