氧化铁矿物作为环境材料在土壤和水体中的应用

本文简要介绍了氧化铁矿物的基本性能和应用领域，着重阐述了氧化铁矿物在土壤改良和治理土壤中重金属有毒元素和水体污染中的应用，明确提出氧化铁矿物作为环境矿物材料储量大、提取简单、治理污染设备简易且效果好、无二次污染，展望了氧化铁矿物在控制和保护环境领域中的应用前景。     

环境矿物材料在土壤,水体,大气污染治理中的应用

本语文在简要阐明了环境矿物材料对污染和净化机理与净化功能的基础上,明确了环境矿物材料的领域,重点展望了在土壤重金属污染防治、地表水和地下水水质改善及燃煤固硫除尘等三类状态污染控制与环境保护领域中应用的前景。认为经济、简便、有效地用于污染治理与环境修复的无机界矿物学方法类似于有机界这方法,均是自然界地球系统中天然自净化作用的反映。     

红壤中矿物表面对腐殖质吸附萘的影响

矿物表面可改变土壤腐殖质对疏水性有机污染物的结合能力。采用红壤和高岭石分别与胡敏酸结合制备得到的两种复合体对萘的吸附等温线非线性显著,其n=0.76或0.74,并且有机碳归一化吸附分配系数的实验值Koacds是采用Kow计算得出的理论值Koc的5倍以上,表明红壤、高岭石均对腐殖质吸附萘有强化作用,且红壤较之高岭石对腐殖质吸附萘的影响稍强些。主要原因是,红壤中除了高岭石外,还有与腐殖质结合力很强的铁氧化物,而且很可能是吸附态腐殖质组成结构形态发生了有利于对萘吸附的改变。     

城镇周边土壤中含铅矿物的环境意义

通过对长江下游南京至苏州一带铅污染土壤中含铅矿物的鉴定识别和来源分析,确定土壤中铅的来源,既有附近含铅矿床开采过程中带出的含铅矿物,也有人为叠加的成分。作为相对稳定的含铅矿物,方铅矿、白铅矿和人工含铅颗粒含量越高,土壤中有效态铅所占比例就越低。对Pb异常土壤中含Pb矿物的研究,可以解释土壤与农作物籽实中铅含量间的复杂关系,同时也可以为生态地球化学评价标准和预测预警方案的制定提供参考。     

土壤和自然水体中有机磷类化合物分析方法研究进展

有机磷类农药因药效高、残留期短的特点成为目前我国使用最广泛的杀虫剂。但在施用过程中部分有机磷类化合物会残留于自然水体和土壤中。由于有些有机磷类化合物毒性较高,易发生人、畜急性中毒,且在环境中有一定残留期,故准确地测定环境中的有机磷类化合物残留,对维护环境安全、保护人和牲畜健康具有重要的意义。     

环境矿物材料在土壤、水体、大气污染治理中的利用

本文在简要阐明了环境矿物材料对污染物的净化机理与净化功能的基础上,明确了环境矿物材料的应用领域,重点展望了在土壤重金属污染防治、地表水和地下水水质改善及燃煤固硫除尘等三类状态污染控制与环境保护领域中应用的前景。认为经济、简便、有效地用于污染治理与环境修复的无机界矿物学方法类似于有机界生物学方法,均是自然界地球系统中天然自净化作用的反映。     

天然水,土壤和岩石中金与腐殖质的相互作用：地球化学和分析综述

对天然水，土壤和岩石中金与腐殖质相互作用的结果及Ａｕ－腐殖酸和ＡｕＣｌ４ˉ－腐殖酸在体系中相互作用的实验资料进行了研究。研究表明，金与腐殖酸有机质形成配合物的过程，乃是表生带中金的迁移和富集机制的一个重要方面，决定了从碳质矿石中萃取金的工艺特点，影响到岩石，矿石，土壤和天然水中金的测定准确性，进而对金矿质普查和评价的效率有决定性的影响。     

Geochemical characterization of soils, sediments and waters around active and abandoned dumpsites in Lagos

