多年冻土地区建筑物地基的热稳定性技术

Thermal stabilization of soils (including freezing of thawed soils and cooling of permafrost) is known to be the effective method providing stable support for buildings and structures in cold regions.Seasonal thermo-stabilizers (STS) are mainly used in construction. The predicted climate warming because of natural and man-caused factors determines wide application of STS in permafrost regions. A STS transfers heat from its underground part (evaporator) to the aerial part (condenser) owing to natural temperature difference between them during a cold season. We have been working out and manufacturing different types of two-phase, vapor-liquid STS. Aluminum alloys are used in our STS to prevent corrosion and to increase their efficiency. They are successfully used in the northern regions of Western Siberia, in particular, at the railway Obskaya Bovanenkovo. The paper presents some technical parameters of new STS, the results of their experimental study and computer simulation, as well as experience features.     

热泵在多年冻土地区工程中的应用

The inclement climate and permafrost have a strong influence on human activities and life in cold regions. It is important to adjust to these conditions in such a way as to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In order to maintain the ecological equilibrium, various technologies have been developed which involve the use of the natural cold for solving difficult engineering problems. Heat pumps hold much promise in this context. They can help protect the environment from the thermal effects of human activities and, unlike the conventional refrigeration devices; the produced heat can be utilized. They also provide a solution to another problem vitally important for the northern regions - saving of fuel and energy resources. In case of global warming with an increasing need for artificial refrigeration, the use of heat pumps will be the most economical solution, preventing catastrophic loss of structural stability virtually without additional costs.     

采控冷量维护冻土路基稳定的模拟试验研究

The stability of railway subgrade in permafrost regions is crucial to the safety of railway operation. In this paper, we first analyze the main factors influencing the stability of frozen subgrade. Then,we build an experimental equipment in which regulation-tubes are arranged axially in subgrade and arranged slantways at the foot of slopes, and make the model experiments on maintaining the stability of frozen subgrade by collecting- controlling cold energy. The experiments include two groups. One is maintaining the stability by collecting-controlling natural cold energy in winter, and another is maintaining the stability by collecting-controliing natural cold energy in winter and artificial cold energy in summer. Finally, we obtain the behavior of temperature fields in the subgrade during the experiments,which establishes basis for further study on the subgrade stability and on the feasibility of rushing to deal with freezing damage of frozen subgrade.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001319

The microbial diversity in Wuli Area,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses.A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold springs.The bacterial clones could be classified into Pwteobacteria,Acidobacteria, Deinococci,Sphingobacteria,Flavobacteria.Nitrospirae,Actinobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes, and unclassified-bacteria;and the archaeal clones could be classified into Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota.Among the major groups,Pwteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were dominant in the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries,respectively.The clone sequences obtained in Wuli cold springs were closely related to those from cold habitats,such as snow/ice/soils on high mountains or at high latitude.Especially,the microbial community composition of Wuli Area was more similar to that in Tibetan glaciers than cold environments of other locations.The data presented in this study have implications for a better understanding of microbial diversity in cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Assessment of heavy metals contamination in soils of Dexing region, Jiangxi Province, China

Heavy metal contamination has attracted huge concern due to its toxicity, abundance and persistence in the environment, and subsequent accumulation in soil, sediment and water. Mining is one of the most important sources of heavy metals in the environment. Mining-milling operations and disposal of tailings （the finely ground remains of milled ores） in addition to smelting and metal refining provide significant sources of pollution. Mining and mineral processing in the Dexing region of China have been carried out for over forty years and have contaminated the soils with heavy metals, Many studies were conducted to assess and establish the extent of heavy metal contamination in the soils due to mining. The aim of this work was to assess the environmental impact of mining on soils in the Dexing region and to identify the main factors involved in heavy metals dispersion. A 4800 km^2 study area was assessed with respect to its heavy metals on the basis of the current guideline values. In order to assess the extent of heavy metals contamination resulting from past mining activities in the Dexing region, 919 soil samples were collected and analyzed for As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb, Heavy metals levels were determined using inductively couple plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results of soil samples reported concentrations between 1.790-899 mg/kg for As, 0.034-4.980 mg/kg for Hg, 0.043-8.330 mg/kg for Cd, 10-666 mg/kg for Cr, 25-18500 mg/kg for Zn, 6-1825 mg/kg for Cu, and 16-1312 mg/kg for Pb, respectively. The maximum values of As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb concentration in soils were up to 60, 33, 41, 7, 185, 52 and 37 times higher than the tolerable level, respectively. Meanwhile, the single-factor pollution index and Nemerow pollution index were used to assess the environment quality of heavy metals contamination.     

