正常固结黏土中平板锚基础的吸力和抗拉力

平板锚是新近出现的一种系泊深海浮式结构的基础型式。当黏土地基中的平板锚承受上拔力时,平板上、下表面超静孔压差形成的吸力使其抗拉承载力显著增加,对于风浪等快速加载条件尤其如此。利用有限元软件ADINA建立有效应力形式的轴对称动力有限元模型,研究圆形平板锚在缓慢加载与快速加载时的超静孔压分布与地基破坏型式。快速加载时重黏土和高岭土两组典型正常固结土样所得极限承载力系数与塑性极限分析解一致。进而通过变动参数分析,讨论加载速率和埋深对吸力和总抗拉力极限值的影响,并给出排水和不排水加载条件对应的临界加载速率。结果表明,不排水加载条件的总抗拉力可能达到排水总抗拉力的3倍。     

Modeling the hydro-mechanical responses of strip and circular punch loadings on water-saturated collapsible geomaterials

A stabilized enhanced strain finite element procedure for poromechanics is fully integrated with an elasto-plastic cap model to simulate the hydro-mechanical interactions of fluid-infiltrating porous rocks with associative and non-associative plastic flow. We present a quantitative analysis on how macroscopic plastic volumetric response caused by pore collapse and grain rearrangement affects the seepage of pore fluid, and vice versa. Results of finite element simulations imply that the dissipation of excess pore pressure may significantly affect the stress path and thus alter the volumetric plastic responses.     

三维弹塑性模型在路堤软基固结分析中应用

针对基于SMP准则改进的剑桥模型(MCC-SMP),采用弹性预测和塑性修正两阶段的回映算法,给出了应力更新算法,根据其算法编制了非线性有限元子程序,进行了三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等单元试验问题的数值模拟,通过数值分析和试验结果的对比,验证了子程序的精度;采用该本构模型,对澳大利亚某试验段路堤软土地基固结进行了三维有限元分析,重点分析和对比了孔压、沉降及水平位移的变化规律。     

Numerical analysis of seepage–deformation in unsaturated soils

A coupled elastic–plastic finite element analysis based on simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils is used to investigate the coupling processes of water infiltration and deformation. By introducing a reduced suction and an elastic–plastic constitutive equation for the soil skeleton, the simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils is incorporated into an in-house finite element code. Using the proposed numerical method, the generation of pore water pressure and development of deformation can be simulated under evaporation or rainfall infiltration conditions. Through a parametric study and comparison with the test results, the proposed method is found to describe well the characteristics during water evaporation/infiltration into unsaturated soils. Finally, an unsaturated soil slope with water infiltration is analyzed in detail to investigate the development of the displacement and generation of pore water pressure.     

泥岩隧道施工过程中渗流场与应力场全耦合损伤模型研究

在连续损伤力学理论基础上,将塑性损伤演化及渗流相互耦合的概念引入Mohr-Coulomb 破坏准则,用于分析在孔隙压力和塑性损伤演化共同作用下岩石损伤演化机制,建立了相应的有限元损伤数值分析模型,并应用于比利时核废料库开挖过程中泥岩隧道附近围岩发生损伤演化、渗流场和应力场耦合过程分析中,得到了开挖引起的围岩损伤特性、孔隙压力以及渗透性的变化规律,为进一步研究隧道流变过程水力耦合特性合理的数值计算模型建立方法提供基础。     

Two-dimensional dynamic finite element simulation of rock blasting

In the present study, the two-dimensional blast model has been simulated using finite element software Abaqus/CAE. The John–Wilkins–Lee equation of state has been used to calculate the pressure caused by the release of the chemical energy of the explosive. Detonation point from center of hole has been defined for the traveling path of explosive energy. Elastoplastic dynamic failure constitutive with kinematic hardening model was adopted for rock mass responses under high explosive pressure to understand the mechanism of blast phenomena. In this model, it is assumed that failure of rock occurs under tensile failure when yield plastic stress exceeded to its static tensile strength. The hydrostatic pressure was used as a failure measure to model dynamic spall or a pressure cut off. Variation of detonation velocity has been measured in terms of simulation blast output energies index results.     