In developing countries, large amounts of wastes are dumped daily in open dumping sites without proper management. This practice usually causes enhanced concentration of metallic ions in environmental media within and beyond the vicinity of such dumps with attendant adverse environmental and health risks. Hence the aim of this study is to assess and elucidate the physico- and metallic ions concentrations in three environmental media （soils, sediments and waters） around active （Ojota） and abandoned （Isolo） dumpsites in Lagos and also to do a comparative study with reference to possible environmental and health impacts. A total of eighty samples comprising water, sediments and topsoils were collected around the two dumpsites. The soil and sediment were dried, disaggregated and sieved to 〈75 μm fraction for analysis of the metallic ions using aqua-regia digestion technique and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The analysis of metallic ions and cations in water was carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry （ICP-OES） while unacidified water samples were analyzed for anions concentrations using the DIONEX DX-120 Ion Chromatography techniques. Analytical results show that pH, NO3, Fe, Mn and Na in most of the water samples are above WHO and EPA standards. Also there are relatively strong correlations between NO3 and Cl, SO4, Coliform, TDS and EC which are an indicator of water contamination especially in the direction of groundwater flow. The mean values of the significant metallic ions present in the water samples include Cu （16.29 and 38.0）, Zn （535.71 and 667.0）, A1 （0.27 and 0.19）, Ba （42.86 and 55.0）, Sr （80.0 and 136.0） and B （118.7 and 160.2） for active （Ojota） and abandoned （Isolo） dnmpsites respectively. Soil samples revealed varied concentrations with the estimated average contamination factors of 3.86 and 5.71 （As）, 1.60 and 1.93 （Mo）, 3.41 and 4.24 （Zn）, 0.93 and 2.23 （Cu）, 7.71 and 12.64 （Pb）, 8.71 and 9.21（Cd） for both active and abandoned sites respectively. All these metals with Ag are also significant and follow the same trend in the sediments. Ag, Bi, Sb, Ga, Sc, Mn, Ga and La in soil samples are only significant for samples close to the dnmpsites while Bi, Be, Sb, Co, Cu, La and Cr are significant for sediments taken downstream. Most of the metallic ions show significant enrichment in both soil and sediments while A1, B, Ba and Sr are only significant in water.     

砂土管涌机理的细观试验研究

利用显微摄像可视化跟踪技术、数字信息计算机实时处理技术,结合数字图像识别分析手段,对砂土管涌的整个过程进行跟踪记录,从细观角度揭示渗流过程中系统几何特性和水力特性的复杂变化。得到水头,水力梯度,颗粒位移场和孔隙率等量的动态变化过程,并对整个渗流过程中加压速率对管涌发展的影响,颗粒的运动特点,颗粒流失的分布特点以及渗漏通道的贯穿进行分析,揭示水土相互作用贯穿于管涌发展的全过程。     

氡(222Rn)在地下水-地表水相互作用中的应用研究进展

地下水-地表水相互作用是水资源管理和地表水生态系统保护中重要的一个环节,氡同位素(²²²Rn)由于其在地下水与地表水中含量差异显著、性质保守、检测难度低,广泛运用于地下水-地表水相互作用的研究当中。本文通过总结分析²²²Rn在不同地表水体(海水、河水、湖水等)中的应用,指出刻画地下水氡浓度的异质性是估算地下水排泄的重点和难点。在估算海底地下水排泄(SGD)时,氡的混合损失项估算不确定、海水氡浓度时空变异性、SGD的多组分特征等可能给估算结果带来较大不确定性;在估算河流地下水排泄时难以确定氡的大气逃逸量;研究人员对氡在示踪地表水补给地下水方面的研究程度相对不足。本文从科学研究和实际生产方面,对²²²Rn的研究应用提出以下潜在方向:(1)降低地下水氡空间变异性对估算地下水排泄量的影响;(2)针对不同水体、不同水文条件,准确刻画氡的大气逃逸量;(3)拓展²²²Rn示踪能够解决的科学问题;(4)将氡质量平衡模型计算与不确定分析相结合,实现软件化。     

浙江土壤矿物组成特征

对浙江省29种母质和16种土类或亚类构成的69个母质一土类单元共194个土壤样品中的矿物成分进行测定，分析得出矿物种类及矿物百分含量。在此基础上分析了浙江省土壤矿物组成特征。不同土类或亚类土壤中矿物组成存在明显差异，矿物种数和含量变化较大。突出的特征是，相同母质类型土壤含有相似的矿物种类，而且相同母质不同样品中同一矿物含量变化也较小，表现出同母质土壤矿物组成与含量具有相似性。在69个土壤剖面中，由A层到C层矿物种类和含量变化较小，土壤矿物组成明显受基岩影响和控制。宜把地质背景相同、矿物组成相近、土壤环境相似的成土母质作为划分土壤重金属污染评价单元，土壤类型只能作为评价单元的辅助划分依据。     