Environmental impacts of the abandoned mercury mine in Podljubelj, Slovenia

The Podljubelj mercury mine lies in the NW part of Slovenia. The ore is of hydrothermal-vein type. The ore deposit was exploited between the years 1557 and 1902. Total production of the mine was 110000 tons of ore （360 tons of Hg）. A smelter located close to the mine had been in operation since 1855. The waste material from the mine and the smelter was dumped in close vicinity of the mine. Total quantity of the waste has been estimated at 170000 tons. In order to establish environmental impacts, soil and stream sediment samples were investigated. Soil samples were collected at two different depths （horizons A and B） in a 100 m grid within an 88 ha area. In the vast area also 11 samples of stream sediments were considered. Heavy metals were determined by means of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry CV-AAS after aqua regia digestion. Based on the chemical analyses of samples, the estimated mercury mean for soils is 3.67 mg/kg （0.35-244 mg/kg） for horizon A and 1.39 mg/kg （0.17-71.7 mg/kg） for horizon B. The estimated mercury mean for stream sediments is 0.64 mg/kg （0.065-1.36 mg/kg）. The concentrations of mercury in soils generally decrease with depth and distance from the mine. The highest content of Hg was determined in a sample taken in the immediate vicinity of the smelter （719 mg/kg）. The results have shown that on the 9 ha of the study area, the contents of Hg in soils exceeded the officially set limit value for soils （10 mg/kg）. High contents of Hg in soil around the abandoned smelter are a consequence of former atmospheric emissions and technological losses. High contents of Hg were also found in the mine and smelter waste dump. At the edges of the study area and in the samples of stream sediments, Hg concentrations are low.     

Comparative analysis of the cold surge characteristics over China before and after 2000北大核心CSCD

Based on the daily minimum temperature data in China from 1961 to 2018, using n-order polynomial fitting, sliding t-test, empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, Morlet wavelet transform and other methods, this paper reveals the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the number of cold surge (CS) day, CS frequency and CS intensity by time and region. The results are as follows. On a national level, the number of CS day, CS frequency, and CS intensity decreased from 1962 to 2000. Specifically, the trend of every element of CS has changed from a previous decrease trend to an increase trend, and the inflection point was around 2000. The CS activity occurred more frequently, became more strengthen, and last for longer time after 2000. There are obvious spatial differences in the number of CS days, CS frequency, CS intensity and their changing trends in China. The number of CS days and CS frequency reach the maximum value in northeast China and northern Inner Mongolia. Meanwhile, the CS intensity value is low in the southeast China and high in the northwest China, with the exception of southern Xinjiang. The changes in the number of CS day and the CS frequency are mainly manifested as the “Northeast, Southwest Reverse Pattern”, the CS intensity is mainly manifested as the “Uniform Change Pattern”. The number of CS day, CS frequency, and CS intensity did not change significantly after, but a significant transition point was detected in 1980. On a regional scale, from 1962 to 2018, the number of CS day, frequency and intensity of cold surge in all regions showed a decreasing trend, while they increased after 2000. In the northern and northeastern of China, mean of three elements of cold surge increased after 2000. The transition year was different in different regions. The transition year of three elements of cold surge in Northeast China were the earliest. Mean value of the number of CS day, CS frequency, and CS intensity have an oscillation period of 3~5 years in total China and all regions. In addition, the periodic oscillations of the number of CS day and CS frequency in all regions are basically the consistent. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

鄂霍次克海北部海岸基岩和积雪中石油产品溢油运移的地球化学过程

In selecting methods of liquidation of natural pollution resulted from oil products (OP) in the cold regions, such as in the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, it is necessary to take into consideration the peculiarities of the OP and the object polluted in cold and warm periods. Generally, in cold time snow cover with thickness of 1. 0m or more presents, so the OP is partly absorbed by the silt in the snow, then the viscosity of snow is strengthened due to the aggregate of the hard hydrocarbon components (HCC) with negative temperature in the OP. The HCC is the most active when the molecular of carbon atom is less than 10, and could not be harden at the temperature below -30 ℃. However, in summer time the spilled HCC is partly evaporated, but the tar and asphalt enrich the OP there. In the mountainous regions at the deep deposition of underground water, in summer the OP might be brought by the gas stream in the massifs of the fracture rocks upper on the slope. According to the peculiarities, the methods of fighting the nature, polluted by the OP in the regions of the Sub-Arctic; are explained, and they are representative in the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.     