Data assimilation using the particle filter for identifying the elasto‐plastic material properties of geomaterials

A computational method, incorporating the finite element model (FEM) into data assimilation using the particle filter, is presented for identifying elasto‐plastic material properties based on sequential measurements under the known changing traction boundary conditions to overcome some difficulties in identifying the parameters for elasto‐plastic problems from which the existing inverse analysis strategies have suffered. A soil–water coupled problem, which uses the elasto‐plastic constitutive model, is dealt with as the geotechnical application. Measured data on the settlement and the pore pressure are obtained from a synthetic FEM computation as the forward problem under the known parameters to be identified for both the element tests and the ground behavior during the embankment construction sequence. Parameter identification for elasto‐plastic problems, such as soil behavior, should be made by considering the measurements of deformation and/or pore pressure step by step from the initial stage of construction and throughout the deformation history under the changing traction boundary conditions because of the embankment or the excavation because the ground behavior is highly dependent on the loading history. Thus, it appears that sequential data assimilation techniques, such as the particle filter, are the preferable tools that can provide estimates of the state variables, that is, deformation, pore pressure, and unknown parameters, for the constitutive model in geotechnical practice. The present paper discusses the priority of the particle filter in its application to initial/boundary value problems for elasto‐plastic materials and demonstrates a couple of numerical examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element formulation of gradient-based plasticity for porous media with C1 interpolation of internal variables

In this paper a new finite element formulation for numerical analysis of diffused and localized failure behavior of saturated and partially saturated gradient poroplastic materials is proposed. The new finite element includes interpolation functions of first order (C₁) for the internal variables field while classical C₀ interpolation functions for the kinematic fields and pore pressure. This finite element formulation is compatible with a thermodynamically consistent gradient poroplastic theory previously proposed by the authors. In this material theory the internal variables are the only ones of non-local character. To verify the numerical efficiency of the proposed finite element formulation, the non-local gradient poroplastic constitutive theory is combined with the modified Cam Clay model for partially saturated continua. Thereby, the volumetric strain of the solid skeleton and the plastic porosity are the internal variables of the constitutive theory. The numerical results in this paper demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed finite element formulation to capture diffuse and localized failure modes of boundary value problems of porous media, depending on the acting confining pressure and on the material saturation degree.     

孔隙水压力条件下含缺陷岩样破坏过程及声发射模拟

在平面应变压缩条件下,采用FLAC模拟了围压存在时孔隙压力对具有初始随机材料缺陷的岩石的破坏过程、前兆及声发射的影响。密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为。在孔隙压力存在时,缺陷在施加轴向加载速度之前就发生了破坏。当施加轴向速度后,声发射累积数先一度保持恒定,然后由于缺陷的长大声发射累积数发生了少量的突增。经历了一段短暂的平静之后,由于短剪切带聚合成长剪切带声发射累积数发生了大量的突增,穿越应力峰值。之后,仅有零星声发射活动,试样处于平静的残余变形阶段。随着孔隙压力的增加,应力峰值达到时的声发射累积数提高,应力峰值附近的声发射活动变得强烈,残余变形阶段达到时的声发射累积数提高。出现在软化阶段的最大失衡力的峰值随着孔隙压力的增加而降低。     

Finite element analysis of land subsidence above depleted reservoirs with pore pressure gradient and total stress formulations

The solution of the poroelastic equations for predicting land subsidence above productive gas/oil fields may be addressed by the principle of virtual works using either the effective intergranular stress, with the pore pressure gradient regarded as a distributed body force, or the total stress incorporating the pore pressure. In the finite element (FE) method both approaches prove equivalent at the global assembled level. However, at the element level apparently the equivalence does not hold, and the strength source related to the pore pressure seems to generate different local forces on the element nodes. The two formulations are briefly reviewed and discussed for triangular and tetrahedral finite elements. They are shown to yield different results at the global level as well in a three‐dimensional axisymmetric porous medium if the FE integration is performed using the average element‐wise radius. A modification to both formulations is suggested which allows to correctly solve the problem of a finite reservoir with an infinite pressure gradient, i.e. with a pore pressure discontinuity on its boundary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of progressive failure in long slopes

Progressive failure in long natural clay slopes with an underlying weak shear zone is studied. The clay slope is assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic, whereas the shear zone may have an elastic–plastic strain softening behaviour. The failure will occur due to the development of large shear deformations in the weak zone. The general behaviour, including the possibility of progressive failure, can be studied by the use of a one-dimensional finite element model. Other interesting matters which can be studied are critical load, critical disturbance and critical length of the slope. Numerical examples show the overall behaviour due to different residual shear strengths of the weak layer, end disturbance or change of pore pressure in the weak layer. Although simple, the proposed finite element model provides a practically applicable tool for the prediction of whether progressive failure will occur and in which manner the local failure will propagate.     

