PCB uptake and accumulation by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed via a contaminated algal diet.

Reproductively active oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, and 1.0 microgram polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (1:1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) for either 15 or 30 days, and accumulation of PCBs in different organ tissues and eggs assessed. The effects of PCB exposure on lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. PCBs were accumulated by the oysters and transferred to the eggs. PCB accumulation in oysters was dose, time and tissue dependent. Mean PCB contents were 3150, 1970, and 250 ng/g dry wt., respectively, in the visceral mass, gills + mantle and muscle of oysters fed algal paste containing 1.0 microgram PCBs for 30 days. The PCBs in the eggs from the same oysters reached 671 ng PCBs/g dry wt. Feeding oysters with PCB-sorbed algal paste for 30 days significantly increased phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in gills + mantle tissue compared to the same tissues in the undosed control.     

PCB uptake and accumulation by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed via a contaminated algal diet

Reproductively active oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, and 1.0 μg polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (1:1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) for either 15 or 30 days, and accumulation of PCBs in different organ tissues and eggs assessed. The effects of PCB exposure on lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. PCBs were accumulated by the oysters and transferred to the eggs. PCB accumulation in oysters was dose, time and tissue dependent. Mean PCB contents were 3150, 1970, and 250 ng/g dry wt., respectively, in the visceral mass, gills+mantle and muscle of oysters fed algal paste containing 1.0 μg PCBs for 30 days. The PCBs in the eggs from the same oysters reached 671 ng PCBs/g dry wt. Feeding oysters with PCB-sorbed algal paste for 30 days significantly increased phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in gills+mantle tissues compared to the same tissues in the undosed control.     

Does PCB accumulation affect the lipid metabolism of the reproductively active oyster Crassostrea virginica?

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a severe ecological risk. They are hydrophobic and are efficiently sequestered in lipid-rich tissues. Lipids function as energy reserves and as membrane components, and are essential for growth and reproductive processes in bivalves. Accumulation of PCBs may affect the mobilization of lipid reserves and membrane lipid composition; thus they may also impair reproductive and developmental processes. To test whether there are any changes in lipid metabolism, the lipid class and fatty acid composition in structural and reserve lipids of visceral mass, gills and mantle, and eggs of reproductively active oysters were examined. Oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, or 1.0 μg PCBs for 15 and 30 days. PCBs in the oyster tissues and eggs were also quantified. After 30 days of exposure PCBs were highly accumulated, up to 2635 ng/g in the visceral mass, 1880 ng/g in gill+mantle, and 671 ng/g (dry wt. bases). No significant changes were noted in either lipid class composition or fatty acid composition of structural or reserve lipids from PCB-exposed oyster tissues and eggs.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 μg PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 μg) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 micrograms PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 micrograms) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

Expression of P-glycoprotein in southeastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica

These studies provide important fundamental information regarding the expression of P-glycoprotein (p-gp) in southeastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Using rhodamine transport studies, p-gp activity was detected in newly fertilized embryos. A monoclonal antibody (C219) was used to evaluate p-gp expression in oyster tissues. On the basis of laboratory studies, p-gp expression tended to be higher in gill tissues than mantle tissues, and was generally not related to salinity differences. Seasonal studies were conducted with oysters collected monthly for 1 year from Lighthouse Creek, an unpolluted site. There was a general pattern of higher p-gp expression in the warmer months and lower expression in the colder months. In contrast, total gill protein concentrations decreased during the warmer months and increased during the colder months. These studies indicate that there are seasonal patterns in p-gp expression which may represent an adaptive response to natural stressors associated with summer conditions.     

