红移z≈1极红天体的研究进展

极红天体(EROs)是指利用光学和近红外两个波段的色指数(如I-K4 mag)挑选出来的一类星系。研究表明极红天体可分为两类:一类是被大量尘埃红化的高红移恒星形成星系,主要是较年轻的旋涡或不规则星系,有恒星正在形成,称为DGs;另一类是由年老星族(≥1 Ga)主导的高红移椭圆星系,基本上没有或仅有弱的恒星形成,简称为OGs。极红天体中这两种不同类型的星系,很可能是近邻大质量星系的前身星系,只是分别代表着不同的形成历史。介绍了不同类型极红天体的各种物理性质的研究进展,如形态和结构、光谱特征、成团性、红移分布和星系计数等,以及阐述了该领域未来的研究方向。     

窄线赛弗特1星系Arakelian564的测光

使用上海天文台1.56m望远镜，对窄线赛弗特1星系Ark564进行了时间跨度为3星期的观测。给出了VRI波段的光学观测结果。使用交叉相关方法研究了三个波段之间的时间延迟，但是未发现有时间延迟。     

The Hybrid Nature of 0846＋51W1： a BL Lac Object with a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Nucleus

We found a NLS1 nucleus in the extensively studied eruptive BL Lac object, 0846+51W1, out of a large sample of NLS1s compiled from the spectroscopic dataset of SDSS DR1. Its optical spectrum can be well decomposed into three components: a power law component from the relativistic jet, a stellar component from the host galaxy, and a component from a typical NLS1 nucleus. The emission line properties of 0846+51W1, FWHM     

E+A星系的研究进展

E+A星系的光谱具有很强的巴耳末吸收线,缺乏与恒星形成相关的发射线,将典型的椭圆星系(E)和A型恒星的光谱进行线性组合就能够拟合出这类星系的光谱.它们的颜色、形态、星族年龄等参数介于典型的早型和晚型星系之间.E+A星系近期经历了星暴活动,在星系演化进程中,它们处于晚型到早型的过渡阶段,可能在演变过程中扮演着重要角色.介...     

Infrared Galaxies in the Nearby Universe

We used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5) to study the morphological properties of 1137 nearby infrared (IR) galaxies, most of which are brighter than 15.9 mag in r-band. This sample was drawn from a cross-correlation of the Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) point source catalog redshift survey with DR5 at z(≤)0.08. Based on this IR galaxy sample, we constructed five volume-limited sub-samples with IR luminosity ranging from 109.5L⊙ to 1012L⊙. By deriving the IR luminosity functions (LF) for different morphological types, we found that normal spiral galaxies are the dominant population below LIR～ 8 × 1010 L⊙; while the fraction of barred spiral galaxies increases with increasing IR luminosity and becomes dominant in spiral galaxies beyond LIR(≈) 5×1010L⊙. As the IR luminosity decreases, the IR galaxies become more compact and have lower stellar masses. The analysis also shows that normal spiral galaxies give the dominant contribution to the total comoving IR energy density in the nearby universe, while, in contrast, the contribution from peculiar galaxies is only 39%.     

二个新观测到的红外选赛弗特星系

根据２５μｍ和６０μｍ间的红外谱指数及６０μｍ和１００μｍ的相对流量选择了６个天体，在１９９４年９月９日至１１日期间，利用北京天台２．１６ｍ望远镜观测了它们的光谱，经处理后，发现了一个新的Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ ２和一个Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ３星系，另外还有一个ＨＩＩ星系。     

Growth of Black Holes and Their Host Spheroids in （Sub）mm-loud High-Redshift QSOs

We study the growth of black holes and stellar population in spheroids at high redshift using several （sub）mm-loud QSO samples. Applying the same criteria established in an earlier work, we find that, similar to IR QSOs at low redshift, the far-infrared emission of these （sub）mm-loud QSOs mainly originates from dust heated by starbursts. By combining low-z IR QSOs and high-z （sub）mm-loud QSOs, we find a trend that the star formation rate （M＊） increases with the accretion rate （Mace）. We compare the values of M＊/Macc for submm emitting galaxies （SMGs）, far-infrared ultraluminous/hypeduminous QSOs and typical QSOs, and construct a likely evolution scenario for these objects. The （sub）mm-loud QSO transition phase has both high Macc and M＊ and hence is important for establishing the correlation between the masses of black holes and spheroids.     

Structural Properties of Early-Type Galaxies from the SDSS DR2

Two-dimensional bulge/disk light decomposition with GIM2D in both the r-and g-bands has been applied to a sample of 129 early-type galaxies brighter than 13.5 magnitude in the r-band,selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 2.Intensity-weighted Fourier coefficient (a4/a) was also derived for each sample galaxy.Our analysis shows that and between bulge and disk scale sizes.Isophotal shape parameter (a4/a) is not correlated with BIT and nB.Both bulge and disk components satisfy a color-magnitude relation.The k space Fundamental Plane analysis shows that galaxies with larger B/T tend to lie tighter and closer to the line of k1 k2=8 (the so-called "zone of avoidance") than the galaxies with smaller B/T.It indicates that existence of the disk component may lead to scatter of the distribution on the Fundamental Plane.Our analysis also shows that k1 k2 correlates with (y-r) color and B/T,but does not correlate with (a4/a) for early-type galaxies.The fitted parameters and other retrieved parameters used in this paper for all sample galaxies are available online.     

