关于倾斜折射界面共始点或共折射点虚拟反演成像的初步研究

本文提出了一种适合于浅层地质构造特征的地质模型,并建立了与其相对应的虚拟介质模型,由此导出了一套反演递推公式,实现了当目的折射界面为倾斜界面,而其上覆地层倾角较小时的折射波共始点或共折射点反演成像。     

共中心点倾斜迭加偏移

反射地震数据可通过偏移共中心点倾斜迭加剖面成像。其基本方法就是对相同射线参数的各共中心道倾斜迭加剖面合成。早期研究人员已经描述过倾斜迭加炮平面或取代共中心点道集的共接收器道集的偏移方法,但是,共中心点倾斜迭加具有中心点坐标的实用的优点。除此之外,偏移方程未对陡倾角、宽偏移距或垂向速度变化作任何假设。本方法理论上的缺陷在于没有对横向速度变化进行精确处理。倾斜迭加偏移是一种“迭加前的偏移”方法,它可解决常规迭加存在的问题(特别是当水平反射层与陡倾角反射层相交时的倾角选择性问题)。在图象上,所有倾角的正确处理可提高横向分辨力。在偏移改善地震资料以后,倾斜迭加偏移可提供一种测定层速度的简单方法。对超临界反射和折射运用倾斜迭加偏移的旅行时间处理方法也是准确可行的。这些同相轴与中心点的附加度量转换成p-t面。倾斜迭加偏移方程将p-t面转换成一个深度-共中心点速度面。与通常的偏移一样,在速度的反演过程中自动考虑了倾角影响。     

折射分析的射线反演法

本文提出了一种推断近地表构造的首波旅行时间反演的新方法.沿折射线相遇段所计算的旅行时间被用来重建地下第一个折射层的形状以及得出沿该界面的折射速度变化.所得信息可作为进一步处理的基础,比如说,用来进行近地表的静校正的计算.该方法优点之一在于确定折射界面的形状与确定折射界面速度互不相关,该方法可绘制多次覆盖时折射界面的几何形状或速度的急剧横向变化图.本文还给出了该反演技术的两个实例.其一利用了合成数据集;另一个利用了在沉积充填的深地堑上方爆破而得到的野外资料.利用合成数据集得到的结果对该方法予以证实并验证了误差分析的结论,其中,利用炮点左侧和右边接收记录来确定的折射界面速度误差符号相反,因此,真正的折射速度应位于这两个估值之间.一组野外数据反演得到的折射图象与常速反射迭加非常吻合,并说明了射线反演方法可处理折射速度或折射界面形状的剧烈的横向变化.     

基于大炮初至的近地表层析反演方法研究及应用

详细研究了射线追踪、层析反演方法原理以及层析反演数值求解算法,提出了利用大炮初至直接建立初始地震模型,由小折射和微测井进行约束的层析反演近地表速度模型的处理流程,提出了基于多次回溯的高精度快速射线追踪算法和层析反演数值求解算法。采用双重网格技术提高正演模拟计算精度和层析反演的成像质量,另外,充分考虑多种质量控制方案,确保最终的反演速度模型精确。设计了10种不同地表地质条件的理论模型,进行模型试算,并在实际生产中应用,理论模型试算和实际资料反演结果证明了本文方法的正确性。     

回线源瞬变电磁法的一维Occam反演

基于Dipole 1D一维正演程序和Occam算法开发了回线源瞬变电磁法一维反演程序,并以四层介质模型验证了其正确性。对于倾斜界面模型,待反演数据由时域矢量有限单元法三维正演计算,通过对比实际模型和等效模型的反演结果,说明了一维反演可直接应用于此类情形。最后,开展了那仁宝力格煤田玄武岩深部探测案例研究。在反演电阻率断面图中,玄武岩整体形态呈"锅底状",与多个钻孔资料吻合良好,进一步验证了该反演程序的正确性。     

模型反演折射静校正方法及软件技术

本文叙述了模型反演折射静校正的一般原理。首先介绍了折射初至波的自动拾取,其次介绍了最佳拟合旅行时反演。在软件实现中本文提出了几项技术包括提高初至拾取的准确率及初至结果的质量评价,如何使系统对不同地震数据格式具有通用性;静校效果的初步评估。本文的方法和技术在实际生产应用中广泛使用。     

重力梯度数据协克里金三维反演确定岩脉倾向

采用协克里金法处理重力或重力梯度数据反演地下3D密度时,岩脉倾角的先验信息是否合理决定了反演结果的好坏。为了使协克里金法在先验信息不充足时也能得到理想的反演效果,我们提出角度扫描的方法来获取岩脉倾角信息:在保持其他反演参数不变的前提下,假设模型的倾斜角度未知,每次引入不同角度进行协克里金反演,再根据先验信息剔除不合理密度值,得到密度分布;统计预测数据与测量数据拟合残差的标准差,根据极小值对应的角度估计岩脉的倾角。本文基于4种不同倾斜角度(0°,45°,90°,135°)岩脉模型的重力梯度垂直分量Tzz验证方法有效性,都能够准确地估计出岩脉倾斜角度。这使得协克里金法在岩脉倾角未知的情况下,也能得到较好的反演结果。     

