南京地铁沿线地面沉降监测与危险性评价

采用MCTSB-InSAR技术监测南京市主城区地面沉降状况,揭示研究区内地面沉降空间分布特征;通过对地铁线路进行条带空间缓冲区分析和沿线路剖面线分析,进一步研究地铁沿线的地面及周边建筑物不均匀沉降信息;针对主要影响路段进行地质灾害危险性评价,评价结果及特征点时间序列沉降结果与同时期实际情况基本吻合。研究表明,长期进行城市主城区及地铁线路地面沉降监测具有重要意义,同时地质灾害危险性评价工作能为灾害防治及评估提供可靠的支持,具有较大的应用潜力。     

西安市地面沉降的监测方法

在城市发展中出现地面沉降是很普遍的，地面沉降造戍的危害不可忽视。本文笔者根据本单位对西安市区历年的沉降观测数据，分析地面沉降发生、发展的原因以及计算沉降量的技巧。     

宁波地面沉降的短基线集监测与分析

针对传统地面沉降监测手段精度高,但监测周期长、空间分辨率低、人力物力耗费大等问题,该文基于短基线集时序分析技术提取了宁波地区的地表形变信息。首先根据短基线集技术监测结果分析了宁波地区地面沉降分布特征,然后对宁波东部新城的沉降进行了精细化分析,并给出了其沉降原因。结果表明:宁波地区地面沉降整体呈现弱发育特征,部分地区存在轻微地面隆起现象,东部新城地面沉降呈现中度发育特征,并存在不均匀沉降现象,快速的城市化建设是东部新城地面沉降的主要原因。     

时序InSAR技术的潍北平原地面沉降分析

针对潍北平原地区较为严重的地面沉降灾害,该文通过长序列地面沉降监测资料全面掌握了该地区地面沉降现状,为该地区地面沉降的预防治理提供科学依据.该文利用SBAS-InSAR技术对潍北平原地区2017年8月-2019年10月期间的Sentinel-1A数据进行了处理.基于水准测量数据对监测结果进行验证,获取了该区域的地面沉降时空分布特征,对沉降典型特征点的时序形变特征进行了分析,研究了地面沉降与地下水之间的相关性.结果表明:2017-2019年间最大沉降速率超过50(mm·a-1)的区域主要包括寿光市羊口镇、营里镇、侯镇,寒亭区大家洼镇、央子镇以及昌邑市龙池镇;地面沉降受地下水超采的影响较为显著,地面沉降漏斗与深层地下水降落漏斗分布特征基本一致.     

基于SBAS-InSAR的成都平原地面沉降监测

汶川地震后,余震活动频繁,加之成都平原内城市发展迅速,容易诱发地面沉降;对成都平原地面沉降进行监测,及时掌握沉降信息,可为相关决策提供科学依据。基于ENVISAT ASAR数据,采用小基线集(small baseline subset,SBAS)-In SAR技术,对成都平原2008―2010年地面沉降进行了监测。结果表明,各主要城市在监测时段内的地表累积形变量在-8~14 mm之间,总体形变量不大;成都平原西部区域受地震影响呈抬升趋势,沉降主要集中于成都市北侧和德阳市以南部分区域,最大沉降量为-22 mm,沉降范围随时间推移呈扩大趋势。通过实测数据验证了监测结果,精度达到2.9 mm。成都平原不存在区域性沉降的构造背景,且地下水资源丰富,沉降自然诱因不明显,城市建设活动可能为沉降的人为诱因。该成果可为今后成都平原主要城市更加精细的地面沉降监测工作提供参考。     

利用TPCA分析北京平原区地面沉降的时空演化特征

时间主成分分析（temporal principal component analysis,TPCA）可用于地学领域中提取时空数据的时序特征和空间分布特征,北京平原区的地面沉降具有典型的时序和空间特征。在利用永久散射体干涉测量技术获取的北京平原区2003—2010年地面沉降数据的基础上,采用TPCA方法分析了北京平原区地面沉降时空演化特征。经分析发现:（1）TPCA分析得到的第一主成分反映了地面沉降在该长时序阶段的空间分布特征。（2）第二主成分得分为正的空间点与可压缩层厚度在130 m以上的区域在空间分布上有一致性和相关性。（3）在空间上,第一主成分为负值与第二主成分为正值的永久散射体点分布在年均沉降速率30 mm/a以上的严重沉降区域。严重沉降区具有明显的南北沉降分类现象和季节性差异,具体表现为:北部沉降区在春夏季节的沉降量大于秋冬季节;南部沉降区则与之相反。总之,基于时间主成分分析方法可分析得到研究区的地面沉降时空演化规律,为城市安全监测提供数据支撑。     