Circumnuclear Star Forming Activity in NGC 3982

We present a study of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 3982 using optical,infrared and X-ray data acquired by SDSS,Spitzer and Chandra.Our main results are as follows:(1) A simple stellar population synthesis on the nuclear and circumnuclear SDSS spectra gives unambiguous evidence of young stellar components in both the nuclear and circumnuclear regions.(2) The Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectrum of the central region (～3") shows a power-law continuum,a silicate emission feature at 9.7 μm,and significant PAH emission features at 7.7,8.6,11.3 and 12.7/zm,suggesting the coexistence of AGN and starburst activities in the central region of NGC 3982.(3) We estimate the star formation rate (SFR) of the circumnuclear (～5"-20") region from the Ha luminosity to be for the active nucleus of NGC 3982 from radio to X-ray,and obtain a bolometric luminosity of Lbol=4.5×1042 erg s-1,corresponding to an Eddington ratio (Lbol/LEdd) of 0.014.The HST image of NGC 3982 shows a nuclear mini-spiral between the circumnuclear starforming region and the nucleus,which could be the channel through which gas is transported to the supermassive black hole from the circumnuclear star-forming region.     

Discovery of Five Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Im- plications on the NLS1 Model

We report the discovery of five Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSls) identified from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey bright sources. One of them has a quasar-like luminosity and two, including the quasar-like one, have close companions and/or show interacting features. We calculate the central black hole masses and Eddington ratios for the five NLSls. In combination with the objects of Kaspi et al., we find that NLSls have smaller central black hole masses and higher accretion rate than normal Seyfert 1s.     

A Study of the Black Hole Mass and Accretion Rate Distributions of AGNs

The redshift, central black hole mass and accretion rate are important parameters when studying the AGN evolution. The central black hole masses for 172 quasars and Seyfert galaxies are calculated in this paper using the reverberation mapping method. The distributions of central black hole masses, redshifts and the Eddington accretion rates are analyzed, to verify the transition from the quasar to the Seyfert galaxy in the course of evolution.     

Properties of Broad Band Continuum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We have performed a statistical study of the properties of the broadband continuum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) by collecting ratio,infrared, optical and X-ray continuum data from various databases and comparedthe results with control samples of Broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLSls). We findthat the fraction (～ 6%) of Radio Loud (RL) NLSls is significantly less than thatof BLS1s (～ 13%), which is caused by the lack of radio-very-loud sources in theformer. The rarity of RL NLS1s, especially radio-very-loud ones, is consistent withthe scenario of small black hole and high accretion rate for NLSls. Six new radio loudNLSls are found and five RL NLS1 candidates are presented. In comparison withthe BLS1s, the NLS1s tend to have stronger far infrared emission, cooler infraredcolors and redder B- K color, which suggests that NLS1s are hosted by dust-richernuclei. The NLS1s also show steeper soft X-ray spectrum and large soft X-rayto optical flux ratio, while a significant fraction show fiat soft X-ray spectra. Atleast two factors can account for this, absorption and spectral variability. We alsoperform a correlation analysis between various broad band data. It is found thatmost correlations identified for NLS1s are also valid for radio quiet BLS1s: (1) theoptical colors are anti-correlated with X-ray spectral index; (2) higher optical, X-ray and NIR luminosity objects show bluer optical colors and red H - K color; (3)higher luminosity objects show warmer IRAS color; (4) the radio loudness correlateswith B - K and X-ray to optical flux ratio. Radio loud objects behave somewhatdifferently in a few correlations.     

Inclination of Broad Line Region in Narrow Line and Broad Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

The sizes of the Broad Line Region (BLR) of some Seyfert 1 galax-ies and nearby quasars can be determined by the reverberation mapping method.Combining with the observed FWHM of Hβ emission line and assuming that themotion of BLR clouds is virialized, the black hole masses of these objects have beenestimated. However, this method strongly depends on the poorly-understood geom-etry and inclination of the BLR. On the other hand, a tight correlation between theblack hole mass and the bulge velocity dispersion was recently found for both activeand nearby inactive galaxies. This may provide another method, independent of theBLR geometry, for estimating the black hole mass. Using this method for estimatingthe black hole mass and combining with the measured BLR size and FWHM of Hβemission line, we derived the BLR inclination angles for 20 Seyfert I galaxies underthe assumption that the BLR is disk-like. The derived inclination angles agree wellwith those derived previously by fitting the UV continuum and Hβ emission lineprofiles. Adopting a relation between the FWHMs of [OⅢ]λ5007 forbidden line andthe stellar velocity dispersion, we also estimated the BLR inclinations for 50 nar-row line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSls). We found that the inclinations of broad LineSeyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s) are systematically greater than those of NLS1s, whichseldom exceed 30. This may be an important factor that leads to the differencesbetween NLS1s and BLS1s if the BLR of NLS1s is really disk-like.     