熊本牡蛎、葡萄牙牡蛎和长牡蛎组织菌群构成及功能的比较分析

为探究健康二龄熊本牡蛎、葡萄牙牡蛎和长牡蛎5种组织间细菌群落组成、多样性和功能的差异,本研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术和PICRUSt2对3种牡蛎5种组织中的细菌群落构成及其潜在功能进行了比较分析。结果显示,在3种牡蛎的5种组织中共鉴定到6 020个细菌OTUs,其中3种牡蛎整体间共有的OTUs数占42.4%。3种牡蛎5种组织中的优势菌主要隶属于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）、柔壁菌门（Tenericutes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。弧菌属（Vibrio）在熊本牡蛎的鳃、外套膜、性腺和血淋巴中的相对丰度均显著高于长牡蛎和葡萄牙牡蛎,且分别在熊本牡蛎外套膜、长牡蛎性腺和葡萄牙牡蛎血淋巴中相对丰度最高,但均在3种牡蛎肝胰腺中相对丰度最低。3种牡蛎5种组织间的菌群多样性均有所差异,其中在熊本牡蛎鳃、葡萄牙牡蛎外套膜和长牡蛎血淋巴中菌群多样性最高,而在熊本牡蛎血淋巴、葡萄牙牡蛎性腺和长牡蛎肝胰腺中菌群多样性最低。在不区分组织的情况下,3种牡蛎整体间的菌群结构存在显著差异（r=0.661,p<0.001）。此外,在熊本牡蛎肝胰腺、葡萄牙牡蛎鳃和长牡蛎血淋巴中细菌参与的能量代谢相关功能通路的相关丰度显著高于对应牡蛎的其他组织。本文结果表明,熊本牡蛎、葡萄牙牡蛎和长牡蛎组织内的菌群构成存在差异,且由细菌介导的功能也随牡蛎种类和组织类型发生改变。     

中国海洋贻贝观察：华南沿海近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)体多氯联苯含量时空变化

根据近年观测和历史资料,分析了南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量状况。气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定结果显示:2006—2007年,南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中PCBs残留量为0.003—0.253mg/kg(湿重),虽然没有超过国内外贝类卫生标准,也低于俄罗斯西部沿岸海域、英格兰梅斯河口和日本东京湾贻贝中的含量,但明显高于其它7个亚洲国家沿岸海域贻贝中的含量;牡蛎样品中PCBs含量表现出明显的空间差异,测站最高值(1243ng/g,干重)与最低值(82ng/g)相差15倍,在粤东沿岸海域(487ng/g)明显高于珠江口沿岸海域、粤西沿岸海域、海南岛沿岸海域和北部湾湾顶海域(分别为218、202、207和268ng/g)。2003—2007年,广东沿岸海域牡蛎样品中PCBs干重含量为30—2041ng/g,比1989—1991年的0.35—1.43ng/g明显增加,平均值171ng/g比1989—1991年的0.62ng/g增加近275倍,其区域分布格局在1989—1991年为珠江口沿岸海域>粤东沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域,但近年来变为粤东沿岸海域>珠江口沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域。     

Factors affecting the elimination of PCBs in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa

The effects of feeding, egg laying, and fecal pellet production on the elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied in a series of experiments. Copepods were exposed to ¹⁴C-labelled Aroclor 1254 and allowed to depurate in clean seawater. Copepods fed during depuration eliminated PCBs more rapidly than unfed copepods whether or not the original PCB exposure medium had contained food. Both eggs and fecal pellets contained PCBs during depuration, with the weight specific concentration of PCB in the eggs (up to 407 ppm, dry weight) exceeding four times that in the females that produced them. Female copepods eliminated PCBs twice as rapidly as males, indicating that egg production is an important route for PCB elimination.     

大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药及风险评价

对大连湾与杭州湾沉积物样品中多氯联苯(Polychlorinated Biphenyls,PCBs)和有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs)进行了分析测定。结果表明,大连湾和杭州湾沉积物中PCBs的含量为0.72~14.87 ng/g和0.76~3.86 ng/g,其中3、4、5氯联苯比例较高,其和超过总含量的70%;OCPs的含量为2.98~32.23 ng/g和1.61~4.71 ng/g,其中主要成分为六六六(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)和滴滴涕(Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylenes,DDTs)。大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中HCHs主要来自农业使用,而且大连湾有新的DDTs输入,杭州湾表层沉积物中的DDTs则主要来自历史残留。生态风险评价的结果表明,PCBs几乎不会对研究区域产生生态风险,OCPs对杭州湾也不会造成潜在的生态风险,但大连湾的OCPs处于中等风险水平,应当引起关注。     

Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyls （PCBs） Contaminants in the Tidal-flat Sediments of Yangtze Estuary

1 IntroductionYangtze River estuary is the biggest one in China, and there are domestic and manufactural rubbish disposal sites for Shanghai city in this tidal-flat. The Shanghai city, the whole Yangtze delta, or even all the Yangtze basin, will be PCBs contaminant sources of Yangtze estuary tidal-flat[1]. According to literatures so far, only two investigations for waters have included PCBs in the Yangtze estuary[2, 3]. No PCBs pollution of the tidal-flat sediments has been reported…     

Cloning a new cytochrome P450 isoform (CYP356A1) from oyster Crassostrea gigas

We have cloned the full-length cDNA of the first member of a new cytochrome P450 (CYP) family from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. This new CYP gene was obtained based on an initial 331bp fragment previously identified among the list of the differentially expressed genes in oysters exposed to untreated domestic sewage. The full-length CYP has an open reading frame of 1500bp and based on its deduced amino acid sequence was classified as a member of a new subfamily, CYP356A1. A phylogenetic analysis showed that CYP356A1 is closely related to members of the CYP17 and CYP1 subfamilies. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to analyze the CYP356A1 expression in different tissues of the oyster (digestive gland, gill, mantle and adductor muscle). Results showed slightly higher CYP356A1 expression in digestive gland and mantle, than the other tissues, indicating a possible role of the CYP356A1 in xenobiotic biotransformation and/or steroid metabolism.     

Distribution of organochlorine compounds in water, porewater and sediments in Xiamen Harbour

I~IOXAmong a large number of man-made chemicals, organochlorines such as DDTs, HCHs (hexachlorobenzene) are of great concern due to their highly bioaccumulative nature and toxic biological effects. These chemicals are persistent in nature, can biomagnify in the food web and imalvarious toxic effects in marine mammals. They can cause abnormal thyroid function in Herringgull, feminising in western gull, and can impair Avian reproduction, among other deleterious effects (Carmichael, 1988).Th…     

Cellular responses and disease expression in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to suspended field contaminated sediments.

Exposure of oysters to water soluble fractions derived from field-contaminated sediments (FCS) containing predominantly lower molecular weight organic aromatic compounds, has been previously demonstrated to enhance pre-existing infections caused by the protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus (Dermo), and the prevalence of experimentally induced infections. To further explore the role of pollution on the onset and progression of disease, effects of suspended FCS from an estuarine creek in Virginia, USA, dominated by higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on cellular responses and Dermo disease expression in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were examined. Sediments were collected from a PAH polluted estuarine creek in Virginia, USA. To test effects on cellular response, oysters from Maine were exposed daily to 0, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g suspended FCS (corresponding to 0, 70.2, 105, or 140 microg PAHs, respectively) for 5, 10, 20, and 40 days. Hemocyte activities and plasma lipid, protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were then measured. Exposure stimulated neutral red uptake, MTT reduction, and 3H-leucine incorporation in oyster hemocytes at various exposure times, but did not affect the plasma protein, lipid and LDH levels. To test effects on Dermo expression, oysters from a Dermo enzootic area, with an initial estimated infection prevalence of 39%, were exposed daily to 0, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g suspended FCS (corresponding to 0, 75.0, 113, or 150 microg PAHs, respectively) for 30 days. Exposure enhanced disease expression in oysters. However, no significant change was noted in any measured cellular or humoral parameters.     