江苏沿海地面沉降的高分辨率时序InSAR监测与分析

为掌握江苏沿海地区地面沉降最新情况并查明主导因素,该文以广域高分辨率时序InSAR分析为处理方法,解译获取了该区域地面沉降现状,并利用基岩标测量数据评价了监测结果的可靠性,同时综合地质条件、实地调查等方式实现了研究区地面沉降影响因素的详细分析。结果表明：InSAR与基岩标数据对比中误差为2.58 mm,一致性程度高;监测时段内研究区地面沉降呈小范围、零星分布发育特征,且与水产养殖大棚、厚软土区空间分布高度一致,说明水产养殖大棚抽采地下水与软土区施工建设是江苏沿海地区现阶段地面沉降的主要影响因素;研究区沉降速率超过80 mm/a的严重区面积达到了15.8 km²,且全部位于连云港市。     

不同手段和尺度下地面沉降时空变化特征分析 ——以深圳大空港区为例

本文利用不同手段和不同尺度的地面监测方法,分析城市填海区地面沉降的时空变化特征。通过深圳市大空港区的地面沉降监测工程实例分析,结合精密水准测量和遥感监测手段,实现了不同尺度地面沉降监测,获取该区域地面沉降时空变化特征。研究结果表明,精密水准测量方法与遥感监测方法均发现了会展中心周围道路产生的沉降,具有相同的变化特征。精密水准监测方法能较精确地获取局部地面沉降量,在石围路的建筑基坑周边产生最大为-303.6mm的地面沉降。结合不同手段和不同尺度的监测方法,可以较全面获取监测对象的形变特征。     

基于PSInSAR技术的曹妃甸新区地面沉降发育特征及其影响因素分析

曹妃甸新区是唐山市地面沉降灾害较严重的地区之一。地面沉降的快速发展对曹妃甸新区大宗货物集疏港的功能发挥构成了威胁,因此,全面了解曹妃甸新区地面沉降的分布态势,特别是掌握不同区域地面沉降的主控因素至关重要。基于中高分辨率雷达数据,采用PSIn SAR技术监测了曹妃甸新区的地面累积沉降量分布及演化状况,结果表明:近5 a内曹妃甸新区地面整体下沉,地面累积沉降量普遍在77 mm以上;在曹妃甸区西南部、曹妃甸工业区中部及南部沿海存在数个典型沉降异常区(点),且中心处的沉降梯度都较大。据现场实地调查,特殊的地质环境条件是曹妃甸新区发生地面沉降的客观因素,地下水超采、大规模工程扰动是诱发和加剧地面沉降的外在动力。     

利用PSInSAR技术监测北京地面沉降

地面沉降已成为大城市面临的重大灾害之一,对其进行有效监测十分必要。采用基于相位稳定性特征的PSInSAR对覆盖北京的31景TerraSAR-X数据进行干涉处理,获取了该研究区的地面沉降范围、沉降速率,并对重点沉降区域时序形变特征及成因进行分析研究。实验结果显示,2010~2013年,研究区内的平均形变速率范围为-51.49~8.15mm/yr,与精密水准测量具有较高的一致性,表明PSInSAR监测结果精度可靠,能实现对北京地区的地面沉降情况的有效监测。     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术监测西安市地表形变特征

地面沉降是西安市最为严重的地质灾害之一。本文基于SBAS-InSAR技术处理了西安市2018—2021年36景Sentinel-1A影像,获取了西安市最新的地表形变特征,并分析其成因。研究表明：(1)2018—2021年西安市主要地表形变区域为鱼化寨地区、电子城地区、三爻-凤栖原地区、城墙南部区域;(2)鱼化寨及电子城地区已转为抬升趋势,城墙南部一直处于抬升阶段,三爻-凤栖原地区呈下沉趋势;(3)西安市地表形变主要受承压水开采及回灌的影响,地裂缝则显著影响了地表形变的分布及走向,建筑载荷也对地表形变有一定的影响。     