温庄尾矿库堆坝模型试验及坝体稳定性分析

以温庄尾矿库为工程背景,通过室内堆坝模型试验,获得到了在坝体堆积过程中尾矿颗粒在库内沉积分布特征、浸润线的变化规律等基础资料。在此基础上,以多孔介质有效应力理论为依据,建立了多孔介质流-固耦合数学模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对该库尾矿坝的应力场与渗流场进行了分析,获得了坝体内的应力场及孔隙压力的分布规律,研究成果可为尾矿库的设计、施工和安全生产提供技术支撑。     

浅层地基上管道轴向运动的阻力研究

铺设于深海浅层地基上的海底管道在运行期间受高温高压等的作用易产生轴向膨胀和收缩,间歇性的往复剪切管道周围浅层地基土,对这种管道轴向运动过程中管-土相互作用机制需深入研究。基于修正剑桥模型建立了浅埋式管道在运行期间的轴向运动过程的小变形有限元分析(SSFE),采用有效应力指标,得到了不同初始埋深的管道在轴向运动过程中地基土在临界塑性剪切固结阶段的轴向阻力随时间发展规律(S形管-土轴向阻力发展曲线),探究了不同剪切速度下剪切带内地基土的超孔隙水压力、管-土界面摩擦系数、反映管-土接触面形状的楔形变形因子ζ以及管-土之间轴向阻力等的发展变化规律,研究发现轴向剪切产生的超孔压是速度和时间的函数,随着轴向运动速度减小,峰值超孔压的值减小且出现峰值超孔压的时间推迟。管道轴向运动过程中地基土由不排水条件向排水条件过渡的内在机制做出了较完整的阐述。     

A stabilized extended finite element framework for hydraulic fracturing simulations

We present a stabilized extended finite element formulation to simulate the hydraulic fracturing process in an elasto‐plastic medium. The fracture propagation process is governed by a cohesive fracture model, where a trilinear traction‐separation law is used to describe normal contact, cohesion and strength softening on the fracture face. Fluid flow inside the fracture channel is governed by the lubrication equation, and the flow rate is related to the fluid pressure gradient by the ‘cubic’ law. Fluid leak off happens only in the normal direction and is assumed to be governed by the Carter's leak‐off model. We propose a ‘local’ U‐P (displacement‐pressure) formulation to discretize the fluid‐solid coupled system, where volume shape functions are used to interpolate the fluid pressure field on the fracture face. The ‘local’ U‐P approach is compatible with the extended finite element framework, and a separate mesh is not required to describe the fluid flow. The coupled system of equations is solved iteratively by the standard Newton‐Raphson method. We identify instability issues associated with the fluid flow inside the fracture channel, and use the polynomial pressure projection method to reduce the pressure oscillations resulting from the instability. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed framework is effective in modeling 3D hydraulic fracture propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂土边坡深埋桩变形破坏的三维数值分析

利用三维弹塑性有限元,对砂土斜坡上刚性深埋桩水平载荷时的变形破坏进行了解析.在有限元解析中,考虑了砂土材料的低抗拉特点.结果表明,有限元计算所得到的桩基水平荷载与水平位移关系与现场实测值基本一致.此外,还利用三维有限元的解析结果,对深埋桩基随深度方向的土压与位移分布以及受压、受拉破坏的渐进性状态进行了合理的分析.     

脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对场地液化的影响

为研究近断层脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对砂土场地液化的影响,基于有限元平台OpenSees开发的边界面塑性本构模型,建立了动单剪单元试验模型和饱和砂土三维有限元模型。选取台湾Chi-Chi地震中10条具有速度脉冲特性的地震波,对比分析了水平双向脉冲波与三向脉冲波作用下土柱竖向位移、循环应力比、孔压比及等效循环周数的差异性,继而明确了脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对砂土液化的影响规律。研究表明,三向脉冲地震波中竖向加速度分量对场地永久位移值影响较小,但使永久位移的发展持时明显增大;土柱循环应力比受竖向地震动影响较小,因此分析脉冲地震动对场地剪切特性的影响时,可将三向脉冲地震动简化为水平双向地震动;考虑竖向地震动的三向脉冲地震波引起的孔压比变化幅度较大,孔压消散时间较长;三向脉冲地震波对应的等效循环周数较大,地震动发展持时长,可认为竖向加速度对场地液化有促进作用。     

