试论地理信息科学的基础学科范式

随着地理信息系统的出现和不断发展, 20世纪90年代提出的地理信息科学已经逐渐成为一门介于地理学、信息科学和测绘学等多学科交叉的新兴学科。秉承地理信息科学仍然是一个开放知识体系的基本判断, 从地理信息科学的上位学科地理学、信息科学、地球观测科学的基础学科特征出发, 重点论述其基础性和科学属性, 进而探讨了地理信息科学进一步发展的基础学科范式, 为地理信息科学知识体系的不断完善、加强地理信息科学的科学性、基础性和系统性提供潜在的发展路径。     

空间染色镶嵌模型理论与应用

地理空间数据模型及其对地理对象-空间关系的描述是地理信息科学（GIS）理论与应用研究的核心内容。介绍和讨论了一种新的GIS空间数据模型—空间染色模型（spatial chromatic model,SCM）的结构、操作、应用及其在地理学上的含义。SCM的特点是其每个基础数据单元（细胞）具有一个唯一的编码,这些编码提供了面向各种GIS空间分析和运算的丰富信息。SCM的本质是一种基于实体第一性的相对性地理空间,它有助于从一个新的视角更加深入地理解地理实体-空间关系。     

地理信息科学的时空哲学思考

哲学对具体科学有指导作用。从哲学角度,分析了哲学中的时空观,包括:哲学理论体系的时空界限、时空普遍联系、时空范畴、社会时空、社会形态时空和时空本体,在地理信息科学产生与发展中的作用,揭示了地理信息科学发展中层次性与尺度性、复杂性与开放性、连续性与阶段性、时间与空间相统一的发展规律,以及地理信息科学社会实践性与时空本体性的特点,旨在对当前的科学研究有所启迪和帮助,进一步推动地理信息科学的发展。     

虚拟地球在态势感知中的应用

地理信息科学是现代地理学与计算机信息科学之间的一个交叉学科,其主要理论、方法来源于这两门学科。随着地理信息科学自身的发展,＂虚拟地球＂的理念越来越被大家所关注。＂虚拟地球＂以基础地理信息数据为基础,集成了其它各学科的专题数据,大大地拓展了地理信息科学本学科的研究范围,吸引了众多的研究者投入到其中进行各类相关研究,产生大...     

地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视

系统回顾了地理信息系统产生以来地理信息内涵发展与拓展的主要历程,指出地理信息的定义一直是在"空间+属性"的地图信息基本框架下逐步扩展,其发展历程经历了地图GIS、语义GIS、时空GIS和大数据GIS 4个不同的阶段,但仍无法满足时空大数据的分析和应用需求。从地理学研究的对象和内容出发,对地理学所需要的"地理信息"的内涵和外延进行了系统的梳理总结,提出了涵盖"空间定位""语义描述""属性特征""几何形态""演化过程""要素相互关系"的地理信息六要素表达模型。在地理定律和地理规律的指导下,面向地理现象空间分布、时空格局、演化过程、相互作用机理的集成表达、系统分析和高效管理,设计了六要素集成表达的几何代数统一GIS数据模型、地理规律与相互作用驱动的新型GIS数据结构、非结构化时空数据组织与存储等关键技术,为测绘地理信息走向地理科学信息提供了另一个理论基础与技术方法支撑,有助于提升GIS对地理格局、演化过程和要素相互作用等地理规律的组织、管理、表达和分析能力。     

从地理规律到地理空间人工智能EI北大核心CSCD

近年来,人工智能技术快速发展,影响了很多学科的研究范式。对于地理学而言,这种趋势也不例外。从知识发现的角度,地理学研究主要有两个任务,即揭示未知的具体事实和发现一般性的规律机理。在这两个方面,人工智能技术可帮助地理学家发现知识甚至自动提取知识。相对于地球科学其他学科,地理学自动提取知识的任务更为凸显。但是在寻求地理规律的过程中,需要处理一般性和地理异质性之间的权衡,其核心可以表述为人工智能学习过程中的基础问题:泛化及可解释性问题。因此,二者存在内在的逻辑一致性,积极引入人工智能技术有助于强化地理学的学科基础。本文通过实例给出了人工智能用于地理规律发现的一个简单框架,指出了未来地理空间人工智能发展的方向,以及地理信息科学在机制、模型、方法及应用方面潜在的新任务。     

