我国海洋生态调查指南编制说明

海洋生态调查的主要目的是了解海洋生态系统基本的群落结构和生态功能及其重要影响因素,掌握生态系统健康状况,把握其变化趋势。基于生态系统健康理论建立我国海洋生态调查的基本框架体系,编制了我国海洋生态调查指南。根据目前的技术设备、实用方法和经费限制,确定最能反映我国海洋生态系统特征的生态要素和评价内容,并规定了相应的调查和评价方法。与《海洋调查规范海洋生物调查》和《海洋监测规范》比较,该指南具有3个显著特点：①调查要素不仅包括海洋生物和海洋环境等自然要素,还包括人为活动要素,充分考虑我国近海生态系统的高强度开发利用的特点;②从生态系统的结构、功能和压力3个方面建立起海洋生态系统健康评价的核心框架体系;③提出生态压力的量化指标,定量评估人类活动对生态系统的压力。     

Methodology for evaluation of potential sites for large-scale riverbank filtration

Despite being a simple and inexpensive pretreatment technology, the cost-effectiveness of riverbank filtration (RBF) depends on complex hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical variables. One of the most important issues for decision makers regarding RBF is optimal site selection. Therefore, a methodology for multicriteria site evaluation for large-scale RBF schemes is offered. The methodology is primarily designed as a prescreening method, applied over a wide area, but can also serve as a guide for evaluating individual RBF sites. To facilitate further discussion about improvements on the methodology, the reasoning behind each relevant factor and its weight in the evaluation is presented. The methodology is divided into three sequential steps through which a site can be assessed. The first step is to establish the existence of connectivity between the river and aquifer. This is termed the essential criterion, and is a binary determination of site suitability. If the site is determined to be suitable, it is then assessed via a set of quantity criteria, which measure the aquifer capacity and amount of bank filtrate that can be effectively abstracted. Lastly, water quality criteria are assessed by means of surface-water and groundwater quality. The quantity and quality criteria form a result expressed as the site suitability index (SSI), which ranges from 0 to 1, where higher scores represent increased suitability. Finally, the methodology is applied to evaluate existing sites of large-scale RBF application as a demonstration of its applicability. The success of these existing sites is compared to the calculated SSI value and discussed.

     

西出阳关遇故人 投身玉门学钻井

小时候父辈就教育导：国家科学技术不强、只能遭受外国欺凌。为了报效祖国，大学里先学航空想造飞机打日本，其实哪有那么简单。学了2年多，没有经济来源，无奈只有放弃“上天”梦想，改为“入地”，学了采矿工程。抗日战争期间，全国只有一个油矿，于是和8位同学商议好，毕业以后，“西出阳关”去玉门。到了那里我们大吃一惊，所有的设备机器全是进口的，还有一批留学回国人员，唯一奇缺的是青年的学子。于是我们分到了钻井、采油、机械、炼油等部门，勤奋地学习了不少新知识。     

高速公路路面基层材料最大干密度的试验研究

首先对襄荆高速公路路面基层材料做了物理特性分析,在此基础上进行了水泥稳定碎石混合料的初步设计.并采用重型击实法确定最大干密度的最佳含水量,然后在混合料中外掺10%,15%,20%的石屑(粒径4.75mm以下)进行击实,最终得到理想的最大干密度.通过对以上具体试验的分析,得出了水泥稳定碎石最大干密度的确定方法及原则,确定了一个比较合理的石屑掺量,对其它的路面基层具有一定的指导意义.     

Cold Crucible Induction Melting for Production of Murataite Matrices for Immobilization of Actinides

Doklady Earth Sciences - Crystalline phases are promising materials (matrices) for isolating nuclear waste with long-lived radionuclides, actinides first of all. Melting in an induction-heated cold...     

