2005珠峰高程测定的技术进展

2005年中国对珠穆朗玛峰高程进行了新的测定. 重点介绍了2005珠峰测高中大地测量数据获取和处理方面的技术进步: 其中峰顶GPS测量是整个珠峰测高中的关键, 总结了以往珠峰峰顶GPS测量的经验教训, 采取多种技术措施, 大幅度提高了峰顶GPS测量的精度; 增加地面测站对峰顶觇标的激光测距, 以提高测定珠峰觇标平面位置和高程的精度; 采用雷达探测结合GPS技术, 测定珠峰峰顶冰雪覆盖层的厚度, 提高了测量峰顶冰雪覆盖层厚度的精度和可靠性; 利用珠峰地区的重力、GPS水准和DTM资料, 结合不同的地球重力场模型, 计算了珠峰地区两种栅格(30"×30"和2.5′×2.5′)的重力异常, 精化了珠峰地区局域重力场和似大地水准面. 最后给出了2005珠峰测高的成果: 珠峰峰顶雪面正常高为8846.67 m, 珠峰峰顶雪面正高(海拔高)为8847.93 m, 珠峰峰顶岩面正高为8844.43 m, 珠峰峰顶冰雪层厚度为3.50 m.     

基于多种方法构建似大地水准面模型推估特性分析

针对构建似大地水准面中采用的重力水准法、EGM2008水准法、GPS水准法,结合地形复杂程度、面积大小、重力似大地水准面分辨率与精度等特点,首次评价了基于多种方法构建的似大地水准面模型的外推性与真实性.采用地形复杂区域S、平原区域N以及沿海区域Q构建区域似大地水准面模型.通过时各方法得到的似大地水准面模型推估特性分析比较,结果表明:就反应似大地水准面起伏的真实情况而言,重力水准法精度最高且外推能力最强;EGM2008水准法精度次之,外推能力较强外推范围在10 km左右;GPS水准法精度最弱,外推能力最差.构建高精度高分率1 cm级似大地水准面时须采用基于grave/level法.     

环域大地逆边值问题解的诠释

在用环域大地边值理论求解大地水准面的基础上对环域大地逆边值问题的解式作进一步研究.结果表明:①在线性化模式下,环域大地逆边值问题的解与确定大地水准面的传统的移去-恢复法解具有一致性;②在采用移去-恢复法时应注意,尽管移去过程中需调整地球质量,但不能调整参考正常重力场值;③若边界观测采用重力异常值,在采用移去-恢复法时应注意不能恢复移去物质对大地水准面的一阶项影响;④移去-恢复法的向下归算是环域大地逆边值问题解中的调和延拓的线性近似.本文既是对利用环域大地边值理论求解大地水准面的有效性的重要论证,也是对传统的确定大地水准面的移去-恢复法的数学证明.     

海域航空重力快速构建区域大地水准面

我国在海域开展了大规模的航空重力勘探,这些资料对构建高精度大地水准面具有重要价值.基于此,本文提出一种利用海域航空重力测量数据快速构建大地水准面的方法.该方法基于移去-恢复法思想,利用位场最小曲率方法对航空重力数据进行高精度向下延拓并获取相应的扰动位,实现航空重力测量快速构建海域大地水准面.与斯托克斯积分计算相比,采用了处理效率更高的频率域位场转换,解决了向下延拓及垂向积分时航空重力异常数据空白及扩边问题,具有较高的位场转换精度.本文应用EGM2008模拟航空重力数据进行模型验证,计算结果与其给出的水准面的精度相当;同时,也选取GRAV-D计划的航空重力数据进行实际验证,计算结果与xGEOID18B水准面模型精度基本一致.模型验证和实际应用验证了本方法的实用性.     

精化大地水准面的一种间接方法——异常及其梯度在其中的应用

随着GPS/水准及全球重力测量的加密和扩展,获取高精度的似大地水准面或高程异常(ξ)已比较容易,如何进一步研究它和大地水准面或大地水准面高(N)之间的关系(即所谓间接的方法)使大地水准面得到精化,这就是本文的目的,文中对已推导的公式在模型作了验证,对如何利用地形等数据确定扰动重力垂直梯度也作了研究,结果表明:在海拔4000 m的高山地区,当似大地水准面的精度达到cm级时,大地水准面的精度也与之比较接近.     