龙滩水电站航道座滑边坡平面有限元模拟研究

基于弹塑性有限元（FEM）模型和Mohr-Cou lomb屈服准则,采用平面有限元法对龙滩水电站航道1+0161+080开挖边坡座滑前的稳定状况进行了数值模拟研究。对座滑前边坡的应力场、位移场及塑性屈服区的模拟结果表明,边坡在座滑前存在明显的塑性区,处于临界稳定状态;开挖过程中边坡存在连续变形,特别是开挖下部时变形会突然增大;座滑前边坡塑性区支护体系已达到承载极限,边坡具备了座滑的条件。     

交通荷载引发主应力轴旋转下软黏土变形与强度特性试验研究

交通、波浪、地震等循环荷载引发不同主应力方向变化模式,对软土地基长期沉降与稳定产生显著影响。为研究饱和软黏土在交通荷载下的长期动力特性,借助空心圆柱扭剪仪开展偏应力空间中主应力轴心形线旋转、圆形旋转与定向剪切等3类主应力方向变化路径的室内模拟,对比研究了不同试验条件下试样不排水塑性累积变形、孔压、临界动应力比与动强度特性的发展规律,研究表明：（1）不同主应力轴旋转路径下土体临界应力比由低到高依次为主应力轴圆形旋转、主应力轴心形旋转、拉压非等幅三轴路径。与前面临界应力比分布相对应,在轴向累积应变稳定型中,产生的塑性累积变形与极限孔压依次减小;（2）振次大于一定数值时,不同主应力方向变化路径下稳定型试样的轴向累积应变与时间的对数具有良好的线性关系,并依此建立了轴向塑性累积变形方程;（3）与轴向塑性累积变形相对应,动力荷载下土体孔压增长也存在3种发展规律,主应力轴连续旋转路径下临界型破坏的土体孔压-应变时程曲线呈三阶段两相态点模式;（4）在其他条件均相同时,土体在主应力轴圆形旋转路径下强度最小,在主应力轴心形旋转路径下的次之,在拉压非等幅动三轴路径下最高。     

Poroelastic-plastic consolidation — analytical solution

Consolidation of a poroelastic material that yields according to Drucker–Prager or Mohr–Coulomb criteria leads to a Stefan problem for time-dependent pore fluid pressure. The solution to the Stefan problem for a column of infinite depth is known and is adapted to poroelastic/plastic consolidation of a weightless material under a uniform surface load applied instantaneously and subsequently maintained constant. In this approach, the plastic potential and yield criterion need not be the same. If yielding occurs concurrently with application of load, then collapse is instantaneous. Otherwise, yielding may occur during the consolidation period. If so, then the elastic–plastic zone first appears at the surface and subsequently moves down the column. Depth to the elastic–plastic boundary is given by the simple expression Z = 2β√t where β is a constant determined from continuity conditions at the elastic–plastic boundary. Time-dependent surface displacement that occurs during consolidation is directly proportional to Z. There is little difference between elastic–plastic and purely elastic results in a numerical example because there is little difference in the respective consolidation coefficients. Elastic–plastic finite element results obtained from a column of finite depth are in close agreement with analytical results as long as the pore pressure at the bottom of the column does not change significantly from the value induced by application of the surface load. The analytical solution provides for: (1) efficient evaluation of material properties effects on consolidation, including strength and fluid compressibility, and (2) an accurate way of validating poroelastic/plastic computer codes that are based on Drucker–Prager and Mohr–Coulomb criteria. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲤鱼潭大坝在集集地震中的变形分析

鲤鱼潭黏土心墙堆石坝在台湾“9•21”集集地震中有一定的变形损伤。为了研究大坝的地震破坏机制,分析了大坝的永久位移分布规律,同时采用有限元数据平滑方法,对大坝位移监测数据进行处理,得到了大坝的永久应变场。结果表明,大坝在强震作用下永久变形指向坝内,坝体体积整体收缩;由于反滤料孔隙水压力上升,有效应力降低,在上游坝体在反滤层附近出现拉应变;在两岸坝肩与基岩交界部位存在拉应变,易造成拉伸裂缝。