冻融条件下模型桩基水平动力试验研究

基于自制的冻土-桩动力相互作用模型试验系统,对-5℃、-3℃及上层融化多年冻土中模型桩基进行了水平向动力试验,主要研究了冻结及上层融化冻土中模型桩基的桩头位移-荷载关系、桩基水平动刚度变化及桩身弯矩分布情况。结果表明：冻土中桩基动力响应特性与土体温度密切相关;正冻土中桩基有较大的侧向刚度,当冻土与桩接触面出现较大间隙时,桩头位移-荷载曲线呈反S形;桩基动力性能随多年冻土温度降低将有所改善;当冻土上部出现融化层时,桩基动响应变化显著,桩头动刚度明显减小,桩基在较小动载下可发生较大侧向位移,同时桩身最大弯矩值较正冻土中偏大,且此弯矩点埋深较大。对于多年冻土区桩基工程,应特别重视夏季上层冻土融化时可能出现的震害。     

Analytical problems in determining peptide nitrogen in the humic fractions of three Italian soils

Peptides were released from organic matter fractions of three Italian soils (humin, humic and fulvic acids), when the samples were hydrolyzed in Ba(ON)₂-saturated solution at 105°C for 2 hr. The peptides obtained were separated using electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The presence of polypeptides in the soil organic matter was indicated by: (1) their hydrolysis by pronase; (2) the amino acids released by 6 N HCl hydrolysis; (3) The comparison of i.r. spectra of humic fractions before and after hydrolysis with 6 N HCl.Attempts at isolating the native proteinaceous compounds using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel failed; additionally, our attempts to hydrolyze proteinaceous components enzymatically in unfractionated soil organic matter, as well as in its fractions, before and after methylation, with pepsin, papain and pronase, were unsuccessful. Pronase demonstrated a weak proteolytic activity only at very low substrate-enzyme ratios (20 : 1) in humic and fulvic fractions and in whole phyrophosphate extract. Deproteinated substrates treated with pronase also released free amino acids, suggesting autodigestion.In humin, humic and fulvic fractions we found a total amino acid content of 40–45%, 12–24% or 1–85, respectively. Amino acid recovery from single fractions was about 70–80% of the total content in the unfractionated soil.     

量热学和热动力学研究进展概况

对量热学的发展历史作了简要介绍,并就近年来利用量热法进行各种反应的热动力学研究的进展进行了概述。根据将微量热新技术引入到地质、地球化学领域研究矿物溶解的阶段性成果,展望了地球化学反应热动力学研究的广阔前景。     

Effect of particles on the photodegradation of PAHs in natural waters-A case study for the Yellow River

Photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene in natural water of the Yellow River was studied using simulation sunlight. The effects of particulates on the photodegradation were explored. Several results arose from this study. （1） The photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with first-order kinetics when no particulate exists in water system, and the first-order constant increases with decreasing of initial concentration of PAHs. The photodegradation rates of the three PAHs are related to their molecule absorption spectrum. （2） The existence of loess exerts two kinds of effects on the photodegradation of PAHs, including the inner filter effects and the photosensitizing effects of humic substance in loess. These two contrary effects lead to the difference of net effects among different contents of loess. When the loess contents are 0.1 and 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene. When the loess content is 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of benzo （g, h, i） perylene. In addition, the photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with the second-order kinetics when there is loess in the water system. （3） The soluble humic substances in loess can accelerate the photodegradation of PAHs while the in soluble part cannot. （4） Since the soluble humic substances in the suspended solids of the river have been dissolved in water,     

非饱和膨胀土/岩持水与渗透特性试验研究

以南水北调中线工程原状强、中膨胀土/岩为研究对象,开展压力板试验与双环注水试验,结合试验结果与土-水特征曲线(SWCC),对比研究不同性质膨胀土和膨胀岩的持水性能及影响因素,计算并分析水体积变化系数的变化规律,在该基础上重点探讨渗透系数的变化特征及其与基质吸力的非线性关系,总结出膨胀土/岩的渗透特性及其规律。结果表明,膨胀土/岩的持水特性受岩土的物理性质、矿物成分与结构特征的影响,膨胀潜势强、细颗粒含量大、孔隙结构小的试样有着较低的脱水速率;渗透系数和水体积变化系数均随含水率的减小而减小,变化特征受到膨胀潜势与干密度的共同影响,并与基质吸力呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为工程建设提供计算参数及理论依据。     

环境矿物材料处理砷(As)污染水的研究进展

由于砷化物具有较大毒性并且目前应用广泛,它对环境特别是水环境造成的污染已较为严重.环境矿物材料以其经济、有效、易获得、无二次污染等特点,在重金属污染水处理方面显示出了较大优势.本文综述了国内外在利用环境矿物材料处理砷污染水方面的研究进展并对此提出了几点建议.