添加剂对受石油污染的不同粒径组分的冻土热性能的影响

The results of studying of thermal properties of oil contaminated disturbed and undisturbed soils, group composition of oil and moisture phase structures contented in these soils are considered in this paper. The thermal properties for oil contaminated soils of undisturbed addition after 6 years of oil transformation and for soils of disturbed addition and artificial pollution are compared. And the influence of addition on thermal properties of soils was revealed.     

Characteristics of Bacillus cereus Spore Counts in Soils with Underlying Gold Mineralization in Northwestern Sichuan, China. Results from a Pilot Study

A pilot survey on a microbial mineral exploration method based on soil Bacillus cereus spore counts was carried out across three different gold mining regions, which vary in soil type, climate condition and geological setting in northwestern Sichuan, China. B-horizon soils from these sites were analyzed for B. cereus spores, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn. The results show that the nmnbers of B. cereus spores generally increased in soils overlying gold mineralization. Specifically, elevated spore counts were found in samples slightly offset from the outcrops of orebodies, whereas soils directly above the outcrops of orebodies usually contained low spore counts. However, the background counts of B. cereus spores varied from place to place and were complicated by environmental and pedological factors, but the rela-tive ratios of spore counts still were indicative of the underlying gold mineralization.     

季节性冻土区水文特性及模型研究进展

简要评述了寒区冻土水文的研究进展情况,在分析季节性冻土的冻融水文过程和特点的基础上,系统归纳与总结了季节性冻融土壤条件下的融雪径流的产流模型、入渗规律及预报模型、对非寒区水文模型改进后应用到寒区的探讨及定量研究冻土水分迁移运动的数值模拟方法,并提出未来研究方向:开发更加逼近真实情况的水文水利模型;野外大田实验数据的监测采集并确定水文模型的参数;将水文模型与冻土水分迁移模型的完善结合.     

冻土工程与环境研究的新进展——第八届国际冻土工程会议回顾

2009年10月在西安召开第八届国际冻土工程会议, 就冻土地区工程设计与建设、季节冻土区工程冻害防治、冻土物理力学特性、 模型发展及其应用、寒区气候、环境及冷生变化、多年冻土水文学、寒区水资源和土地应用等主要议题进行了广泛交流, 报告了近年来冻土工程与环境研究方面的一些新进展. 从冻土工程设计、施工和评价、普通冻土研究、冻土的物理力学性质、冻土模型发展及应用、 气候变化及冰冻圈环境等方面对该次会议交流的成果进行了总结. 与会研究者认为今后的研究一方面要加强理论研究、工程措施机理研究;另一方面要加强寒区环境对气候变化的响应及反馈、以及环境变化与冻土工程措施之间的相互作用研究.     

寒区旱区特色数据集管理与共享应用

以中国寒区旱区特有的自然背景为研究基础,将40多年针对寒区旱区自然资源、生态环境、工程建设、经济建设等研究中积累的大量的特色数据进行分类。从方便数据采集和数据应用出发,将专业特色数据以关系数据、空间数据、二进制数据和文本数据的形式分三级数据库群结构组建成寒区旱区资源环境研究特色数据集。从共享机制和共享技术两方面对数据共享的几个主要因素进行了说明。同时就如何在以高性能计算和网络为核心开展深层次的数据服务方面,从数据平台建设、基于Web的远程计算和数据网格3个方面进行了尝试。     

冻土遥感研究进展——可见光、红外及主动微波卫星遥感方法

多年冻土和季节冻土分别占北半球裸露地表的24%和55%。近地表土壤冻融的范围、冻结起始日期、持续时间及冻融深度对寒季/寒区的植被生长、大气与土壤间能量、水分及温室气体交换都具有极其重要的影响。卫星遥感结合地面观测资料研究局地到区域尺度的季节冻土和多年冻土已取得诸多成果。综述了近几十年来卫星遥感技术在冻土研究中的应用。监测多年冻土和地表冻融循环通常需要综合利用可见光、红外、被动微波及主动微波(包括合成孔径雷达SAR和散射计)遥感数据,任何单一波段的传感器都无法满足研究需求。SAR图像能提供空间分辨率较高的寒季/寒区近地表土壤冻融状态的起始日期、持续时间和区域演变等信息,但目前在轨SAR的重访周期相对于春秋季的土壤冻融循环变化过长;星载被动微波传感器具有多通道观测且重访周期较高,但空间分辨率很低的特点;光学和热红外传感器的时空分辨率介于SAR和被动微波遥感之间,但应用于冻土研究时需要具备多年冻土分布和冻融深度与环境因子相关关系的先验信息。总体而言,微波遥感是探测无雪覆盖近地表土壤冻融循环的有效技术手段,而利用热红外传感器反演的地表温度研究土壤冻融过程具有极大潜力。应用卫星遥感反演的积雪范围、雪深、融雪、地表类型、...     