深化改革求发展加强管理创效益

两年来，在开拓地质市场方面取得了新的成绩，主要就５个方面的经验作了介绍。     

Selection Assistance for the Evaluation of Geoconstruction Technologies for Transportation Applications

A new comprehensive, web-based information system summarizes forty-six geoconstruction technologies, or ground improvement methods, applicable to transportation infrastructure from the following areas: geosynthetics, geotextiles, ground improvement, grouting, slope stabilization, soil reinforcement, soil stabilization, and alternative/recycled materials. Selection assistance was developed as part of the overall information system to aid the user in identifying potential geoconstruction technologies for a project-specific set of conditions. A knowledge base to assist a user in evaluating the current status of each technology with regard to the U.S. practice and the potential applications for each technology is described in detail. Selection assistance includes qualitative ratings for each technology, a listing of the technologies sorted by classification or desired improvement, and a dynamic, Interactive Selection tool. After assisting the user in identifying a short list of potential technologies, the user can access the technology specific data in the information system to further evaluate the technologies. Engineers, planners, and owners will be able to utilize the entire information system to assess the feasibility of technologies to address project-specific requirements and constraints.     

国标岩体质量分级的简化方法

我国现行的《工程岩体分级标准》GB 50218-94在确定岩体基本质量指标BQ时较繁琐,为此将BQ公式和规范条文表格制成曲线图,根据岩石的单轴饱和抗压强度和岩体完整性系数,由曲线图可以方便地确定BQ和质量等级。为了便于在施工中确定岩体强度等多种物理力学指标,还编制了BQ与指标的关系图表。通过在工程实例中的应用,证明上述图表简单实用。     

Acknowledgement for Reviewers for 2021

Mathematical Geosciences -     

Timescales for mechanisms for the dynamical evolution of open star clusters

We have obtained the stellar velocity dispersion in three mutually perpendicular directions in the halos and cores of clusters as a function of time for several non-stationary open-cluster models. During the dynamical evolution of the open-cluster models, the velocity dispersions undergo oscillations that do not decay during 5–10 violent-relaxation timescales, τ _vr . We estimated the time for synchronization of the rotation of the open-cluster models and their motion around the center of the Galaxy, t _s , which, depending on the model parameters, is t _s ? (5–27)τ _vr . Synchronization mechanisms for the models are discussed. The disruption of the systems in the force field of the Galaxy is strongly affected by tidal friction. We have also estimated the time for the formation of a spherical stellar-velocity distribution in the cluster models, t _σ ? (6 ? 25)τ _vr . The impact of instability in the stellar motions in a cluster on the formation of a spherical velocity distribution in the open-cluster models is discussed. We have noted a tendency for a weakening of the dependence of the coarse phase density of the cluster on small initial perturbations of the stellar phase coordinates in the model cluster cores for times about five times longer than the violent-relaxation time.     

岩土材料应力路径无关硬化参量的构成方法

在分析砂土试验结果的基础上,揭示了基本硬化内参量（塑性体积应变、塑性剪应变）变化的应力路径相关性,提出了应力路径无关硬化参量的一般表达式。并指出了塑性功硬化参量及其提出的黏土和砂土统一硬化参量均是所提一般表达式框架下的特例。还将该统一硬化参量直接和修正剑桥模型结合,并与试验结果对比,表现出描述剪胀特性的简单性和有效性。     

Criteria of Acceptance for Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation Test for Tropical Cohesive Soil

In this study, the rapid consolidation equipment (RACE) was developed as an alternative device to the conventional consolidation test using Oedometer, consuming merely a few hours for the whole precedure to determine the consolidation characteristics of cohesive soil. RACE operates based on the constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation theory, which is a continuous loading method of testing, requiring a good estimation of the loading rate such that it is ideal for the achievement of steady state condition during testing. The steady state condition is achieved when the c _v values from drained and undrained face of CRS converged with the c_v from Oedometer test. A slightly modification has been made on the normal constant rate of strain (CRS) test by proposing a direct back pressure system to the specimen using a tube to saturate the soil sample. This research has produced a set of criteria for determining the suitable rate for the rapid consolidation test based on the ratio of normalized strain rate, β, and proposed a new coefficient in terms of a ratio of β to clay fraction (CF), as a part of new criteria for testing a fine soil. Four types of sample were tested with different rates of strain using the RACE and their results were compared with those conducted using the Oedometer on the same soil type, from which fairly good agreements were evident in many specimens. It was found from the study that the minimum value of normalized strain rate, β, for the CRS test is 0.005 and for the u _a /σ _v ratio is suggested as 0.01. Also, the maximum β/CF for soils with clay friction lower and higher than 50 % are 0.008 and 0.001, respectively. The minimum β/CF value for both conditions is 0.0001.