地形-均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常频谱分析

将地形高、地球内部质量异常以及重力、大地水准面展开成球谐级数,依据岩石圈弹性挠曲均衡补偿理论建立地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常的球谐级数表达式.由此我们可以研究地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常与球谐级数阶次的关系,以及不同波长地形荷载与岩石圈挠曲补偿的关系,探讨地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面的频谱特性.从观测大地水准面异常和自由空气重力异常扣除地形—均衡补偿大地水准面、重力异常,可以得到均衡大地水准面异常和均衡重力异常.均衡大地水准面异常已经消除了浅层物质不均匀的影响,反映的是地球深部物质密度不均匀分布.均衡重力异常显示出中短波长特性,反映的是地壳上地幔物质分布的失衡和物质调整的动力学特征.     

基于泊松小波径向基函数融合多源数据的局部重力场建模

融合多源数据的高精度、高分辨率的局部重力场建模是物理大地测量学的前沿和热点问题.本文研究了基于径向基函数融合多源数据的局部重力场建模方法,利用Monte-Carlo方差分量估计实现了不同类型的观测数据的合理定权,引入了最小标准差法确定基函数的适宜网络,分析了地形因素对于基函数网络确定及局部重力场建模精度的影响.以泊松小波基函数为构造基函数,结合残差地形模型,融合实测的陆地重力异常、船载重力异常及航空重力扰动数据构建了局部区域陆海统一的似大地水准面模型.研究结果表明:引入残差地形模型平滑了地形质量引入的高频扰动信号,简化了基函数的网络设计;并提高了重力似大地水准面的精度,平原地区其精度提高了4mm,地形起伏较大的山区其精度提高了约5cm.总体而言,基于"三步法"构建的局部重力似大地水准面在荷兰、比利时及德国相关区域,其精度分别达到1.12cm、2.80cm以及2.92cm.     

基于有限元方法的陆海大地水准面衔接

大陆上用重力数据和GPS水准数据确定(似)大地水准面,海洋上用卫星测高数据确定(似)大地水准面.由于沿海地区和近岸海域往往缺少完好的重力数据,近岸海域卫星测高数据质量相对较差,两类大地水准面在陆海相接区域精度偏低且存在拼合差.纯几何方法拟合陆海局部区域大地水准面,不能顾及大地水准面的物理特性,拟合结果不稳定.顾及到大地水准面的物理特性,依据其在局部所应满足的数学物理方程,拟合陆海局部区域大地水准面问题,转化为Laplace第一边值问题.讨论了有限元法衔接陆海局部区域大地水准面的数学思想,给出了相应的数学模型.     

中国及邻区大地水准面异常的场源深度探讨

利用中国及邻区地形、地震层析成像、沉积层底面、Moho面及岩石层底面资料,正演计算出中国及邻区岩石圈大地水准面异常;再从全阶大地水准面异常中扣除正演模拟得到的岩石圈大地水准面异常与不同阶次波段的大地水准面进行比较,寻求表示中国及邻区地幔物质不均匀的大地水准面异常的最佳阶次为2-60阶. 结果表明,对应于岩石圈的大地水准面异常的重力位球谐函数阶数为61-20阶;下地幔重力位球谐函数阶数为2-6阶;而-60阶重力位球谐函数则表示中国及邻近区域上地幔大地水准面异常.     

由多卫星测高大地水准面推断西太平洋边缘海构造动力格局

由于卫星观测技术的发展，现在已能利用测高大地水准面简捷可靠地研究海底构造与动力问题. 根据Geosat T2/ERM、Topex/Poseidon 和ERS 1/2测高数据给定的0°N ～45°N、100°E～150°E范围内4′×4′大地水准面，采用全球地形/均衡的重力位效应改正，计算布格、格莱尼和均衡大地水准面. 由格莱尼大地水准面反演Moho面埋深，再从均衡大地水准面起伏推算小尺度地幔流应力场. 结果表明，菲律宾海和南海显示了与磁条带、扩张脊对应或斜交的高频成分大地水准面起伏条带. 各边缘海盆的Moho面埋深有往南变浅的趋势，与菲律宾海各海盆的Moho面埋深大致相当，说明琉球—台湾—菲律宾岛弧两侧的构造动力强度基本相近. 从各种构造特征和大、中、小尺度的地幔流应力场的驱动机制，可以证明岛弧内侧的边缘海具有不同于大洋、大陆的独特构造动力格局和特征.     

