MJO对2011年秋季云南干旱期间一次强降水过程的可能影响

为了探讨2011年10月26~30日云南南部一次强降水过程发生的可能原因,采用诊断、合成和相关等分析方法,得到2011年10月的强热带低频振荡过程是云南南部强降水过程的一个重要影响因素。2011年10月中下旬热带低频振荡在印度洋地区异常活跃,特别是热带低频振荡对流中心在第2位相(印度洋中西部)维持了9天(20~28日),强降水过程就发生在此期间。26~30日虽没有明显冷空气配合,但热带低频振荡进入第2位相后云南上游(孟加拉湾地区)开始出现持续稳定的水汽通量和水汽通量辐合,随着南支槽的东移和副高的缓慢东移,水汽在槽前西南气流和副高外围气流的引导下源源不断向云南南部输送水汽,是南部出现强降水过程的直接原因。相关性分析和合成分析表明,热带印度洋-5°S~5°N,65°E~90°E地区的对流与云南南部降水存在显著正相关关系,当热带低频振荡对流位于第2位相(印度洋中西部),云南上游水汽条件明显改善,南部降水异常偏多。关注热带低频振荡的演变和发展,对于把握类似2011年秋季这样的强降水过程预报是有帮助的。     

太平洋年代际涛动对南海夏季季节内振荡的调制作用

【目的】探讨太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)不同位相下其对BSISO时空特征、强度等产生的影响。【方法】利用NOAA云顶向外长波辐射和NCEP-DOE再分析资料研究PDO不同位相下夏季(5-10月)BSISO的活动特征和PDO影响BSISO的可能机制。【结果与结论】PDO影响BSISO的周期:暖位相下BSISO活动周期较冷位相下活动周期短,暖位相周期主要是10～50 d,而冷位相周期主要是10～40 d和60～70 d。冷暖位相周期均在10～40 d显著,而PDO暖冷位相分别在40～50 d、60～70 d相对显著。PDO影响BSISO的活动轨迹:PDO暖位相下对流活动在西太平洋上呈东南-西北向的移动趋势,而PDO冷位相时对流从印度洋向东北移动,对流中心可延伸至热带西太平洋,后转向西北移动直至南海上空。PDO影响BSISO的原因:PDO暖位相时,西太平洋有强的东风剪切异常,有利于对流的向北移动。而冷位相下,孟加拉湾至南海及以南区域东风垂直剪切异常、比湿正异常以及比湿的经向梯度共同作用驱动对流向北移动。此外,PDO暖位相较冷位相位势高度偏高,因而对BSISO活动强度起到抑制作用。     

冬夏季热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温变化的模态特征

采用美国Scripps海洋研究所的1955—1998年全球海洋上层海水温度月距平资料,对热带太平洋至印度洋各层海温进行经验正交函数分解,分析其主要模态特征。结果表明：热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温场主要表现出东、西太平洋海温异常反位相变化的特征,异常强度冬季明显强于夏季。冬季赤道东太平洋40m层,东印度洋至西太平洋120m层,夏季赤道东太平洋40m层,东印度洋至西太平洋160m层为海温异常的显著区域。冬季0—60m层第一特征向量表现出厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）模态特征,第二特征向量表现出海温异常的东西运移模态特征,80—400m层第一特征向量表现出西太平洋暖池模态特征,第二特征向量表现出海温异常的东西运移模态特征。夏季0—60m层特征向量表现出厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）模态,80—400m层特征向量表现出西太平洋暖池模态特征。     

热带次表层海温对中国东部夏季气候的影响

热带海洋热状况是影响中国气候变化的主要因子之一,为了研究热带次表层海温如何影响中国气候,通过相关计算和合成分析等方法讨论了热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温异常对中国东部夏季降水和温度的影响。结果表明:当冬季赤道东印度洋至西太平洋次表层海温偏暖(偏冷),中印度洋和东太平洋次表层海温偏冷(偏暖),夏季,长江中下游地区降水偏少(偏多),华南、华北和东北大部地区降水偏多(偏少);中国东部大范围高温(低温)。其可能的影响途径为,东亚夏季风环流对热带次表层海温异常的响应导致了其年际变化,进而引起中国东部夏季气候的异常分布。     