基于分区并行的2.5维海洋可控源电磁法反演研究

这里实现了一种基于分区并行的2.5维海洋可控源电磁反演方法。正演采用基于总场的有限元方法,通过非结构化三角单元模拟复杂地形和倾斜边界,并利用后验误差估计来指示网格细化。为提高反演计算效率,通过将反演区域进行分解实现程序并行化,降低内存需求和计算时间。同时,为了在反演时设置更为合理的初始模型,根据地震解释剖面将反演区域划分为多个层位,每个层位电阻率值作为一个单独参数进行反演,然后将反演结果作为初始模型进行模型空间的OCCAM约束反演。数值算例表明,本反演方法对于薄储层电性边界刻画清晰,具有较高的分辨率。     

τ-P变换及向下延拓方法在声纳浮标折射地震测深速度反演中的应用

地震折射波场Φ（ｘ，ｔ）通过τ－ｐ变换得到倾斜迭加场φ（ｐ，τ）。从φ（ｐ，τ）中获得τ（ｐ）函数，并将其向下延拓到深度—慢度剖面，从而反演出横向均匀的速度结构。该技术能充分利用折射波场的丰富信息，在迭代反演中不仅能简单快速地得到反演结果，而且所得解具有良好的稳定性，较少受主观因素影响。将该方法应用于海洋声纳浮标地震折射测深数据处理，得到较为理想的结果     

二维地层结构和速度的走时反演

介绍了在倾斜均匀各向同性层状介质情况下，根据地震反射走时反演二维地层结构和地层一地震射线层析成像方法－走时反演。正演模型射线追踪是根据Ｆｅｒｍａｔ原理实现的，即求解满足该原理的非线性方程组得到射线与界面的交点，进而计算相应的走时。反演是先假设一初始模型，用最优化方法使射线追踪走时的残差极小。最后计算了分辨矩阵和信息密度矩阵，以评价反演结果。对有噪情形也进行了反演。     

S-wave velocity profiling from refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves via PSO inversion algorithm

The refraction microtremor method has been increasingly used as an appealing tool for investigating near surface S-wave structure. However, inversion, as a main stage in processing refraction microtremor data, is challenging for most local search methods due to its high nonlinearity. With the development of data optimization approaches, fast and easier techniques can be employed for processing geophysical data. Recently, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used in many fields of studies. Use of particle swarm optimization in geophysical inverse problems is a relatively recent development which offers many advantages in dealing with the nonlinearity inherent in such applications. In this study, the reliability and efficiency of particle swarm optimization algorithm in the inversion of refraction microtremor data were investigated. A new framework was also proposed for the inversion of refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. First, particle swarm optimization code in MATLAB was developed; then, in order to evaluate the efficiency and stability of proposed algorithm, two noise-free and two noise-corrupted synthetic datasets were inverted. Finally, particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm in refraction microtremor data was applied for geotechnical assessment in a case study in the area in city of Tabriz in northwest of Iran. The S-wave structure in the study area successfully delineated. Then, for evaluation, the estimated Vs profile was compared with downhole data available around of the considered area. It could be concluded that particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm is a suitable technique for inverting microtremor waves.     

辽吉东部层状混合岩的成因

辽吉东部的层状混合岩与上、下围岩始终保持整合接触,反映它的体系基本上是封闭的,没有外来组份的加入。其组构、岩石化学、微量元素和稀土资料等表明层状混合岩不足岩浆型的,而是重熔岩浆型的,其原岩是沉积变质岩。     

Basin inversion by distributed deformation: the southern margin of the Bristol Channel Basin, England

Several models of basin inversion described in the literature are tested in a study of Triassic and Early Jurassic strata exposed along the southern margin of the Bristol Channel Basin in Somerset, England that has been exhumed by <3 km. Two key features of the superbly exposed normal faults are that they formed at several times during basin evolution—not during Triassic to Early Jurassic growth, but during Late Jurassic rifting, and during and after inversion; and that >95% of them are still in net extension, despite widespread kinematic evidence for reverse reactivation. When coupled with the general absence of thin-skinned thrusts and the widespread occurrence of regional contractional folds, it appears that none of three main inversion models—the fault-reactivation model, the thin-skinned model and the buttress model—are by themselves applicable. We erect a new model of basin inversion, the distributed deformation model, which consists of three stages of basin inversion. Stage one involved early partial reactivation of large-displacement steep normal faults. Stage two was dominated by folding, wherein fault blocks underwent oblique (non-coaxial) shortening by map scale folding, accompanied by formation of outer arc normal faults, minor cleavage and neoformed thrusts. Stage three involved reverse reactivation of outer arc normal faults and activation of oblique and strike-slip faults that partitioned deformation into compartments.     

