海洋地质灾害灾情评估进展与方法

对海洋地质灾害进行评估意义重大,但目前对海洋地质灾害灾情评估的研究有待加强。已有研究方法通过建立评估指标体系,运用系统工程理论和层次分析方法,确定灾情等级,为减灾防灾提供依据。灾情评估模型有助于快速地进行灾情评估。本文认为,应该加强对海洋地质灾害的基础性研究工作,包括灾害的成因机制、分布规律、发展趋势、致灾因素、危害程度、预防措施等方面。     

泥石流灾情评估研究综述

通过对灾情评估领域文献的阅读、总结,介绍了国内外泥石流灾情评估研究的概况。并在前人研究基础上,结合泥石流灾情预评估研究现状,提出了泥石流灾情预评估模型:D=H.V-F(D-泥石流灾情程度,H-泥石流危险度,V-泥石流易损度,F-泥石流防治工程效益)。     

洪水灾情SVM评估模型

为解决单项洪水灾情等级评价指标结果的不相容问题,提高综合评价的精度,本文利用支持向量机分类算法,将洪水灾情非线性、高维评价样本指标通过映射转换为高维空间的线性问题,选取径向基函数作为模型的核函数,建立洪水灾情的支持向量机分类模型,实例证明该方法简便、适用性强,为洪水灾情评价提供了新的途径.     

岩溶浸没内涝灾害灾情评估方法探讨

岩溶浸没内涝灾害是岩溶区特有的,并且是一种与人类社会经济密切相关的灾害类型.减轻并控制其所造成的危害和影响,对岩溶区的经济持续发展具有重要的意义.岩溶浸没内涝灾害风险评价是指对灾害全过程的综合分析与研究.评价的目的①对灾害造成的经济损失作出评估;②不断提高人类抗御灾害的认识能力和技术能力.岩溶浸没内涝灾害风险评价方法学是科学方法的跨学科运用,它以岩溶多重介质环境中地表水系为主线,岩溶地下河系为支线.二者相互交叉组成的岩溶地表地下流域网络单元为研究对象,应用地质、地理、数学、物理、化学等多学科的理论与方法,研究由自然和人为因素引起的造成人员伤亡和物质财富损毁的灾害过程,本文将重点对此进行讨论.     

四川省万县市滑坡群灾害灾情评估

地质灾害的全部过程可以概括为灾前孕育阶段、灾害活动阶段和灾后恢复阶段等三个阶段。对地质灾害灾情评估应包括对灾害灾情进行系统调查、统计、分析和评价等项工作,评估的重点是整个地质灾害形成过程中的灾害活动情况。本文以四川省万县市为例,在论述地质灾害灾情评估理论的基础上,对万县市的地质灾害～滑坡群进行了灾情的评估。     

基于灾情数据的新疆雪灾的评估与区划

选取1955-2017年新疆因雪灾造成的牲畜受灾数量、作物受灾面积、经济损失三大灾情数据,揭示新疆雪灾时间和空间分布特征,通过构建雪灾灾损指数,对新疆雪灾进行区划。分析表明：新疆雪灾的发生北疆多于南疆,山区多于盆地,西部多于东部,主要集中发生在阿尔泰山区、天山山区及昆仑山区,灾情最重的是阿勒泰地区、伊犁地区、塔城地区;进入2000年以后,雪灾呈现明显高位震荡特点;利用多指标综合评估法,运用连续型随机变量分布密度近似求法,求得的新疆雪灾灾损指数,能客观反映新疆雪灾灾情;雪灾灾损指数遵从Γ分布,根据Γ分布函数属性及各类雪灾事件发生概率,进行了新疆雪灾等级区划。研究成果可为决策服务及气候可行性论证提供理论依据,对科学准确地制定防灾备灾措施、及时组织开展雪灾应急救助工作以及灾后的恢复重建决策给予一定参考。     

GIS技术在新疆伊犁地区山洪灾害灾情损失定量评估中的应用研究

采用GIS技术对新疆伊犁地区山洪灾害损失进行定量评估,确定了不同洪水等级(5年、10年、20年、50年一遇)下淹没范围、受灾影响面积,并对受淹区域内影响人口和财产损失进行定量评估。结果表明:该方法可实现新疆伊犁地区山洪灾害灾情损失的定量评估,评估结果可为区域山洪防汛决策提供重要的参考依据。     

黔望谟县“6·06”特大山洪泥石流灾后灾情评估

基于实地调查数据,介绍了望谟县地质灾害的类型及分布特征,根据境内地质灾害评估的原则和方法,从危险性、威胁财产、防治工程3个方面确定评价指标,通过单项指标或综合指标定量化反映地质灾害的主要特点和破坏损失程度,确定灾情严重区,灾情一般区以及灾情一般区,为望谟县进行灾后重建规划、部署和实施地质灾害防治工作提供依据。     