论地理信息科学的本体方法论

在介绍了本体论和本体的基本概念之后,讨论了本体技术方法的重要特性。最后从解决地理信息科学发展中面临的问题入手,探讨了地理信息科学中的本体方法论。     

新媒体语境下地理信息科学专业学生的空间思维培养

空间思维是地理科学认知学习与研究的基本思维模式。为满足新媒体融合背景下地理信息科学专业的素质人才培养需求,本文设计了包括地理空间模拟体验、空间信息地图绘读、隐喻信息语义认知和地理系统综合分析等针对空间思维能力训练的教学内容;明晰了地理空间思维在信息感知与整理、隐含信息挖掘、信息表达视觉化、行业服务支撑、空间治理决策等新媒体信息深度挖掘方向上的应用。本文研究有利于本科学生充分利用新媒体学习工具、系统化专业知识体系和提高自身地理空间思维素养,可以为地理信息科学本科专业教学提供有益的探索。     

论地理信息科学的本体方法论

在介绍了本体论和本体的基本概念之后,讨论了本体技术方法的重要特性.最后从解决地理信息科学发展中面临的问题入手,探讨了地理信息科学中的本体方法论.     

欧洲地理学研究生课程体系分析及借鉴

当前中国地理学科研究生教育存在基础研究薄弱、学科整合不足、国际竞争能力堪忧、国际视野欠缺、地理教育错位等诸多问题。从传统地理学以及测绘地理信息科学两个方面分类考察了欧洲地理学研究生课程体系,总结了欧洲地理学研究生培养课程体系的特征,梳理了欧洲地理学研究生培养理念、专业设置、课程设置以及教学方式的特点,分析其优势,并结合当前我国高校地理学科的发展特征,探讨其借鉴意义和启示。     

测绘专业中的科研促进教学的研究与实践

测绘专业是国家经济建设的排头兵,应用于各行各业,其主要特点是实践性非常强,对学生的实际动手能力要求高。为此,一方面在课程设置和教学大纲中增加实践教学内容,另一方面增加学生接触实际、参加科研课题的机会。作者结合所做项目探讨了部分测绘课程中科研促进教学的实施方法与体会,对完善和提高课程教学有一定的参考作用。     

工程测量研究工作的点滴体会

在本文中作者以科学方法论的观点,谈述了在工程测量研究工作中的点滴体会。     

地图科学的几点前瞻性思考

回顾了中国 2 0世纪地图学的理论研究与技术进步 ,包括古地图的发现、国家地图集的编辑、地图科学原理与方法的研究、地图科学利用等领域的开拓、遥感与地理信息系统的兴起等等。建议组织系统性总结。地图科学即将进入互联网络时代 ,面对经济全球化的机遇、信息产业的兴起、远程教育的社会需求 ,呼吁地图科学工作者积极拓进地图产业的信息化与结构调整 ,创新设计科学深加工的地图精品 ,开拓电子地图新局面。提出开展地学信息图谱的探索研究 ,并作为地图创新的切入点之一 ,这样地图学家就具备了有利的优势和潜能。     

海岸海洋潮流模拟可视化与虚拟现实建模

潮流数值模拟的科学可视化与虚拟现实是海岸海洋科学研究重要的现代技术手段之一。首先从地理信息系统的角度对潮流数值模拟系统的数据模型进行了论述，提出了适合水文数值模拟的对象模型方法；其次探讨了空间流场的可视化技术，阐述了虚拟现实在潮流数值模拟中的作用；最后设计并实现了一个海岸海洋潮流模拟虚拟现实的原型软件系统VRO－cean,并在南黄海辐射沙洲等的潮流数值模拟试验中进行了实际对比检验。     

Digital Earth: a new challenge and new vision

ABSTRACT

Digital Earth has seen great progress during the last 19 years. When it entered into the era of big data, Digital Earth developed into a new stage, namely one characterized by ‘Big Earth Data’, confronting new challenges and opportunities. In this paper we give an overview of the development of Digital Earth by summarizing research achievements and marking the milestones of Digital Earth’s development. Then, the opportunities and challenges that Big Earth Data faces are discussed. As a data-intensive scientific research approach, Big Earth Data provides a new vision and methodology to Earth sciences, and the paper identifies the advantages of Big Earth Data to scientific research, especially in knowledge discovery and global change research. We believe that Big Earth Data will advance and promote the development of Digital Earth.     