层析反演静校正技术在鄂尔多斯盆地中黄土塬区的应用

层析静校正是一种非线性模型反演技术,它利用地震记录的初至波时间,根据射线追踪方法反演地表及近地表不同介质的速度模型,建立与其相对应的表层结构模型,在此基础上分别求取激发点和接收点的静校正值。鄂尔多斯盆地南部的黄土塬区,地形起伏大,低速带速度和厚度纵横向变化剧烈,常规静校正存在较大的局限性,通过采用层析反演技术,解决了单炮记录初至不光滑、有效反射波不清晰、同相轴连续性差等问题,与折射静校正相比,不但很好地解决了区内不同波长的静校正问题,而且克服了由低、降速带厚度、速度等因素引起的构造形态扭曲现象,较好地改善了剖面同相轴的连续性,使解释的构造形态更趋于合理。     

中间层性质的判定与交点法求速度的误差

本文以水平三局介质为模型,着重研究初至折射波法中经常遇到的隐伏层和速度侧转层的形成条件及其对反演解释精度的影响。文章列举的葛洲坝和深圳机场的应用研究实例,论证了利用测区的层速度和厚度进行理论计算,有助于定量判断用交点法求有效速度的可行性和反演解释成果的可靠性。     

Detection of sub-basaltic sediments by a multi-parametric joint inversion approach

In many parts of the world sedimentary horizons with potential for hydrocarbon are located below flood basalt provinces. However, the presence of high velocity basaltic overburden makes delineation of sediments difficult due to the low velocity layer problem. Electrical and electromagnetic methods have been used in such scenarios because of the good electrical conductivity contrast between basalts and underlying sediments. However, mapping of the target sediments becomes difficult when the layer is thin as the data errors due to inherent noise lead to equivalent solutions. To tackle such difficult situations, a joint inversion scheme incorporating seismic reflection and refraction, magnetotelluric and deep electrical resistivity datasets is presented. Efficacy of the scheme is tested for a model comprising a thin sedimentary layer sandwiched between a thick basalt cover and a granitic basement. The results indicate that the parameters of the target sedimentary layer are either poorly resolved or equivalent solutions are obtained by the inversion of individual datasets. Joint inversions of seismic reflection (RFLS) and refraction (RFRS), or DC and MT dataset pairs provide improved results and the range of equivalent solutions is narrowed down. Combination of any three of the above datasets leads to further narrowing of this range and improvements in mean model estimates. Joint inversion incorporating all the datasets is found to yield good estimates of the structure. Resolution analysis is carried out to appraise estimates of various model parameters obtained by jointly inverting different combinations of datasets.     

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for seismic site characterization using 2D genetic algorithm at Bahrah area,Wadi Fatima,Saudi Arabia

The present study deals with the seismic site classification of Bahrah area, Wadi Fatima, to characterize the local site conditions. The dynamic behavior of sediments was studied by the application of surface wave inversion. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) shallow geophysical technique was utilized for site classification. MASW survey was carried out at 66 sites along with 13 seismic refraction profiles at suitable localities. MASW and seismic refraction profiles were processed and compared with the available borehole data. The integration of MASW techniques with seismic refraction and borehole data progressively enhanced the subsurface visualization and reliability of the shear wave velocity estimation in the subsurface in the study area. The subsurface shear-wave velocity model was achieved by the solution of an inverse problem-based dispersion of surface waves and propagation in a vertically heterogeneous medium. The 2D genetic algorithm was employed for the inversion of dispersion curves to obtain velocity and thickness of subsurface layers. The depth to engineering bedrock and velocity of shear waves in the first 30 m was deciphered and mapped. The depth of bedrock in study area varies from 4 to 30 m, and V _{S 30} ranges from 320 to 800 m/s. The most of study area falls in B and C class categories in addition to few sites of D class according to the NEHRP guidelines.     

构造解析、地质学研究范式与理论创新——藏东南侧向碰撞带构造演化研究实践

运用板块构造理论解释造山带地质演化是当前地质学研究的难点，也是地质学基础理论创新的可能方向。包括印度 欧亚大陆侧向碰撞带在内的国内、外造山带构造演化尚未取得共识，大多表现为“大量高质量数据与诸多充满争议的演化模型共存”。产生这些争议的主要原因包括“高质量数据”的时、空分布样式未受足够重视、以及部分关键地质体物理属性鉴别存在争议。这些问题为地质学发展与理论创新留下了巨大的空间。持续10多年西南三江造山带区域地质填图、构造解析揭示了侧向碰撞带构造格架、地壳变形历史，提出了印度 欧亚大陆碰撞新的三阶段模型。这一研究实践表明，严格按照 “构造解析方法”体现的“三步骤”研究范式开展区域地质填图是造山带理论创新的基础与保障。区域地质填图是造山带研究中难度最大的工作之一，要求填图人员必须具备广泛、坚实的地质学理论基础，以及运用基础理论解决实际问题的能力。