惠州海水重金属污染特征及生态风险评估

重金属是主要的环境污染物之一。文章对惠州近岸海域19个站位的表层海水重金属含量进行分析,利用算术均值型多因子指数法和Hakanson指数法进行重金属污染和生态风险评价。结果显示:(1)2015年8月,惠州海水Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等6种重金属元素平均值分别为4.85μg/L、4.85μg/L、0.595μg/L、0.263μg/L、0.045μg/L、2.85μg/L,符合海水水质第一类标准,Pb含量平均值为8.46μg/L,符合第三类海水水质标准。(2)算术均值型多因子指数(I=0.379)说明,惠州海水重金属污染级别为尚清洁。(3)相关分析显示,海水中Zn、Hg具有同样的来源,pH对海水Pb分布有重要影响。(4)潜在生态危害系数Eir值由大到小依次为Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、As、Zn、Cr,综合潜在生态危害指数(RI=22.6)表明惠州海水重金属具有轻微生态危害。     

痕量金属标准海水的研制

本文介绍了以海水为基体的痕量金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn)标准物质的制备、均匀性和稳定性,经试验,在一年零三个月时间内各元素的浓度值为Cu5.0±0.4、Pb10.0±0.6、Cd1.00±0.06、Cr5.0±0.4、Zn70±3μg/kg。     

钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季水质模糊综合评价

基于2011年秋季钦州湾东部近岸海域的水质调查数据,利用单因子标准指数法及模糊综合评价模式对钦州湾东部近岸海域海水水质现状进行综合评价。结果表明:钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季海水中DO,COD,BOD5,PO4-P,DIN,石油类,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,As,Hg的平均浓度分别为:6.34 mg/L,1.10 mg/L,0.74 mg/L,0.02 mg/L,0.26 mg/L,0.023 mg/L,2.2μg/L,1.1μg/L,4μg/L,0.14μg/L,0.2μg/L,0.68μg/L,0.036μg/L。该海域海水中DO,COD,BOD5,石油类,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,As,Hg的平均浓度均符合国家一类海水水质标准,PO4-P和DIN的平均浓度超出了一类海水水质标准。以单因子标准指数法进行评价,钦州湾东部近岸海域水质级别为II级。以模糊综合评价模式进行评价,钦州湾东部近岸海域水质级别为I级。PO4-P和DIN是钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季海水中的主要污染物。     

长江口重金属固液界面过程Ⅲ.水合氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学

本文模拟长江口某些环境条件,研究了水含氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学,测定了不同体系、不同温度下的正向速率常数,估算了Pb、Cu的吸附活化能分别约为7和11千卡/克分子.结果表明:水合氧化铁对Pb、Cu的吸附能力较强,对Pb、Cu、Cd三元素的吸附速率次序为Pb>Cu>Cd,与热力学平衡常数的次序相一致.论证了表面交换吸附反应是此固液界面过程的控制步骤的动力学机理,从而可对长江口现场调查结果予以理论上的解释.此外,本文探讨了界面吸附的正向速率常数和活化能的估算方法.     

痕量金属标准溶液的研制

本文介绍了海洋调查监测用痕量金属铜、铅、镉、铬、锌混合标准溶液的配制、均匀性和稳定性检验以及各元素的定值方法。该标准溶液稳定期一年以上,贮存期内各元素的保证值为Cu100±3μg/L;Pb30±2μg/L;Cd10.0±0.5μg/L;Cr30±2μg/L;Zn800±24μg/L。文中还介绍了供作稀释剂用的基体海水的制备情况。     

重金属从港湾沉积物释放到海水中的实验室研究

在100级洁净实验室中研究了厦门港沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zr、Ni和Co的释放与去除行为。沉积物加入海水后,Pb、Zn、Cu在8小时内释放达最大值,Co在12小时内达最大值;随后海水中Pb和Co的浓度逐渐下降接近背景值,Zn浓度略低于背景值,Cu的浓度变化不大;海水中Cd、Ni的浓度未见明显的变化。结果表明:弱结合态的重金属可能从沉积物中通过解吸或交换释放到海水中,同时它们又在海水中形成络合物或沉淀物,吸附在胶体或颗粒上被载带下来。这两个过程同时存在,随时间和条件变化而异。     