我国西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估

本文以西南地区1994-2004年山地灾害灾情统计资料为研究对象,在灾情指标数据标准化的基础上建立了西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估模型,并进行了综合评估。     

Progress and Prospect of Statistics and Assessment of Large-scale Natural Disaster Damage and Losses

In June 2014, the "Statistics System for the Damage and Loss of Large-scale Natural Disasters" (SSDLLND) was issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Office of National Disaster Reduction Committee, which marked that the statistics and assessment of China's catastrophic natural disaster damage and losses formally entered a new stage of institutionalization. On the basis of analyzing the five major international disaster damage and loss assessment systems, including HAZUS-MH, ECLAC, DaLA, EMA-DLA and PDNA, the differences between the “SSDLLND” of China and five major international systems were compared from the statistics and assessment contents and indicators. Combined with the statistics and assessment practices of China’s large-scale disaster damage and losses and the characteristics of international systems in recent years, the future development of the SSDLLND were proposed in three aspects: Enriching and improving the framework of damage and loss statistics content, stepwise improvement of disaster impact assessment methods (such as the ecological capital loss assessment, tourism industry loss assessment due to the disasters, etc.), and improving indicators and parameters of loss statistics. The study has an important practical significance for improving the statistics and assessment system of the damage and loss of major natural disasters and better serving the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction decision-making.     

Research on Cultural Dimension of Natural Disaster:A Literature Review

Culture provides an important perspective to understand society. It is one of the key factors that impact how people behave themselves, interact with one another, view the world; what they believe and value. Therefore, a good understanding of public disaster awareness and disaster coping is impossible without taking their culture context into consideration. Since the 1960s, cultural dimension in disaster issues and/or disaster reduction practices has been attracting increasingly attention; many empirical or theoretical explorations have been reported. This review aims to give an overview of research progresses on how culture impacts public awareness and coping of disasters, and analyze the corresponding implications for disaster research and disaster reduction practice. This review summarizes that: ①There is unanimous consensus on public awareness and coping of disaster, which are affected by their culture context. While the knowledge about the ways and degree of impact is still limited, further research is warranted. In addition, more systematic and in-depth studies conducted from cross-cultural perspectives are needed to design to further explore the origins of variance in public disaster awareness and coping, and to what extent from cultural differences. ②Research on public awareness of disaster, emergency response and recovery indicated that culture might have double-side impacts on disaster management—sometimes cultural factors such as value, norm, custom and belief might lead to people more vulnerable than the others, even could be the root causes, but they could also be the source of people’s resilience to disaster in some cases. How to identify those positive and negative impacts, then develop cultural-oriented disaster management policy is a challenge issue, which need special attention. ③There is an increasing acknowledgement that local knowledge and disaster subculture could play an important role in public disaster coping, while the lacking of the awareness of the value of local knowledge, the change of lifestyle, and the impact from external culture pose a threat to the inheritance of some local, traditional disaster coping strategies. So exploring how to conserve, protect, identify, document them, then combine them with modern science and technology should and will be the focus of relevant studies. On the bases of these summarizations, in terms of cultural dimension of natural disaster research in China, systematic and in-depth studies are needed to explore how Chinese culture affects public disaster awareness and coping, what cultural resources can be used in disaster (risk) reduction and for building and enhancing disaster resilience, and how to use them.     

Process of Housing Damage Assessment: The 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster Case

Rebuilding of victims' livelihoods was a crucial issue in the restoration process in the1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster. Housing damage assessment influencedmost of the rebuilding of the livelihood in the long term, because the Victim Certificatesissued by the local governments based on the results of the Housing damage assessmentwas required to receive most of the individual assistance measures. In the process ofHousing damage assessment, many complex problems arose, leading to extensivework on the part of the disaster responders. Consequently, a considerable number ofvictims were dissatisfied with the assessment and applied for a resurvey. Due to a floodof requests for resurvey, disaster responders had to work on damage assessment, leavingrelief activities aside.In order to facilitate Housing damage assessment, this paper discusses thefollowing five points: (1) the processes and the problems of assessments performedin the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster, (2) the changes in the nature of informationneeded by the victims, (3) the improvements over the present damage assessment, (4)the housing situation in Japan, and (5) the international situation on damage assessment.It is obvious from the results that a poor damage assessment system and the size ofthe disaster produced a very large work load. Differences in appreciation among theinvestigators also contributed to unfair assessments and led to the victims beingincreasingly dissatisfied by the survey results. Finally, a design concept for acomprehensive damage assessment system, which has been derived from theabove five points, is proposed for post-disaster management.     