时序InSAR监测京雄城际铁路河北段地面沉降

本文以京雄城际铁路河北段固安站至雄安站沿线作为研究区,利用2018—2020年共34景Sentinel-1B影像,基于小基线集雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)获取京雄城际铁路河北段沿线的地面沉降时空分布信息,结合空间自相关分析方法,揭示研究区地面沉降的空间分布格局,并对沉降原因进行初步分析。研究结果表明,京雄城际铁路河北段沿线地面沉降发展由北向南存在一定的差异。北部年均沉降速率小于10 mm/a,南部沉降较为严重,最大年均沉降速率达-105.6 mm/a,且沿线西部年均沉降速率高于东部区域。通过分析影响因素得知,地面沉降量与地下水埋深值存在相关性,地下水埋深高的地区地面沉降量较高。同时结合研究区土地利用变化结果发现,城市化建设所产生的静载荷对京雄城际铁路沿线的地面沉降产生一定的影响。     

京津城际铁路沿线不均匀地面沉降演化特征

北京-天津（京津）城际铁路经过地面沉降漏斗边缘,其安全运营随着不均匀沉降的增加而威胁增加。采用时序干涉测量技术监测铁路沿线地表形变,结合剖面分析与时序分析方法探讨其与影响因素之间的响应特征,揭示铁路沿线不均匀地面沉降空间分布与演化特征。结果表明,梯度可以很好地体现区域地面沉降不均匀性,研究区可压缩层厚度、地下水开发利用情况、铁路运行等均与地面沉降呈现正相关关系。可压缩层的存在为沉降发生的基础条件,地下水开发利用与铁路运营为沉降产生的主导条件,二者的时空分布情况共同决定不均匀地面沉降的发展演化。     

Land subsidence characteristics of Jakarta between 1997 and 2005, as estimated using GPS surveys

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of about 12 million people, inhabiting an area of about 625 km². It is well known that several areas in Jakarta are subsiding rapidly. There are four different types of land subsidence that can be expected to occur in the Jakarta basin, namely: subsidence due to groundwater extraction, subsidence induced by the load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), subsidence caused by natural consolidation of alluvial soil and tectonic subsidence. In addition to the leveling method, Global Positioning System (GPS) survey methods have been used to study land subsidence in Jakarta. In this paper, we characterize subsidence in the Jakarta basin using eight episodic/campaign GPS surveys between 1997 and 2005. The estimated subsidence rates are 1–10 cm/year. The observed subsidence rates in several locations show a positive correlation with known abstraction volumes of groundwater extraction. These basin-wide series of GPS measurements show how this type of measurement can play an important role in multiple public policy decision making in this rapidly growing area.     

基于时序InSAR的即墨市区地表形变监测

地面沉降是一种对地面及地下基础设施造成安全隐患,对经济可持续发展和环境保护产生破坏影响的地质灾害现象.本文使用2017年5月至2018年5月16景Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像,根据D-InSAR的初步形变监测结果将即墨城区内沉降明显的区域作为研究区,基于PS和SBAS两种时序InSAR方法对该区域进行地面沉降监...     

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Exploitation and Construction in the Eastern Chaoyang District,Beijing, China

Human activities have a large impact on land subsidence in great metropolitan areas. In this study, the RADARSAT-2 observation data over a 4-year period (from November 2010 to September 2014) is used to investigate the trends of land subsidence in the eastern Chaoyang District in Beijing, China, and to analyze the impact of human activities on it. The observation results indicate that the temporal and spatial evolutions trend of land subsidence in this area is uneven, with deformation rates ranging from ??116.52 to 7.1 mm/year. There are two large subsidence areas located in the northern part of the study area, and we find that the groundwater exploitation and deformation rates are strongly linearly correlated. The effect of construction on land subsidence has also been investigated. Over time, land subsidence is generally increased in the study area, with an exception at the Longfor Changying Galleria area, which is under construction during the observation period. Based on the time-series analysis of permanent scattered points in the 200 m buffer area, construction activities are observed to cause both land subsidence and upheaval deformation of the surrounding soil. During the construction period, the displacement of the surrounding soil is disturbed. After completion, the initial displacement of surrounding soil is tended to involve the uplift of the surrounding soil, followed by a gradual subsidence with time.     

