中国东海颈栉虫属(多毛纲:双栉虫科)一新记录种

本文报道和描述了中国东海双栉虫科颈栉虫属一新记录种,沃氏颈栉虫。本文标本与沃氏颈栉虫的原始描述非常吻合,包括具有两对鳃,胸齿片刚节具有两对加长的腹疣足和具有12个腹部齿片刚节。本文的标本具有长的须状的鳃,可延伸到胸部第9刚节,这在原始描述中没有提及。本文首次在中国海域记录本种。     

黄海小型砂间多毛类海女虫科初步研究

本文报道了在黄海首次发现的多毛类3种小型砂问海女虫(其中有两个是亚种),对其形态、地理分布进行了描述.     

黄海多毛类裂虫科小型种的初步研究

1987～1991年在黄海进行小型多毛类调查时,采到的裂虫科小型种标本,经鉴定有18种,其中9种在我国是首次记录。     

中国双胞苔虫科(苔藓虫)的种类记述

唇口目、无囊亚目、枝室超科(Order Cheilostomata;Suborder Anasca; Superfamily Cellularinoidea) 的双胞苔虫科(Bicellariellidae Levinsen，1909)的种类十分丰富，它的成员从潮间带至4000 多米的深海海底，从热带海洋到寒冷的极地海域，都有广泛的分布。 双胞苔虫科群体通常直立，有时多少平卧(recumbent)，甚至松散被覆(encrusting)在基质上。分枝多数为双列，有时单列或多列。个虫(zooids)通常钙化弱，但几丁化强。在一列个虫中，每一个虫从其前位个虫的背面末端生出，故个虫末端多少重叠在其后续个虫的始端部分上。前膜(frontal membranes)通常大，常占个虫整个前表面，但有时较小，始端裸壁发达。个虫两侧通常内卷，整个个虫常呈陀螺形。刺通常存在，有端刺(distalspines)和侧刺(lateral spines)。有柄鸟头体(pedunculated avicularia)为双胞苔虫科所特有。有时无刺也无鸟头体。卵胞通常存在。群体分歧方式和粗胞苔虫科(Family Scrupocellariellidae)不同(图1)：两支子分枝的内列个虫来自不同的虫室。为了叙述方便，可用字母统一标注与分歧有关的个虫。A是准备分岐的两个交替排列的始位个虫。B是与A连续交替、位于分枝另一侧的末位个虫。E是与分歧中轴密切相关的后续个虫，称为轴个虫;C与D是Y状分枝的一枝(子分枝)的外列个虫，分别是A和B的直接后续个虫，在形状上它们与A和B一致，与A和B的区别在于它们彼此分歧，以便让其他两个后续个虫E和F嵌在它们中间。E来自A，位于A的内侧，F来自B，位于B的内侧，即群体分枝分歧后的两支子分枝的内列(个虫)来自不同的个虫: F来自B，G来自E。这是双胞苔虫科的分歧模式。     

南沙群岛多齿鳞虫科一新属、两新种

于1987年4—5月在南沙群岛进行综合考察,采集环节动物多毛类样品,经鉴定表明,系多齿鳞虫科1新属,定为新多齿鳞虫属Neopolyodontes,模式种为秀丽新多齿鳞虫Neopolyodontes lepidus gen.sp.nov.,以及新斑鳞虫属Neopanthalis的1新种,命为刺须新斑鳞虫Neopanthalis muricatus sp.nov.。     

凿贝才女虫形态与结构观察

应用石蜡切片和电镜技术对凿贝女虫（Polydora ciliata）的形态结构进行了详细观察,以期为多毛类分类学积累更多资料。结果显示凿贝才女虫背刚毛、腹刚毛和疣足上的刚毛围绕身体形成一个刚毛环;第五刚节刚毛变形,形成爪状结构。体表有大量腺细胞。身体结构相对简单,主要由表皮、肌肉层、消化系统组成。肌肉层发达,每一体节具...     

山东济阳凹陷下第三系多毛类虫管的发现

目前国际上在多毛类、苔藓虫和棘皮动物等的分类研究中,一个重要动向就是古今结合,因为新生代第三系中的无脊椎动物接近现代.多毛类虫迹、虫管化石的研究,可提供探讨系统发生的化石依据,不仅有理论上的意义;在生产上(勘探油气)也具有重要意义. 钙质蠕虫管从寒武纪至现代都有广泛的分布,主要产于海相沉积内.多毛类化石在我国湘鄂西晚震旦纪末期已有发现,我国新疆塔里木盆地(喀什)下第三系齐姆根组的海相地层中产丰富的龙介虫(石灰虫)科化石.1974年我们为中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所鉴定江苏北部金湖凹陷下第三系阜宁组二段地层中丰富的多毛类虫管化石(咸水、半咸水的海相生物)时,曾提供不少现代龙介虫科的资料.国外奥地利维也纳盆地、法国巴黎盆地、英国伦敦盆地的第三纪地层中都有龙介虫科的化石根导,均产于海相层或半咸水的河口堆积中.     