四川盆地东部、西部年降水量的振荡与太阳活动的联系

本文应用四川盆地23个站的年降水资料、太阳黑子相对数与西北太平洋副高强度指数资料,分析太阳黑子活动的异常与四川盆地降水的联系,认为:四川盆地东西部降水量呈振荡型、这种振荡型可能是太阳活动通过西北太平洋副高的作用而激发的、时间上有滞后一年以上的特性,即太阳黑子活动的强弱、引起西北太平洋副高强度的变化,进而影响四川降水的东西分布特征。反映为太阳黑子偏多年分,第二年的西北太平洋高压偏强、相应四川盆地降水呈西涝东旱型、反之亦然。     

夏季亚洲季风区典型旱涝年大气热源（汇）的变化特征

使用2001年和2003年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算夏季亚洲季风区大气热源（汇）,再用BUTTER-WORTH带通滤波器对原始热源（汇）场进行带通滤波,得到2001与2003年夏季30-60天的大气热源（汇）的低频分量,然后分析两年夏季东亚各区域大气热源（汇）及其低频变化特征、传播特征和传播差异,得出以下结论：（1）2001年呈连续带状分布;2003年热源中心分布零散且位置显著东移,热源（汇）强度比2001年减弱;（2）2001年和2003年低频分量的平均分布有明显差异,且旱年低频分量强度远大于涝年;（3）2001年低频振荡向北传播范围仅到20°N-30°N的华南至江南地区,而2003年低频振荡多数可达30°N以北的江淮流域;（4）2001年低频分量纬向传播均为自西向东,而2003年在6-8月期间自东向西传播,5月和9月则主要由西向东传播。因此,江淮流域典型旱涝年分2001年和2003年在低频分量的配置和低频波的传播上存在明显差异,这可能正是导致这两年气候巨大差异的原因之一。     

热带东风急流的演变特征及其与亚非降水的关系

为初步了解热带东风急流与亚非降水尤其中国东部、华南地区天气系统之间的关系,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,结合全球综合分析降水集(CMAP)及Ni o3.4海温指数,采用突变检验、小波分析、相关分析、合成分析等方法,对TEJ的结构、演变特征及其与亚非地区降水和大气环流的关系等进行研究。分析表明:TEJ从南海上空向西延伸,经印度到达非洲北部上空,中心位于印度半岛南端、阿拉伯海上空。利用"区域平均"法,定义了热带东风急流指数(TEJI),讨论了该指数62年的年际、年代际变化特征,并分析了TEJI与亚非降水、大气环流及ENSO的关系,结果表明:TEJ呈现强度一致减弱趋势,且突变大致发生在1978年;小波分析表明标准化TEJI存在准10年振荡周期;主要降水带出现在急流入口区右侧和出口区左侧,降水主要位于南亚和东亚季风区内;亚非季风区夏季降水与TEJ响应最敏感的区域是西亚、北非(负相关)、南亚(正相关);海平面气压场和南亚高压与TEJ密切相关,对中国东部和华南地区的旱涝预报起着重要的作用。     

热带大气中30～60天低频振荡的CISK-Rossby波理论

本文根据低纬热带大气中的风压场平衡关系对CISK-Rossby波进行了研究,指出对于弱对流加热,CISK-Rossby波既可以向东西方向传播,又可以向南北方向传播,并且这种弱对流加热所激发的CISK-Rossby波是一种稳定的减幅波;对于强对流加热,这种CISK-Rossby波减速并向东和向北传播,其传播特征与30～60天低频振荡的特征比较一致,并且这种CISK-Rossby波又是一种不稳定的增幅波,在10°N和17°N地区,经向波长为6000km的CISK-Rossby波的e倍增幅时间分别为6天和8天。因此,CISK-Rossby波可能是30～60天低频振荡的触发机制。     