长牡蛎Wnt5b基因的鉴定及在黑色素生成中的作用

Wnt基因家族编码一类保守的分泌型糖蛋白,广泛参与细胞分化与增殖、细胞运动、凋亡、免疫调控以及色素生成等生物学过程。本研究鉴定了一个长牡蛎Wnt家族基因——CgWnt5b,比较了黑、白壳色长牡蛎中CgWnt5b转录水平的表达情况,并对其在调控黑色素生成方面的功能进行初步研究。研究结果显示,CgWnt5b编码序列全长1116 bp,编码371个氨基酸。生物信息学分析预测CgWnt5b蛋白相对分子量为42 KDa,等电点为9.28。对CgWnt5b与哺乳动物Wnt基因家族19个成员进行系统发育分析,确定了CgWnt5b为哺乳动物Wnt5a和Wnt5b的同源基因。荧光实时定量PCR检测长牡蛎外套膜、鳃、消化腺、闭壳肌、性腺、唇瓣以及血淋巴组织中CgWnt5b的mRNA分布,结果显示,CgWnt5b在外套膜、闭壳肌和唇瓣组织中的相对表达水平较高,在消化腺、鳃、血淋巴和性腺组织中相对表达量较低。黑壳长牡蛎中CgWnt5b mRNA表达量显著低于白壳长牡蛎,且siRNA敲降CgWnt5b的表达后,多个黑色素生成相关酪氨酸酶基因的表达显著上调。综上,本研究在长牡蛎中鉴定了一个Wnt家族成员CgWnt5b,可能通过抑制黑色素生成关键基因TYR的表达抑制长牡蛎中黑色素的生成。     

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)组织中多氯联苯的研究

以珠江口海域的两头中华白海豚为研究对象,采用气相色谱法分析了海豚组织中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量分布特征和毒性水平。结果表明,PCBs在海豚10种不同组织中的含量范围为25．1—85567．3ng／g,PCBs含量最高的组织为额隆和皮肤,其次为肝脏、肌肉、心脏、睾丸和脑,最低的为肺、胃和肾脏;PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似,同系物中以PCB101＋113和PCB153所占总量的百分比最大,在10．25％-51．70％之间;在同族物中以含在同族物中以5个氯原子和6个氯原子的PCBs为主,所占百分比均在23．53％-60．06％之间;运用二蛞哄毒性当量（TEQ）评价了中华白海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性,其TEQs范围为55．9—68191．0pg／g,其中皮肤TEQs含量最高。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs,占总量的74．15％-99．62％,其中来自PCB126的占34．11％-96．5I％。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比,成年中华白海豚受PCBs污染严重,其体内的PCBs含量和毒性当量均已超出安全浓度范围,对其健康已造成威胁。     

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in prawns and a mud crab from mixed-aquaculture ponds

The bioaccumulation of ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was investigated within different tissues in three prawns (Penaeusorientalis Kishinouce, Laomedia astacina de Haan and Penaeus vannamei Boone) and one mud crab (Scylla serrata Forsskal) from mixed-aquaculture ponds in Taizhou in April 2007. The average concentrations (wet mass) of Σ PCBs in muscle, head, and rind tissues for mean among these prawn species were 7.04, 21.16, and 11.47 ng/g, respectively. The average concentrations of Σ PCBs in muscle, branchia, and spawn in Scylla serrata were 6.49, 21.13, and 19.76 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CB28 were the highest in prawn tissues (2.40 ng/g), and accounted for 18.60% of Σ PCBs. The concentration of CB52 was the lowest. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) for the estimation of PCB sources of contamination resulted in first component main contributions of CB101, CB153 and CB28 in the muscle, head, and rind in combined prawn samples, respectively. The enrichment level of Σ PCBs for different tissues varied greatly. The accumulation coefficient of Σ PCBs in prawn muscle, head, and rind tissues were 396.35, 1 191.79, and 645.91, respectively. For the Scylla serrata, the accumulation coefficients were 365.81, 1 190.50, and 1 113.31 for muscle, branchia, and spawn tissues, respectively. For prawns, the accumulation coefficient of CB153 was the highest in muscle tissues, while CB155 had the highest coefficients in the head and rind tissues. The CB155 coefficient was the highest in spawn tissues of the mud crab.     