南沙群岛多齿鳞虫科—新属,两新种

于１９８７年４－５月在南沙群岛进行综合考察，采集环节动物多毛类样品，经鉴定表明，系多齿鳞虫科１新属，定为新多齿鳞虫属Ｎｅｏｐｏｌｙｏｄｏｎｔｅｓ，模式种为秀丽新多齿鳞虫Ｎｅｏｐｏｌｙｏｄｏｎｔｅｓ ｌｅｐｉｄｕｓ ｇｅｎ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，以及新斑鳞虫属Ｎｅｏｐａｎｔｈａｌｉｓ的１新种，命为刺须新斑鳞虫Ｎｅｏｐａｎｔｈａｌｉｓ ｍｕｒｉｃａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

唇口目苔藓虫群体早期发育的演化意义 Ⅰ.软壁亚目膜孔苔虫科和琥珀苔虫科的群体早期发育特点及一新属、六新种

苔藓动物的群体是由生理上互相连系、以无性繁殖方法复制的称之为个虫的成员组成。幼虫变态后,绝大多数苔藓虫形成构成群体基础的单一个虫,称为初虫,这些单一的初虫通常为一摄食个虫,有时则为形态多样的无摄食功能的空个虫;另一些幼虫变态后则形成2个、3个或5个个虫,称之为初虫群,初虫群的每一个体均为摄食个虫。绝大多数苔藓虫群体都由单一的初虫或初虫群以无性出芽而成,只有极少数苔藓虫群体由休眠芽产生或由裂殖方式产生。按照苔藓动物学关于群体性质的一般概念,每一群体由若干类型的个虫和多个虫部分构成,而某些群体还包括个虫外部分。个虫是无性繁殖产生、分别执行如摄食、生殖、支撑、保护等主要生理或结构功能的自然连系的形态单位。多个虫部分包括既存个虫界限外面生长的连续体壁层及其包裹的体腔,随着群体发育,它们便成为个虫之一部分。个虫外部分在群体整个生命期间都位于个虫界限之外,包括体壁(有骨骼层或无骨骼层)、非体壁之一部分的骨骼以及相邻的体腔。群体是一个可与单体动物相比拟而与环境相互作用的完整生命机体,一般说来,群体是均匀一致的。组成群体的成员除初虫或初虫群是以有性生殖方式产生外,所有其他部分都是由细胞生理上连续的有丝分裂和非细胞部分的分泌作用产生的。如果假定它们的基因是均匀性的,那么就可以说在一群体内的个虫在形态上是同一的,然而一苔藓动物群体内的个虫在某些特征上通常是不同的。一群体内表征上不同的个虫表达了那些未必反映基因差异的形态变异,任一群体所显示的这种非遗传变异都可归于下述诱发群体内形态变异的四个非遗传因素:个虫和个虫外结构的个体发育、群体发育(或群育)、多形结构和微环境。     

黄海小型砂间多毛类异触虫属一新种

于1987年11月在青岛附近的脱岛采到属于异触虫科的小型砂间多毛类数条。经研究表明,这些标本为异触虫属的新种——滑毛异触虫Pisione livisetosa。本文对该新种进行了详细的描述并附有形态图。新种模式标本保存于国家海洋局第一海洋研究所。     

Determination of nutrient salts by automatic methods both in seawater and brackish water: the phosphate blank

The main inconvenience in determining nutrients in seawater by automatic methods is simply solved: the preparation of a suitable blank which corrects the effect of the refractive index change on the recorded signal. Two procedures are proposed, one physical (a simple equation to estimate the effect) and the other chemical (removal of the dissolved phosphorus with ferric hydroxide).     

A note on the seafloor coupling characteristics of the new ONR ocean-bottom seismometer

A series of transient tests were conducted to determine the seafloor coupling characteristics of a new ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) developed for the United States Office of Naval Research (ONR). The OBS comprises a large recording package and a separate sensor package that is deployed from the recording package. In addition to the coupling characteristics of both the sensor and the recording packages, the seismic energy radiated from the main recording package as a result of motion of the recording package was measured. The observed vertical coupling resonances of both the recording package and the sensor package are in good agreement with those predicted by a simple model of soil-structure interaction. The most important result of this study is that significant energy is radiated from the recording package in response to horizontal motions of the recording package. When the sensor package is 1 m from the recording package, the amplitude of the recorded signal is similar to that recorded in the recording package. In the field, this effect will result in distortion of seismic signals and increased background noise recorded by the sensor package if the recording package is disturbed by seafloor currents or biological activity. The amplitude of this signal attenuates by approximately a factor of two as sensor/recorder separation is increased from 1 to 6 m, suggesting that an improved response can be achieved by increasing the separation between the recording package and the sensors. This effect is much less severe for vertical disturbances of the recording package.     