基于计算流体力学的寒区土壤水热耦合模型研究

土壤水文过程(水分运移和传热)及其对气候变化的响应是寒区水文学的前沿问题.然而,冻土的存在使得寒区土壤水文过程变得极其复杂.此外,寒区自然环境恶劣,较难获取长时间序列和高分辨率的野外观测资料.近年来,充分利用已有的观测数据,构建寒区土壤水热耦合模型,并开展相应的数值模拟研究,已成为理解寒区土壤水文物理过程,揭示其动力学...     

基于地理加权回归的青藏高原季节冻土区土壤有机碳空间分布研究

青藏高原土壤有机碳储量（soil organic carbon stocks, SOCS）对于区域生态环境演替具有重要作用, 但是其空间分布数据还比较缺乏, 特别是季节冻土区的数据较少。基于378个土壤剖面数据, 结合与土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon, SOC）相关的地形、 气候以及植被等环境因子, 使用地理加权回归（geographically weighted regression, GWR）模型模拟了青藏高原季节冻土区0 ~ 30 cm、 0 ~ 50 cm、 0 ~ 100 cm和0 ~ 200 cm深度的SOC总量和空间分布。结果表明： 青藏高原季节冻土区SOCS自东南向西北递减, 表层0 ~ 200 cm的SOC总量约15.37 Pg; 季节冻土区不同植被类型SOC从大到小依次为森林、 灌丛、 高寒草甸、 高寒草原和高寒荒漠; 各土壤类型中棕壤、 黑钙土和泥炭土的SOC最大, 而棕钙土、 棕漠土、 灰棕漠土、 风沙土、 石质土、 盐土、 冷钙土、 寒漠土以及冷漠土的SOC最小。研究结果给出了青藏高原季节冻土区SOC的总量、 空间分布及规律, 可为相关地球模式的发展提供基础数据。     

The artificial freezing and cooling of soils at construction sites

The paper presents a short survey of large Soviet experience in the field of artificial freezing and cooling of soils. Some examples of artificial ground freezing used for the development of mineral deposits, in mining and coal industry, in subway construction are given.

A special field of the cold application in the construction is the cooling of soils which have already had the negative temperature. This engineering method is applied in permafrost regions for improving the strengthening properties of the weak soils used as the bases of structures.

In the USSR this method is used successfully for improving the bearing capacity of frozen soils and for the creation of frozen waterproof screens in hydrotechnical engineering as well. Some examples of the employment of this method are also given.     

寒区渠基黏土热参数最优概率分布

为分析寒区渠基黏土热参数的随机分布特征及概率分布模型,以寒区渠基黏土的导热系数为样本,结合经典分布拟合法、多项式逼近法、最大熵法和正态信息扩散法,分别对寒区渠基黏土热参数的概率分布规律进行了研究。首先通过分析热参数的离散性,并比较概率分布曲线、拟合检验值和累计概率分布值,对不同方法描述热参数随机性的优劣进行了评价;然后,基于寒区渠基黏土热学参数对温度的敏感性,提出了一个可以达到理想拟合精度的寒区渠基黏土热参数概率推断的区间取值标准。研究结果表明：寒区渠基黏土的热参数具有随机变量的特征;正态信息扩散法可以描述热参数样本的随机波动性;在4种方法中,正态信息扩散法的拟合精度最高。使用3.5σ法,将[μ-3.5σ,μ+3.5σ]（μ为随机变量的均值,σ为标准差）作为概率函数推断时的取值区间,同时考虑偏度的影响,可使得累计概率值达到1.000 0的精度,能够较准确地推断热参数的概率分布函数。     

低温微生物的适冷特性研究进展及其应用前景

低温微生物是指在低温条件下具有生长能力的微生物,广泛分布于地球寒冷生境,如南北两极、高山、冰川、深海、土壤.低温微生物由于长期生活在寒冷环境中,在自然选择的作用下形成了一套与低温环境相适应的机制,并且在生态系统占有重要的地位和作用.对低温微生物进行研究不但可以进一步认识和理解微生物在低温环境、生命起源进化、生物适冷机制中的意义和作用,而且还可利用其特殊基因及产物服务于人类.简述了低温微生物的适冷特性研究进展及其在环境保护、食品、纺织、医药等多个领域中的开发应用前景.