Progress in technology for the 2005 height determination of Qomolangma Feng (Mt. Everest)

Qomolangma Feng——Mt. Everest (QF in shorter) is located in the east part of the China-Nepal boundary. QF is the highest mountain in China, also in the world. It lies in the collision zone along the boundary of Eurasian and Indian plates. It is one of focuses in geo- sciences study[1―7]. The northern slope area of the QF (QF area in shorter) is in Tibet, China, and the altitude of snow line in the QF area is around 6000 m. Spring in the QF area is March, April and May every year, a…     

应用Bjerhammar方法确定GPS重力似大地水准面

GPS技术的发展提出了新的大地边值问题——GPS重力边值问题.本文将Bjerhammar方法应用于GPS重力问题的求解,并在给出理论公式的基础上,针对实际计算中虚拟场元的分布和求解、虚拟球半径的确定及奇异积分等问题提出了具体的解决方案.文中通过比例因子k在虚拟球半径和GPS重力数据密度间建立起联系,并推导出其近似值.在...     

An estimation of the height system bias parameter <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis><Subscript>0</Subscript> using least squares collocation from observed gravity and GPS-levelling data

This paper deals with the analysis of gravity anomaly and precise levelling in conjunction with GPS-Levelling data for the computation of a gravimetric geoid and an estimate of the height system bias parameter N_o for the vertical datum in Pakistan by means of least squares collocation technique. The long term objective is to obtain a regional geoid (or quasi-geoid) modeling using a combination of local data with a high degree and order Earth gravity model (EGM) and to determine a bias (if there is one) with respect to a global mean sea surface. An application of collocation with the optimal covariance parameters has facilitated to achieve gravimetric height anomalies in a global geocentric datum. Residual terrain modeling (RTM) technique has been used in combination with the EGM96 for the reduction and smoothing of the gravity data. A value for the bias parameter N_o has been estimated with reference to the local GPS-Levelling datum that appears to be 0.705 m with 0.07 m mean square error. The gravimetric height anomalies were compared with height anomalies obtained from GPS-Levelling stations using least square collocation with and without bias adjustment. The bias adjustment minimizes the difference between the gravimetric height anomalies with respect to residual GPS-Levelling data and the standard deviation of the differences drops from 35 cm to 2.6 cm. The results of this study suggest that N_o adjustment may be a good alternative for the fitting of the final gravimetric geoid as is generally done when using FFT methods.     

局部山体地形对断层动力学破裂过程的影响研究

基于曲线网格有限差分方法研究了垂直走滑断层在不同山体地形情况下的动力学破裂传播,分析并讨论了局部山体地形对断层破裂过程及相应地面地震动的影响,得到了各模型断层面的动力学破裂过程及相应的地表峰值速度特征。研究结果表明,山体地形尺度（山体高度及底部延展距离等）对断层动力学破裂过程影响较大,进而影响到相应的地面地震动分布。当山体地形处于自由地表上亚剪切向超剪切转换的位置附近时,山体地形会阻碍断层面上自由地表超剪切的产生。一般而言,对于具有一定埋深的断层,当山体地形底部延展距离一定时,山体高度越高,其对自由地表超剪切的阻碍程度越大;当山体高度一定时,地形底部延展距离越大,越会阻碍自由地表超剪切的产生,这种破裂过程的变化会导致相应地面地震动呈现不同特征的分布。此外,还探讨了断层破裂过程及相应地震动对成核区外初始剪切应力变化的响应,结果显示,当初始剪切应力较高时,高应力降引起的超剪切破裂会对断层破裂及相应的地震动分布起主导作用。      

Data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid in the Netherlands

We assess the surface gravity data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid model for the Netherlands mainland and continental shelf in terms of omission and commission errors. The omission error critically depends on the roughness of the topography and bathymetry. For the Netherlands continental shelf, Central and Northern Netherlands, the omission error is well described by the model 0.32d mm, where d is the data spacing in km. For the more hilly Southern Netherlands, the omission error model is 0.92d mm. The commission error depends on the kernel modification, the data spacing, and the data accuracy. When using the spheroidal Stokes kernel, it is well described by 0.277 d σ_Δg mm, where σ_Δg is the noise standard deviation of surface gravity data in mGal. An upper bound of the commission error of the state-of-the-art satellite-only gravity model GOCO05S over the Netherlands is e^{0.03676L–11.419} mm, where L is the maximum degree up to which this model is used. Only if this model is truncated at a sufficiently low degree, e.g., at degree 100, its contribution to the total commission error can be neglected. We determine the total error as the sum of commission and omission errors. Hence, to realize a 5-mm quasi-geoid model for the Netherlands mainland and continental shelf, a data spacing of 3.5 km is needed when assuming a noise standard deviation of 1.5 mGal for surface gravity data. The currently available land-based gravity data fulfill this requirement. This does not apply to the situation at sea, where the density of the shipboard gravity data and the accuracy of the radar altimeter-derived data do not allow the realization of a 5-mm quasi-geoid model.     