On the Black Hole - Bulge Mass Ratios in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We present estimated ratios of the central black hole mass to the bulge mass (Mbh/Mbulge) for 15 Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). It is found that NLS1s apparently have lower mass ratios: the average mass ratio is about 1 × 10-4 with a spread of 2, which is one order of magnitude lower than for Broad Line AGNs and quiescent galaxies. This lower value, as compared to that established essentially for all other types of galaxies, can be accounted for by an underestimation of the black hole masses and an overestimation of the bulge masses in the NLS1s.     

The Variability of Hardness Ratio 1 observed by ROSAT： Narrow—Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies versus Broad—Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We examined the correlation between the ROSAT Hardness Ratio 1 and Count Rates eight Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies (NLS1s) and 14 Broad-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies (BLS1s). We found that six of the NLS1s show a positive HR1-CTs correlation, and seven of the BLS1s, a negative correlation. The other two NLS1s and seven BLS1s do not show any clear HR1-CTs correlation. Thus, the spectral behavior is statistically different for the NLS1s and BLS1s. The different behaviors can possibly be interpreted in terms of a stable ‘soft excess’ that is strong in NLS1s and weak in BLS1s, plus a power law component, common to both, which softens with increasing flux.     

The Difference between the α-disks of Seyfert 1 Galaxiesand Quasars

In a previous paper, it was suggested that contamination of the nuclear luminosity by the host galaxy plays an important role in determining the parameters of the standard a disk of AGNs. Using the nuclear absolute B band magnitude instead of the total absolute B band magnitude, we have recalculated the central black hole masses, accretion rates and disk inclinations for 20 Seyfert 1 galaxies and 17 Palomar-Green (PG) quasars. It is found that a small value of a is needed for the Seyfert 1 galaxies than for the PG quasars. This difference in a possibly leads to the different properties of Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars. Furthermore, we find most of the objects in this sample are not accreting at super-Eddington rates if we adopt the nuclear optical luminosity in our calculation.     

Black hole masses from power density spectra: determinations and consequences

We analyse the scaling of the X-ray power density spectra with the mass of the black hole in the examples of Cyg X-1 and the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548. We show that the high-frequency tail of the power density spectrum can be successfully used for the determination of the black hole mass. We determine the masses of the black holes in six broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, five narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and two quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) using the available power density spectra. The proposed scaling is clearly appropriate for other Seyfert galaxies and QSOs. In all but one of the normal Seyferts, the resulting luminosity to Eddington luminosity ratio is smaller than 0.15, with the source MCG -6-15-30 being an exception. The applicability of the same scaling to a narrow-line Seyfert 1 is less clear and there may be a systematic shift between the power spectra of NLS1 and S1 galaxies of the same mass, leading to underestimation of the black hole mass. However, both the method based on variability and the method based on spectral fitting show that those galaxies have relatively low masses and a high luminosity to Eddington luminosity ratio, supporting the view of those objects as analogues of galactic sources in their high, soft or very high state, based on the overall spectral shape. The bulge masses of their host galaxies are similar to that of normal Seyfert galaxies, so they do not follow the black hole mass–bulge mass relation for Seyfert galaxies, being evolutionarily less advanced, as suggested by Mathur. The bulge mass–black hole mass relation in our sample is consistent with being linear, with the black hole to bulge ratio ∼0.03 per cent, similar to Wandel and Laor for low-mass objects, but significantly shifted from the relation of Magorrian et al. and McLure & Dunlop.     

The relationship between X-ray variability and the central black hole mass

We assembled a sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies, quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) observed by ASCA , the central black hole masses of which have been measured. We found that the X-ray variability (which is quantified by the 'excess variance' σ _rms²) is significantly anti-correlated with the central black hole mass, and it is likely that a linear relationship of σ _rms²∝ M _bh⁻¹ exists. It can be interpreted that the short time-scale X-ray variability is caused by some global coherent variations in the X-ray emission region, which is scaled by the size of the central black hole. Hence the central black hole mass is the driving parameter of the previously established relation between X-ray variability and luminosity. Our findings favour the hypothesis that the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and QSOs harbour smaller black holes than the broad-line objects, and can also easily explain the observational fact that high-redshift QSOs have greater variability than local AGNs at a given luminosity. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings, and a large sample X-ray variability investigation can give constraints on the physical mechanisms and evolution of AGNs.     

Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and the evolution of galaxies and active galaxies

Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are intriguing owing to their continuum as well as emission-line properties. The observed peculiar properties of the NLS1s are believed to be as a result of an accretion rate close to the Eddington limit. As a consequence of this, for a given luminosity, NLS1s have smaller black hole (BH) masses compared with normal Seyfert galaxies. Here we argue that NLS1s might be Seyfert galaxies in their early stage of evolution and as such may be low-redshift, low-luminosity analogues of high-redshift quasars. We propose that NLS1s may reside in rejuvenated, gas-rich galaxies. We also argue in favour of collisional ionization for production of Fe  ii in active galactic nuclei.