Assessing gaps in irrigated agricultural productivity through satellite earth observations—A case study of the Fergana Valley,Central Asia

Improving crop area and/or crop yields in agricultural regions is one of the foremost scientific challenges for the next decades. This is especially true in irrigated areas because sustainable intensification of irrigated crop production is virtually the sole means to enhance food supply and contribute to meeting food demands of a growing population. Yet, irrigated crop production worldwide is suffering from soil degradation and salinity, reduced soil fertility, and water scarcity rendering the performance of irrigation schemes often below potential. On the other hand, the scope for improving irrigated agricultural productivity remains obscure also due to the lack of spatial data on agricultural production (e.g. crop acreage and yield). To fill this gap, satellite earth observations and a replicable methodology were used to estimate crop yields at the field level for the period 2010/2014 in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, to understand the response of agricultural productivity to factors related to the irrigation and drainage infrastructure and environment. The results showed that cropping pattern, i.e. the presence or absence of multi-annual crop rotations, and spatial diversity of crops had the most persistent effects on crop yields across observation years suggesting the need for introducing sustainable cropping systems. On the other hand, areas with a lower crop diversity or abundance of crop rotation tended to have lower crop yields, with differences of partly more than one t/ha yield. It is argued that factors related to the infrastructure, for example, the distance of farms to the next settlement or the density of roads, had a persistent effect on crop yield dynamics over time. The improvement potential of cotton and wheat yields were estimated at 5%, compared to crop yields of farms in the direct vicinity of settlements or roads. In this study it is highlighted how remotely sensed estimates of crop production in combination with geospatial technologies provide a unique perspective that, when combined with field surveys, can support planners to identify management priorities for improving regional production and/or reducing environmental impacts.     

Effectiveness of a Semi-Immersive Virtual Environment in Understanding Human–Environment Interactions

Virtual environments and related technology generate interest and excitement. Their power is strengthened with empirical evidence of their utility for scientific inquiry and decision-making. This paper reports on a study to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual environment (VE) presentations about issues typical of those facing decision makers in a rapidly growing urban area. The presentations consisted of the explanation and visualization of two phenomena—groundwater overdraft and the urban heat island. The virtual environment utilized in this study, Arizona State University's Decision Theater, is purported to help policy makers and the larger community visualize complex model output and make decisions about scientific issues. To begin to assess these claims, we carried out a user test during which a group of research participants were given two surveys, one before the presentations, to determine a priori understanding, and a second afterwards, with the same questions. This methodology allowed us to carry out within-subjects tests concerning contrasting phenomena, in order to assess two primary hypotheses: (1) knowledge and perceptions of environmental phenomena will change after the viewing, and (2) understanding will vary based on the phenomena in the presentations. Our analysis shows at least some level of support for the hypotheses, with evidence that the virtual environment positively influenced understanding, and that there may be important differences in insight generation based on characteristics of the phenomena represented. Finally, we outline critical areas of future research to further knowledge about the impact of visual VE settings on understanding and decision making.     

论城市地下管线MIS与城市规划管理的关系——以胶南市城市地下管线MIS为例

在分析山东省胶南市城市地下管线M IS的基础上,从两个方面论述了城市地下管线与城市规划管理的关系,认为城市地下管线M IS和城市规划管理之间相互作用、互为补充、关系密切。城市地下管线M IS为城市规划管理工作提供了准确而有现势性的基础资料,提高了规划管理的工作效能和城市规划管理水平;城市规划管理保障了城市地下管线M IS数据的动态更新和现势性,实现地下管线从规划设计审批竣工测量,到系统数据更新的全过程动态管理。     

空间分析技术在研究传染病时空传播规律中的应用

以手足口病为例,介绍了地理信息的空间统计技术在传染病时空传播规律研究中的应用,包括传染病空间分布模式研究、传染病聚集性分析、传染病扩散传播模式分析、传染病发病率空间自相关分析及传染病发病率空间回归模型预测方面的研究,为传染病防治决策提供科学依据,具有一定的实用性。     

How Reliable are Citizen‐Derived Scientific Data? Assessing the Quality of Contrail Observations Made by the General Public

Citizen science projects encourage the general public to participate in scientific research. Participants can contribute large volumes of data over broad spatial and temporal frames; however, the challenge is to generate data of sufficient quality to be useable in scientific research. Most observations made by citizen‐scientists can be independently verified by “experts”. However, verification is more problematic when the phenomena being recorded are short‐lived. This article uses a GIS methodology to verify the quality of contrail observations made by the general public as part of the OPAL Climate Survey. We verify observations using datasets derived from a variety of different sources (experts, models and amateur enthusiasts) with different spatial and temporal properties which reflect the complex 3D nature of the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ～70% of citizen observations are plausible, based on favorable atmospheric conditions and the presence or absence of aircraft; a finding which is in keeping with other, more conventional citizen science projects. However, questions remain as to why the quality of the citizen‐based observations was so high. Given the lack of supporting data on observers, it is impossible to determine whether the dataset was generated by the activities of many participants or a small but dedicated number of individual observers.