大亚湾海水、表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

2014年8月和2019年8月分别对大亚湾海水以及表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr的含量进行了两次调查,分析了各重金属元素的含量分布特征、超标情况及其变化趋势。结果表明,海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr在2019年的平均含量分别为0.9、0.8、4.2、0.01、0.33 μg/L,与2014年相比,各重金属元素在大亚湾湾内的含量明显下降。2014年,大亚湾海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的高值区靠近石化区第1条排污管线排污口所在海域。受石化区第2条排污管线投入使用的影响,2019年海水中Pb、Zn、Cr含量的高值区均位于大亚湾湾口附近,呈现出湾口含量高于湾内的分布特征。表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr在2019年的平均含量分别为14.3、31.6、74.4、0.07、27.1 μg/g,与2014年相比,Cd的平均含量明显下降,Cu、Pb、Zn的平均含量出现小幅上升。表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征在两次调查中基本相似,各重金属元素含量均在湾顶的石化区南侧海域较高,这与大亚湾的水动力特征以及陆源输入等因素有关。根据2019年的调查结果,海水中Pb的含量在大亚湾湾口和大鹏澳湾口附近超过第一类海水水质标准,其他元素未出现超标现象。表层沉积物中各重金属元素含量全部符合第一类海洋沉积物标准。     

海水养殖池沉积物中重金属形态和生物酶活性的关系研究

以连云港市对虾养殖池表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Mn)的赋存形态和酶(脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶)活性的相关性。结果表明,重金属Cu和Zn以有机-硫化物结合态为主要的赋存形态,Pb以铁锰氧化物态为主要的赋存形态,Cd以可交换态(平均33.47%)和碳酸盐结合态(平均31.16%)为主要存在形态,Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Mn的铁锰氧化物态比例最高。脲酶的活性范围为0.45—8.96mg/(g·24h),碱性磷酸酶活性范围为2.45—6.69mg/(g·24h),过氧化氢酶活性范围为0.14—2.36m L/(g·min),转化酶活性范围为0.45—10.45mg/(g·24h)。脲酶活性与Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态之间显著相关;碱性磷酸酶活性与Zn、Cd的铁锰氧化物态显著相关;过氧化氢酶活性与Cd的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及残渣态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫结合态之间显著相关;转化酶活性与Cu、Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态、Cd、As的残渣态之间显著相关。酶活性可以用来指示海水养殖池沉积物中重金属的形态转化过程。     

湛江安铺港海域海水及沉积物重金属污染分析与评价

为深入了解雷州半岛西北部海湾重金属污染状况，本文对湛江安铺港海域海水和沉积物中汞（Hg）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr） 等7 种重金属元素的含量进行分析，并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：安铺港海域海水Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.011 μg/L、0.7 μg/L、2.5 μg/L、0.43 μg/L、10.3 μg/L、0.08 μg/L、0.1 μg/L，所有站位均符合第一类海水水质标准。表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.065×10-6、11.7×10-6、12.6×10-6、21.6×10-6、29.3×10-6、0.12×10-6、36.1×10-6，，沉积物中总有机碳（Total Organic Carbon，TOC）的含量与重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd 含量均呈显著的正相关关系，说明表层沉积物中重金属的含量受到TOC 的影响。地累积指数法评价结果显示，沉积物重金属Hg 和Cu 表现为轻度污染，而As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 表现为无污染。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果显示，安铺港海域各站位重金属潜在生态危害指数（Risk Index，RI） 平均值为179.55，处于中等生态危害，重金属Hg 具有较重的生态危害。     

厦门贝类养殖区海水、沉积物和养殖贝类体内重金属含量的初步研究

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区的环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物和贝类体内重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明,厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为1.06、1.23、0.05和6.28/μg·L-1;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、zn的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6、39.5×10-6、0.07×10-6和97.3×10-6.贝类体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为16.3×10-6、0.24×10-6、0.38×10-6和63.9×10-6.生态环境质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类<海水水质标准>要求,处于清洁水平;养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类<海洋沉积物质量>标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Cu、Pb和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Zn,表明Cu、Pb、Cd的潜在危害大于zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量均未超<无公害食品>,<食品中锌限量卫生标准>和<海洋生物质量>标准,但僧帽牡蛎Saccostrea cucullata体内Cu的含量和泥蚶Tegillarca granosa体内Cd的含量已超标.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.