基于库伊克模型的地面沉降预测分析

针对地面沉降与地下水水位变化的内在关系,考虑地面沉降受到自身变化规律的影响,建立基于库伊克变换的地面沉降预测模型,应用该模型对某地区地面沉降统计数据进行模拟预测,有效实现该地区地面沉降与地下水水位以及本身之间的定量模拟,并探讨模型的拟合效果和预测精度。结果表明库伊克模型拟合效果较好,预测精度较高,能较好地反映研究区域的地面沉降变形趋势。     

Land subsidence in major cities of Central Mexico: Interpreting InSAR-derived land subsidence mapping with hydrogeological data

Significant structural damages to urban infrastructures caused by compaction of over-exploited aquifers are an important problem in Central Mexico. While the case of Mexico City has been well-documented, insight into land subsidence problems in other cities of Central Mexico is still limited. Among the cities concerned, we present and discuss the cases of five of them, located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB): Toluca, Celaya, Aguascalientes, Morelia, and Queretaro. Applying the SBAS-InSAR method to C-Band RADARSAT-2 data, five high resolution ground motion time-series were produced to monitor the spatio-temporal variations of displacements and fracturing from 2012 to 2014. The study presents recent changes of land subsidence rates along with concordant geological and water data. It aims to provide suggestions to mitigate future damages to infrastructure and to assist in groundwater resources management.Aguascalientes, Celaya, Morelia and Queretaro (respectively in order of decreasing subsidence rates) are typical cases of fault-limited land subsidence of Central Mexico. It occurs as a result of groundwater over-exploitation in lacustrine and alluvial deposits covering highly variable bedrock topography, typical of horst-graben geological settings. Aguascalientes and Toluca show high rates of land subsidence (up to 10 cm/yr), while Celaya and Morelia show lower rates (from 2 to 5 cm/yr). Comparing these results with previous studies, it is inferred that the spatial patterns of land subsidence have changed in the city of Toluca. This change appears to be mainly controlled by the spatial heterogeneity of compressible sediments since no noticeable change occurred in groundwater extraction and related drawdown rates. While land subsidence of up to 8 cm/yr has been reported in the Queretaro Valley before 2011, rates inferior to 1 cm/yr are measured in 2013–2014. The subsidence has been almost entirely mitigated by major changes in the water management practices of the city, i.e., a 122 km long pipeline bringing surface water from an adjacent state allowed to cease pumping in half of the wells.     

Radar interferometry time series analysis of Mashhad subsidence

A large agricultural area located in 20 km north of the city of Mashhad in the north-east of Iran is subject to land subsidence. The subsidence rate was achieved in a couple of sparse points by precise leveling between 1995 and 2005, and continuous GPS measurements obtained from 2005 to 2006. In order to study the temporal behavior of the deformation in high spatial resolution, the small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm was used to generate the interferometric SAR time series analysis. Time series analysis was performed using 19 interferograms calculated from 12 ENVISAT ASAR data spanning between 2003 and 2006. The time series results exhibited that the area is subsiding continuously without a significant seasonal effect. Mean LOS deformation velocity map obtained from time series analysis demonstrated a considerable subsidence rate up to 24 (cm/yr). In order to evaluate the time series analysis results, continuous GPS measurements as a geodetic approach were applied. The comparisons showed a great agreement between interferometry results and geodetic technique. Moreover, the information of various piezometric wells distributed in the area corresponding to 1995 to 2005 showed a significant decline in water table up to 20 meters. The correlation between the piezometric information and the surface deformation at well’s locations showed that the subsidence occurrence in Mashhad is due to the excess groundwater withdrawal.     

利用InSAR分析陕西省垂直形变

从2018—2019年欧空局Sentinel-1免费数据中获取陕西省全域垂直形变面状信息,并将其与全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）以及水准点、线垂直形变信息进行对比分析,进一步验证合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）数据反映局部形变的有效性。垂直形变监测结果表明：在陕北榆林、神木地区,地下资源开采诱发的地表沉陷分布广泛、特征明显,地表沉陷速度达60 mm/a;在煤炭产区长武、彬县也出现不同程度的开采沉陷灾害,沉降速度达30 mm/a;西安市、渭南市等关中平原地区由于地下水开采出现不均匀沉降,其中,西安市的局部沉降最为严重,最大沉降速度达60 mm/a;InSAR与GNSS、水准获取的垂直运动趋势在全省范围总体上一致,但由于GNSS监测点、水准监测点一般布测在较稳定区域,其获取的沉降范围、沉降速度与InSAR沉降结果有一定差异。