Digital photogrammetry and kinematic GPS applied to the monitoring of Vulcano Island, Aeolian Arc, Italy

Digital photogrammetry and kinematic global positioning system (GPS) techniques are investigated and compared over a volcanic area as operational approaches to map the topography and monitor surface displacements. The use of terrestrial and airborne GPS to support the photogrammetric survey allowed for operational and processing time reduction without loss of accuracy. A digital elevation model (DEM) is obtained from the processing of the high-resolution digital imagery survey, which provides detailed information over a large area. The internal accuracy of the derived DEM has been verified by the comparison of two sets of data obtained from imagery acquired in different epochs; the observed root-mean-square error of residuals ranges from a few centimetres to 15 cm depending on the morphological features. Kinematic and pseudo-kinematic GPS surveys are performed to derive accurate 3-D coordinates at monumented benchmarks and accurate elevation profiles along footpaths. The average repeatability of the GPS measurements on benchmarks is 1 cm for measurement durations of 2–3 min. The standard deviation of interpolated vertical coordinates obtained at the crossings of kinematic GPS profiles is 4.3 cm. The high quality of these GPS coordinates justifies their use also for the validation of the photogrammetric DEM. A comparison of 6000 common points provides a standard deviation of residuals of 18 cm. The results show that the deformation pattern of a volcanic area can be rapidly and accurately monitored even in the absence of geodetic benchmarks. The integration of aerial photogrammetry with GPS kinematic surveys may be considered as an optimal approach for deriving high-resolution mapping products to be used in support of studies of volcanic dynamics.     

北斗与GPS 集成的高精度定位及桥梁监测分析

GNSS 可提供全天候的实时高精度定位结果,是形变监测的主要方法之一,但卫星信号极易受到周围环境如建筑物、人群等遮挡的影响,而相当数量的基础设施修建于山谷、城市建筑群、车流密集等区域。文章研究在遮挡环境下卫星定位应用于形变监测领域的可行性问题。因中国北斗系统在星座布设上与GPS 不同,采用GEO、IGSO 及MEO 三种不同轨道类型形成高轨卫星与中轨卫星的结合,不同的轨道类型有不同的特点,对定位精度的影响也不尽相同。以广州大桥为例,通过对北斗/GPS 集成高精度定位的研究,并针对北斗卫星的不同轨道类型,利用GEO、IGSO 及MEO 之间的不同组合进行定位,分析其在形变监测的可行性。研究表明：北斗/GPS 集成高精度定位精度可达毫米级,能够满足形变监测的需求;同时,北斗/GPS 集成定位可增加可视卫星数,改善卫星的几何分布,而北斗系统的高轨卫星高度角较高,特别是GEO 和IGSO 两种高轨卫星的组合仍能达到1 cm 的定位精度,大大提高了山谷、高边坡、城市峡谷等遮挡较为严重区域中卫星高精度定位的可行性,有利于形成全天候自动化实时高精度的形变监测与灾害监测安全预警系统。     

Coseismic deformation revealed by inversion of strong motion and GPS data: the 2003 Chengkung earthquake in eastern Taiwan

A moderate earthquake of   M _w= 6.8  occurred on 2003 December 10. It ruptured the Chihshang Fault in eastern Taiwan which is the most active segment of the Longitudinal fault as a plate suture fault between the Luzon arc of the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate. The largest coseismic displacements were 13 cm (horizontal) and 26 cm (vertical). We analyse 40 strong motion and 91 GPS data to model the fault geometry and coseismic dislocations. The most realistic shape of the Chihshang fault surface is listric in type. The dipping angle of the seismic zone is steep (about 60°–70°) at depths shallower than 10 km and then gradually decreases to 40°–50° at depths of 20–30 km. Thus the polygonal elements in Poly3D are well suited for modelling complex surfaces with curving boundaries. Using the strong motion data, the displacement reaches 1.2 m dip-slip on the Chihshang Fault and decreases to 0.1 m near surface. The slip averages 0.34 m, releasing a scalar moment of 1.6E26 dyne-cm. For GPS data, our model reveals that the maximal dislocation is 1.8 m dip-slip. The dislocations decrease to 0.1 m near the surface. The average slip is 0.48 m, giving a scalar moment of 2.2E26 dyne-cm. Regarding post-seismic deformation, a displacements of 0.5 m were observed near the Chihshang Fault, indicating the strain had not been totally released, as a probable result of near-surface locking of the fault zone.     

Instantaneous deformation from continuous GPS: contributions from quasi-periodic loads

Continuous GPS (CGPS) coordinate time-series are known to experience repeating deformation signals with seasonal and other periods. It is unlikely that these signals represent perfect sinusoids with temporally constant amplitude. We develop an analysis method that accommodates temporal variations in the amplitudes of sinusoidal signals. We apply the method to simulated coordinate time-series to numerically explore the potential consequences of neglecting decadal variation in amplitude of annual motions on the residual-error spectra of CGPS measurements, as well as potential bias in estimates for secular site velocity. We find that secular velocity bias can be appreciable for shorter time-series, and that residual-error time-series of longer duration may contain significant power in a broad band centred on semi-annual frequency if temporal variation in the amplitude of annual motions is not accounted for in the model used to reduce the observations to residuals. It may be difficult to differentiate the bandpass filtered signature of mismodelled loading signals from power-law noise, using residual-error spectra for shorter time-series. We provide an example application to a ∼9-yr coordinate time-series for a CGPS station located in southern California at Carbon Creek Control Structure (CCCS), which is known to experience large amplitude seasonal motions associated with the Santa Ana aquifer system.     

用GPS技术监测南极半岛地区形变的结果初步分析

“全南极 GPS国际联测”已经进行了 6期观测。我们选取了位于西南极乔治王岛地区的 7个 GPS站 ,并加入 2个 IGS站 ,分别对 1 995、1 996、1 998年的同期 (GPS年积日 0 2 0 - 0 4 0 )观测数据进行了基线处理 ,相对精度可达 1 0 - 8- 1 0 - 9。并对 GAMIT软件解算得到的松弛解和强约束解分别进行了网平差处理 ,结果证明该地区比较稳定 ,总体上有 1 0 mm/a左右向西南方向的运动趋势。