华南汛期旱涝急转特征及其与海温异常的关系

【目的】探究华南汛期旱涝异常时空特征,旱涝急转前/后大气环流和水汽输送的变化,及其与赤道太平洋、南海海温异常的关系。【方法】基于华南地区129个站点的降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和海温资料,采用合成分析、相关分析等统计学方法,拉格朗日后向气流轨迹模式（HYSPLIT＿4.9）,分析华南汛期旱涝急转特征及其成因。【结果与结论】涝转旱事件旱期相比于涝期,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,水汽辐散,来源于洋面的水汽贡献率减少,不利于降水的形成。旱转涝期涝期相较于旱期,副热带高压强度无太大变化,但副热带高压位置南落至华南地区南侧,水汽辐合,来自洋面的水汽通道向西偏移至印度洋,来自印度洋的水汽贡献增多,西南到偏南风向华南输送充足水汽,有利于降水产生。赤道中东太平洋海温正异常引起华南地区气旋式环流异常,有利于将暖湿气流输送至华南地区,使得华南地区降水异常偏多,而ENSO正位相减弱渐变为负位相的过程中,华南地区降水相应减少,会发生涝转旱事件。反之,赤道中东太平洋海温负异常易造成旱转涝事件的发生。     

川西盆地旱涝演变前期因子分析和旱涝预测

用聚类分析将四川盆地主要划分成川东、川西两部分。分析前期影响川西盆地旱涝的若干大尺度因子得出：冬春青藏高原热状况对６～８月主汛期降水的相关系数虽仅为０．４～０．５．远小于对川西盆地西部、横断山脉北段雅砻江流域的０．７３￣［１］，也远小于对长江中下游的０．７５￣［２］，但仍不失为一个重要因子；西太平洋副热带高压的影响虽不能忽视，但各特征量通过信度α＝０．１的相关系数仅在０．３２～０．４６之间．因此将西太平洋副高作为整体，自然正文分解提取其主要成分作为综合因子；再考虑极涡与印缅槽的作用，统计得出：逐步回归方程的复相关系数达０．８７７，预测主汛期旱涝等级与实际等级的历史拟合率为２２／２４。     

ENSO cycle and climate anomaly in China

The inter-annual variability of the tropical Pacific Subsurface Ocean Temperature Anomaly (SOTA) and the associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over the Asian North Pacific during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) atmospheric reanalysis data and simple ocean data simulation (SODA). The relationship between the ENSO and the climate of China was revealed. The main results indicated the following: 1) there are two ENSO modes acting on the subsurface tropical Pacific. The first mode is related to the mature phase of ENSO, which mainly appears during winter. The second mode is associated with a transition stage of the ENSO developing or decaying, which mainly occurs during summer; 2) during the mature phase of El Ni o, the meridionality of the atmosphere in the mid-high latitude increases, the Aleutian low and high pressure ridge over Lake Baikal strengthens, northerly winds prevail in northern China, and precipitation in northern China decreases significantly. The ridge of the Ural High strengthens during the decaying phase of El Ni o, as atmospheric circulation is sustained during winter, and the northerly wind anomaly appears in northern China during summer. Due to the ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the western Pacific, the western Pacific Subtropical High becomes weaker, and south-southeasterly winds prevail over southern China. As a result, less rainfall occurs over northern China and more rainfall over the Changjiang River basin and the southwestern and eastern region of Inner Mongolia. The flood disaster that occurred south of Changjiang River can be attributed to this. The La Ni a event causes an opposite, but weaker effect; 3) the ENSO cycle can influence climate anomalies within China via zonal and meridional heat transport. This is known as the "atmospheric-bridge", where the energy anomaly within the tropical Pacific transfers to the mid-high latitude in the northern Pacific through Hadley cells and Rossby waves, and to the western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. This research also discusses the special air-sea boundary processes during the ENSO events in the tropical Pacific, and indicates that the influence of the subsurface water of the tropical Pacific on the atmospheric circulation may be realized through the sea surface temperature anomalies of the mixed water, which contact the atmosphere and transfer the anomalous heat and moisture to the atmosphere directly. Moreover, the reason for the heavy flood within the Changjiang River during the summer of 1998 is reviewed in this paper.     