Regional gravity field modeling based on rectangular harmonic analysis

Regional gravity field modeling with high-precision and high-resolution is one of the most important scientific objectives in geodesy,and can provide fundamental information for geophysics,geodynamics,seismology,and mineral exploration.Rectangular harmonic analysis(RHA)is proposed for regional gravity field modeling in this paper.By solving the Laplace’s equation of gravitational potential in local Cartesian coordinate system,the rectangular harmonic expansions of disturbing potential,gravity anomaly,gravity disturbance,geoid undulation and deflection of the vertical are derived,and so are the formula for signal degree variance and error degree variance of the rectangular harmonic coefficients(RHC).We also present the mathematical model and detailed algorithm for the solution of RHC using RHA from gravity observations.In order to reduce the edge effects caused by periodic continuation in RHA,we propose the strategy of extending the size of computation domain.The RHA-based modeling method is validated by conducting numerical experiments based on simulated ground and airborne gravity data that are generated from geopotential model EGM2008 and contaminated by Gauss white noise with standard deviation of 2 mGal.The accuracy of the 2.5′×2.5′geoid undulations computed from ground and airborne gravity data is 1 and 1.4cm,respectively.The standard error of the gravity disturbances that downward continued from the flight height of 4 km to the geoid is only 3.1 mGal.Numerical results confirm that RHA is able to provide a reliable and accurate regional gravity field model,which may be a new option for the representation of the fine structure of regional gravity field.     

香港地区重力固体潮和海潮负荷特征研究

介绍了在香港地区重力固体潮合作观测成果, 获得了该地区完整的重力固体潮实测模型. 利用全球和近海海潮模型以及岛屿验潮站数据较系统地研究了海潮负荷特征, 反演了全球海潮模型的适定性. 数值结果说明周日频段内的海潮模型要比半日频段内的模型更加稳定, 实施验潮站潮位高变化改正对精密确定重力固体潮相位滞后起重要作用. 文章还研究了重力观测残差和台站背景噪声水平. 本项研究填补了中国地壳运动观测网络在该地区重力固体潮观测空白, 为地表和空间大地测量提供有效参考和服务.     

The new quasi-geoid model IRQG09 for Iran

Iran is a mountainous country with large lateral density variations of its crust. Constant density value is commonly used to determine the geoid models as well as topographic corrections. The effect of lateral density variation in the geoid can reach up to 14 cm in Iran which is not negligible in a precise geoid modelling. Also, the current height datum of Iran is based on the orthometric system but the effect of gravity variation was not applied in height parameter. Furthermore, the height systems of most neighbouring countries are defined as normal height. Connection of networks can be useful for the unification of height datum, geodynamics researches and optimal adjustment of levelling network. The new quasi-geoid model based on a recent EGM2008 global geo-potential model was created to solve the mentioned problem. The main purpose of the present study is to discuss the results of a research project in which a gravimetric quasi-geoid model for Iran was computed based on the least-squares modification of Stokes' formula. The evaluation is made using 475 GPS/levelling height anomalies covering the major parts of the country except the mountainous areas to the North and West. After a 7-parameter fit, the most promising attempt achieved a RMS value of 19 cm for the residuals based on the GPS/levelling data.     

Topographic accessibility and the tectonic interpretation of gravity data

During recent gravity surveys in Patagonia, we were unable to acquire data on the North Patagonian Icecap, which is completely inaccessible for land surveying. The Icecap is clearly of tectonic significance, but, because of its tectonic history, it is uplifted and rugged, and consequently inaccessible. Therefore the distribution of geophysical observations which can be acquired in a rugged field area is dependent on the tectonic history. This suggests that a tectonic history which is reconstructed from geophysical data may be systematically biased. We use models of local and flexural isostasy to estimate the gravity errors associated with interpolation across inaccessible topography. The gravity error is largest for Pratt isostasy, where the mass deficit which supports the topography is at relatively shallow depths. The gravity error is least for flexural isostasy, because in this case the inaccessible topography is supported regionally by a mass deficit which extends beyond the inaccessible region. An analytical flexural interpolation scheme is proposed for interpolation across data gaps associated with inaccessible topography. Flexural theory and Gauss’s theorem are used to predict the gravity anomaly due to the mass excess of the inaccessible topography. We apply this scheme to the North Patagonian Icecap, to demonstrate that flexural interpolation predicts a relative gravity low at the site of the Icecap, which would not be predicted by purely geometrical interpolation schemes.