可拓方法在输气管道线路工程地质灾害危险性评价中的应用

从系统理论出发,利用可拓方法基本理论,在物元模型理论的基础上建立地质灾害危险性评价的物元模型,确定了影响地质灾害危险性评价的12个评价指标,并采用层次分析法计算物元模型中各评价指标的权系数。建立地质灾害危险性分级标准,并进行相应的量化赋值。通过西气东输二线工程龙岗-西峡支干线工程地质灾害危险性分段评价的实践应用研究,证明这一方法用于地质灾害危险性评价有效可行。     

地质灾害危险性评估在某工程建设中的应用

本文通过对工程建设项目的实例分析，研究其在建设和运营过程中遭受地质灾害的危险性，以及工程建设诱发或加剧地质灾害的可能性，进而提出相宜的地质灾害防治对策，以确保工程建设的质量和安全，减少经济损失，保护环境。     

自然灾害脆弱性曲线研究进展

在全球变化与全球化背景下自然灾害风险逐年增大,灾害评估就成为风险防范的重要基础。灾害评估包括灾情估算与风险评估2个方面,而脆弱性分析是把灾害与风险研究紧密联系起来的重要桥梁。脆弱性曲线作为定量精确评估承灾体脆弱性的方法,近年来在多领域被广泛运用,成为灾情估算、风险定量分析以及风险地图编制的关键环节。从致灾因子角度综述脆弱性曲线的研究进展,重点阐述基于灾情数据、已有曲线、调查和模型的脆弱性曲线构建。研究表明脆弱性曲线构建由单曲线向多曲线库、单一参数向综合参数、单一方法向多领域综合应用发展,具有综合化和精细化的趋势。进一步开展多领域、多方法综合脆弱性曲线研究,对灾损快速评估及风险评价,防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

建设用地地质灾害危险评估

介绍了模糊综合评价方法基本程序，通过实例分析，初步探讨了模糊综合评价方法在建设用地地质灾害危险性评估中的应用。     

矿井地质灾害要素与地质灾源体辨识评价

矿井地质灾害严重威胁人民生命财产安全,深入认识成灾机理与相关要素,准确辨识地质灾源体并评价其致灾危险度,是煤矿防灾减灾保障安全开采不可或缺的基础性工作。本文通过分析矿井地质灾害典型案例,认为矿井地质灾源体是在煤矿采掘过程中具有发生矿井地质灾害潜在危险的地质体,包括煤层及其围岩以及存在其中的地下水与瓦斯等,具有地源性、隐蔽性、触发性、可控性等主要特征;矿井地质灾源体是矿井地质灾害的内因,煤矿采掘活动是触发矿井地质灾害的外因,地质影响因素和人为影响因素可能提高或降低矿井地质灾害的危险程度;并提出了辩识地质灾源体和评价其致灾危险度的具体方法。     

International Comparisons of Large-scale Natural Disasters Damage and Loss Assessment: Based on “Statistical System of Large-scale Natural Disasters” and PDNA

In June 2014, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the National Disaster Reduction Committee Office issued the “Statistical System of Large-scale Natural Disasters Damage and Loss” (SSLNDD&L), in which the standard statistical content and index were explored. Examined by several major natural disasters in recent years, such as Ludian earthquake (Ms 6.5) on 3 August 2014, Nepal earthquake (Ms 8.1) on 25 April 2015, SSLNDD&L provided good basis for post disaster recovery and reconstruction planning, but the direct guidance of reconstruction planning was still limited. Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), the mainstream of the international disaster needs assessment system, was taken as the main research object, and the content and characteristics of PDNA system were analyzed in detail. The comparison analysis was made from the objectives, contents and index system, evaluation methodology, evaluation parameters between the SSLNDD&L and PDNA. In the future, expanding and increasing various industries and local evaluation index focusing on recovery and reconstruction needs, optimizing the disaster assessment parameter database used for the multi-user such as the Central-Province-County scale, supporting the preparation of technical standard optimization evaluation process to form a complete assessment technical specification should be put forward as the future development of the SSLNDD&L. It is of great practical significance to optimize and perfect the content and index of the SSLNDD&L to better serve the decision making of the recovery and reconstruction after large-scale disasters, and to achieve international standards on large-scale disaster damage & loss statistics and assessment in China.     

Development and Implementation of Disaster Reduction Technology in Taiwan

In order to improve the efficiency of disaster reduction, the government of Taiwan has taken a number of initiatives in the development of disaster reduction technology since 1982, including the 1st, 2nd and 3rd 5-year plans for hazards prevention research, and the National Science and Technology Program for Hazards Mitigation (NAPHM). In this article, the contents and achievements of the 5-year plans and the NAPHM are briefly reviewed. On the one hand, the 5-year plans have produced meaningful research results; on the other hand, the NAPHM has provided a mechanism for integrating and translating the research results into technologies that can be implemented. The NAPHM was transformed in 2003 into the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) to further enhance the development and implementation of disaster technology. The mission and major future works of the NCDR are discussed.