Influences of two types of El Ni?o event on the Northwest Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean SST anomalies

Based on the Had ISST1 and NCEP datasets,we investigated the influences of the central Pacific El Ni?o event(CP-EL)and eastern Pacific El Ni?o event(EP-EL)on the Sea Surface Temperature(SST)anomalies of the Tropical Indian Ocean.Considering the remote ef fect of Indian Ocean warming,we also discussed the anticyclone anomalies over the Northwest Pacific,which is very important for the South China precipitation and East Asian climate.Results show that during the El Ni?o developing year of EP-EL,cold SST anomalies appear and intensify in the east of tropical Indian Ocean.At the end of that autumn,all the cold SST anomaly events lead to the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)events.Basin uniform warm SST anomalies exist in the Indian Ocean in the whole summer of EL decaying year for both CP-and EP-ELs.However,considering the statistical significance,more significant warm SST anomalies only appear in the North Indian Ocean among the June and August of EP-EL decaying year.For further research,EP-EL accompany with Indian Ocean Basin Warming(EPI-EL)and CP El Ni?o accompany with Indian Ocean Basin Warming(CPI-EL)events are classified.With the remote ef fects of Indian Ocean SST anomalies,the EPI-and CPI-ELs contribute quite differently to the Northwest Pacific.For the EPI-EL developing year,large-scale warm SST anomalies arise in the North Indian Ocean in May,and persist to the autumn of the El Ni?o decaying year.However,for the CPI-EL,weak warm SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean maintain to the El Ni?o decaying spring.Because of these different SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean,distinct zonal SST gradient,atmospheric anticyclone and precipitation anomalies emerge over the Northwest Pacific in the El Ni?o decaying years.Specifically,the large-scale North Indian Ocean warm SST anomalies during the EPI-EL decaying years,can persist to summer and force anomalous updrafts and rainfall over the North Indian Ocean.The atmospheric heating caused by this precipitation anomaly emulates atmospheric Kelvin waves accompanied by low level easterly anomalies over the Northwest Pacific.As a result,a zonal SST gradient with a warm anomaly in the west and a cold anomaly in the east of Northwest Pacific is generated locally.Furthermore,the atmospheric anticyclone and precipitation anomalies over the Northwest Pacific are strengthened again in the decaying summer of EPI-EL.Af fected by the local WindEvaporation-SST(WES)positive feedback,the suppressed East Asian summer rainfall then persists to the late autumn during EPI-EL decaying year,which is much longer than that of CPI-EL.     

夏季青藏高原大气热源分布特征与对中国降水的影响

利用NECP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究1951～2010年夏季青藏高原主体大气热源分布、对东亚地区的环流影响及其与同期中国降水的关系.针对高原加热局地特征明显的特点,采用旋转经验正交函数等方法探讨不同类型的热源分布以及对东亚地区大气环流的影响.结果表明,当加热中心位于高原东南侧时,青藏高原夏季风加强,南亚高压偏南偏东,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,而东亚中高纬地区两脊一槽的经向环流分布形势明显,有利于中国长江流域的降水而不利于华南华北的降水发展.当加热中心位于高原中北部与西南地区时,青藏高原夏季风减弱,南亚高压偏西,西太副高明显偏东偏弱,中高纬环流的纬向特征明显,有利于中国地区北方降水而不利于南方地区的降水.     

An ENSO-like oscillation system

INTRODUCTIONElNi no SouthernOscillation (ENSO)istheinterannualinteractionofocean atmosphereinthetropical (especiallyequatorial)Pacific,andisconsideredtobethedominantmechanismoftheearth’sinterannualclimatechange.ThereareseveralparadigmsproposedforinterpretingENSO .Bjerknes’ (1 966,1 969)pio neeringworkvisualizedacloseassociationbetweenoceanandatmosphereandexplainedhowthedis turbancecoulddevelopthroughtheocean atmosphereinteraction .Heproposedapositivefeedbackmechanism .ButENSOisan…     

Spatial-temporal variations of dominant drought/flood modes and the associated atmospheric circulation and ocean events in rainy season over the east of China