Simultaneous exposure of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) to sediment-associated xenobiotics: Part 1—uptake and disposition of 14C-polychlorinated biphenyls and 3H-benzo[a]pyrene

English sole (Parophrys vetulus) were exposed to environmentally realistic levels of sediment-associated ³H-benzo[a]pyrene (3 μg BaP/g sediment, dry weight) and ¹⁴C-Aroclor 1254 (1 μg PCBs/g), separately and together, for up to 10 days. BaP and its metabolites in tissues reached steady-state concentrations by the first day of the exposure, whereas PCBs did not approach steady-state concentrations until the tenth day of exposure. Simultaneous exposure of sole to BaP and PCBs, relative to separate exposure to the xenobiotics, significantly increased the concentrations of BaP-derived radioactivity and decreased the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in some tissues and bile. Accumulation of PCB-derived radioactivity, estimated as the burden in tissues, was significantly greater (4- to 13-fold) than that of BaP-derived radioactivity throughout the experiments and regardless of the type of exposure. The rank of the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in tissues and bile was: bile ～ liver > brain > kidney ～ gill > skin ～ blood ～ muscle and for BaP-derived radioactivity the order was: bile > liver > gill > kidney > skin ～ blood > muscle > brain. BaP-derived radioactivity in liver and bile was present primary (85–99%) as metabolites, whereas PCB-derived radioactivity was present equally as parent compounds and metabolites in bile and primarily (98 %) as parent compounds in liver. Hydrolysis of bile from PCB/BaP-exposed sole with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase released 35 % of the BaP-derived radioactivity and 32 % of the PCB-derived radioactivity as primary metabolites. A much higher proportion of the BaP-derived radioactivity (64 %) than the PCB-derived radioactivity (13 %) in bile was unaffected by the enzyme treatment, indicating differences in the conjugation of the primary metabolites of PCBs and BaP. The results suggest that in contaminated environments the tissue to sediment concentration ratios for PCBs would exceed that for BaP and its metabolites; however, BaP would be continually absorbed and metabolized by sole to potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. In addition, the tissue levels of these toxic compounds may be increased by simultaneous exposure to PCBs.     

二倍体与三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的细胞学比较研究

研究比较了太平洋牡蛎 (Crassostrea gigas)二倍体与三倍体鳃上皮细胞核长轴、外套膜与唇瓣结缔组织中血淋巴核径、直肠上皮细胞高度的大小。结果显示 ,三倍体鳃上皮细胞核长轴、外套膜与唇瓣结缔组织中血淋巴核径显著大于二倍体 (P<0 .0 1) ,而二倍体和三倍体直肠上皮细胞高度没有明显差别。本研究结果支持了多倍体的巨态性假说 ,并揭示了倍性对细胞核大小的影响。     

Culture environment and hatchery of origin influence growth,condition and feeding organ morphology in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in South Africa

South Africa lacks a commercial oyster hatchery. To inform the sourcing of seed for future hatchery establishments, we compared half-sib Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas cohorts from hatcheries in Namibia and Chile. We measured oyster growth, mortality, condition and feeding organ morphology in Algoa Bay (AB, Eastern Cape) and Saldanha Bay (SB, Western Cape), South Africa, from July 2011 to June 2012. Within SB, 14.3% of mean daily sea temperatures exceeded this species’ thermal optimum of 19 °C, compared to 50.5% in AB. Food abundance (mean daily chlorophyll a concentration) in SB (7.8 mg m^–3) was double that in AB (3.9 mg m^–3) where, presumably to increase particle clearance rates in a relatively phytoplankton-poor environment, oysters had larger gill:palp surface area ratios. Plankton fatty acid profiles (indicators of food quality) differed between locations. In AB, instantaneous growth rates differed between cohorts, and trends varied seasonally. Within both locations, condition index was usually higher in Chilean oysters, whereas shell density was higher in Namibian oysters. In AB only, Chilean seed suffered substantially higher summer mortalities than Namibian seed, suggesting that the latter are more suited to temperatures in AB. AB should also be assessed for culture of the indigenous oyster species that occur there.