Performance and limitations of the Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT) with an application to irregular water waves

This paper relates to the newly developed Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT). An overview of this time-frequency analysis technique and its applications are given. Key elements of the numerical procedure and principles of the Hilbert transformation (HT) are established. A simple parameter study with trigonometric functions to get an idea about the numerical performance of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is performed. The main results of estimating relative standardized errors made between analytically exact defined sine waves and disintegrated intrinsic functions as well as their specific influence on each other are determined. Practical applications are carried out next to evaluate computed nonlinear irregular water waves based on Stokes perturbation expansion approach and measurements on fully nonlinear irregular water waves recorded in a laboratory wave flume. Correspondence between simulated and recorded wave trains is given for narrow-banded fundamental components. Deviations are unveiled when carrier and riding waves get broad banded. Time-dependent spectral representation shows signs of an interesting phenomenon as instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes exhibit strong correlations with water surface elevations of both numerical and measured data series.     

晶体管等电阻接触式测波仪的研制

继电器接触式测波仪,由于使用了近百个继电器组及相应的电线和触头,显得相当笨重,在使用中还对其它同步测量的信号产生干扰;在此基础上发展的电阻接触式测波仪,在设计中需反复逐步实验才能达到直线性。而当盐度发生变化时还会产生不可忽视的非线性,因此使用上十分困难。根据上述问题,作者研制了新的等电阻接触式自动测波仪。     

Regional air temperature maxima and the possibility of their simple energy-balance estimates

The record high temperatures during the summer of 2010 in the central part of the European territory of Russia (ETR) raised great interest in the question of whether these temperatures are the maximum possible ones and whether these maxima can be estimated from energy-balance considerations. The gigantic anticyclone was long lasting and stable, allowing the maximum air temperatures to be estimated with the help of simple energy-balance considerations. This situation can be considered an equilibrium state if a stable meteorological situation persists for quite a long time. In this case these equilibrium temperatures can be estimated using energy-balance equations in the atmosphere and on the Earth’s surface. The simple energy-balance estimates presented in this paper show that the maximum daytime air temperatures recorded in the summer of 2010 in the central part of the ETR are close to the maximum theoretically possible values.     

In-line response of a cylinder in oscillatory flow

The most widely used mathematical model to represent flow-induced in-line forces on structures is based on the Morison¹ equation. The present paper investigates the validity of using an extension of Morison's equation for non-stationary structures, by comparing predictions with results from a simple laboratory experiment. An elastically-mounted circular cylinder is placed in the sinusoidal flow of a U-tube, and responds in-line with the flow. Cylinder forces and responses are recorded over a range of Keulegan Carpenter numbers up to 35. An equation of motion is solved simply by using relative coordinates and by employing equivalent linearisation. The linear results are compared over a wide variation of parameters with solutions using the full nonlinear equation. Thereafter experimental results are compared with linear predictions.     

青岛海雾雾滴谱与含水量观测与分析

１９９３年６、７月间，我们在青岛小麦岛岸边用“三用滴谱仪”进行海雾滴谱和含水量观测，共取得９个滴谱资料和１８个含水量资料，同时记录了能见距离和风速、风向等。由分析得到青岛海雾的微物理特性和雾含水量，雾气的消光系数与能见距离的简单线性关系。能见距离的观测值与分析计算值在含水量从０．２－０．００２ｇ／ｍ＾３范围内的一致性很好。     

A low-cost, expendable, helicopter-deployed buoy for ocean surfacemeteorological measurements

A low-cost, expendable, helicopter-deployed, wave-riding buoy is described that has been developed to measure meteorological properties at sea. The buoy weighs 8.2 kg and is 1.3-m long and 8.9 cm in diameter in its stored configuration. After deployment, the buoy extends a 2.5-m sensor mast above the water and a 3.8-m ballasted keel below the water. Buoyancy is provided by an inflated air bladder. An airsonde electronics package that measures relative humidity, barometric pressure, and air temperature transmits the data via a UHF transmitter to a receiver on a helicopter. The received data are displayed and recorded in the helicopter. The buoy is considered simple to construct, uses off-the-shelf hardware, and requires very few, easily machined components     

Zonally asymmetric response of the Japan Sea to synoptic pressure forcing

We investigated the sea level response of the Japan Sea to changes in atmospheric pressure using barotropic shallow water models driven by idealized synoptic pressure forcing. The regional response lags behind the synoptic pressure forcing because the adjustment is slowly established by water exchange through narrow, shallow straits. The sea level response of the realistic Japan Sea to the idealized forcing varies with geographical location and shows zonally asymmetric variations in amplitude and phase. The simulated response is in good agreement with the observed response of sea level recorded at Japanese coastal tide gauges. The results of a simple one-dimensional model indicate that the zonally asymmetric pattern, with an eastward-propagating pressure system, is essentially caused by bottom friction in shallow straits. This asymmetry arises if the typical wavelength of the synoptic pressure system is slightly larger than the spatial scale of the Japan Sea.