By using Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function (S-EOF) analysis, three dominant modes of the spatial-temporal evolution of the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China are revealed for the period of 1960-2004. The first two leading modes occur during the turnabout phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) decaying year, but the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China are different due to the role of the Indian Ocean (IO). The first leading mode appears closely correlated with the ENSO events. In the decaying year of El Nino, the associated western North Pacific (WNP) anticyclone located over the Philippine Sea persists from the previous winter to the next early summer, transports warm and moist air toward the southern Yangtze River in China, and leads to wet conditions over this entire region. Therefore, the precipitation anomaly in summer exhibits a ’Southern Flood and Northern Drought’ pattern over East China. On the other hand, the basin-wide Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) plays a crucial role in prolonging the impact of ENSO on the second mode during the ENSO decaying summer. The Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM) warming persists through summer and unleashes its influence, which forces a Matsuno-Gill pattern in the upper troposphere. Over the subtropical western North Pacific, an anomalous anticyclone forms in the lower troposphere. The southerlies on the northwest flank of this anticyclone increase the moisture transport onto central China, leading to abundant rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys. The anomalous anticyclone causes dry conditions over South China and the South China Sea (SCS). The precipitation anomaly in summer exhibits a ’Northern Flood and Southern Drought’ pattern over East China. Therefore, besides the ENSO event the IOBM is an important factor to influence the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China. The third mode is positively correlated with the tropical SSTA in the Indian Ocean from the spring of preceding year(-1) to the winter of following year(+1), but not related to the ENSO events. The positive SSTA in the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea persists from spring to autumn, leading to weak north-south and land-sea thermal contrasts, which may weaken the intensity of the East Asia summer monsoon. The weakened rainfall over the northern Indian monsoon region may link to the third spatial mode through the ’Silk Road’ teleconnection or a part of circumglobal teleconnection (CGT). The physical mechanisms that reveal these linkages remain elusive and invite further investigation.     

夏冬季热带太平洋、印度洋海表温度年际异常的年代际变化

用Nino 3指数、印度洋单极指数、偶极子指数描述热带太平洋、印度洋海表温度 (SST)的年际异常 ,季节分析表明 :冬季Nino3区与热带印度洋海表温度距平 (SSTA)相互关系表现为单极 ,且 1976年以后两者的相互关系减弱 ,其可能原因 :一是冬季是ENSO(厄尔尼诺 )事件的盛期 ;二是冬季西太平洋暖水区东移 ,造成两洋的垂直纬向环流耦合减弱。夏季两者相互关系表现为偶极 ,1976年以后两者的相互关系加强 ,其可能原因 ,一是夏季是偶极子盛期 ,ENSO事件的发展期 ;二是夏季西太平洋暖水区虽然东移 ,但暖水区位置偏北 ,且东南印度洋的上升支强度增大 ,造成两洋的纬向环流耦合更强烈     

Does the Asian monsoon modulate tropical cyclone activity over the South China Sea?

To investigate whether the Asian monsoon influences tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the South China Sea (SCS), TCs (including tropical storms and typhoons) over the SCS are analyzed using the Joint Typhoon Warning Center dataset from 1945 to 2009. Results show an increasing trend in the frequencies of TC-all (all TCs over the SCS) and TY-all (all typhoons over the SCS), due mainly to an increase in the number of TCs moving into the SCS after development elsewhere. Little change is seen in the number of TCs that form in the SCS. The results of wavelet analysis indicate that the frequency of typhoons (TY) shows a similar oscillation as that of TCs, i.e., a dominant periodicity of 8-16 years around the 1970s for all TC activity, except for TC-mov (TCs that moved into the SCS from the western North Pacific). To examine the relationship between typhoon activity and the summer monsoon, a correlation analysis was performed that considered typhoons, TCs, and five monsoon indexes. The analysis reveals statistically significant negative correlation between the strength of the Southwest Asian summer monsoon and typhoon activity over the SCS, which likely reflects the effect of the monsoon on TC formation in the western North Pacific (WNP) and subsequent movement into the SCS. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between TY-loc (typhoons that developed from TCs formed over the SCS) and the South China Sea summer monsoon and Southeast Asian summer monsoon.     

南方涛动、热带海温与西北太平洋副高的联系

本文应用统计方法,首先探讨南方涛动指数与西北太平洋副热带高压的联系,然后分析赤道和热带太平洋区域海温对南方涛动的响应情况,同时分析南方涛动响应区域的海温与当时及滞后的西北太平洋副热带高压的联系,从中探讨南方涛动、厄尔尼诺海温异常及西北太平洋副热带高压之间的一种可能的相互作用机制。