南极潮汐测量及区域潮汐对冰架表面流速影响的研究进展综述

南极区域潮汐是计算南极物质平衡和南极冰架表面冰流速的重要影响因素,同时对于研究冰架崩解和全球气候变暖具有重要作用。南极潮汐测量的方法从最初的实时测量,发展到了卫星测高和遥感监测以及建立数值模型预测的阶段。已有研究表明潮汐周期与冰架表面流速间存在一定关联,例如Filchner-Ronne冰架和Ross冰架的潮汐变化与冰流速度的联系为:在大潮时冰流速度达到最快,小潮时冰流速度达到最慢。研究还对南极典型冰架区域潮汐特征及对冰架表面冰流速、高程变化等的影响进行了总结。今后的研究不仅需要继续关注西南极和南极半岛的潮汐变化,更加需要对东南极稀疏的区域进行潮汐观测,这对于构建整个南极潮汐数据库和提高数值模型的精度具有重要意义。     

Spatial Sciences on Ice: 50 years of Australian activities on the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica

The Antarctic climate system involves many complex interactions between the atmosphere, oceans and ice and is sensitive to variations in these components. Ice shelves represent the ice–ocean–atmosphere interface of the Antarctic continent and are therefore very important indicators of climate change in the region. The Amery Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf in East Antarctica and has been the focus of many scientific research projects over the past 50 years. This paper presents a history of the use of spatial science techniques from basic survey equipment to satellite systems in Australian research projects based on the Amery Ice Shelf (and surrounding glaciers) since 1955. The application of these spatial data to projects based primarily in the fields of geodesy, glaciology, climatology, and oceanography has allowed the measurement and monitoring of the physical, dynamic and environmental characteristics of this large and remote region. This new information provides scientists with a better understanding of the ice shelf/ocean/atmosphere system allowing future monitoring to observe the effects of global climate change.     

Temperature distribution of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

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Accumulation and geochemical evidence for the Little Ice Age episode in eastern Antarctica

Data on accumulation and concentration of chemical compounds recorded in an essentially unexplored area(Dome Argus)of the Indian Ocean sector of eastern Antarctica during the past 2,680 years(680 B.C. to 1999 A.D.) are presented. During the first 1, 700 years(680 B. C. to 1000 A. D.), the accumulation data shows a slightly decreasing trend, while chemical ions appear to be stable, representing a stable climatic condition. An intensive increasing trend of the accumulation occurred during the 12^th to 14^th century. The period from 15^th to 19^th century was characterized by a rapid reducing accumulation and concentrations of volatile compounds suffering post-depositional loss linked to sparse precipitation amount,which was temporally consistent with the Little Ice Age(LIA) episode. Comparison between observed accumulation rates with other eastern Antarctic ice cores show a consistent decreasing trend during LIA, while sea salt and dust-originated ions increased due to sea ice extent and intensified atmospheric transportation. Distribution of volcanic originated sulfate over the Antarctic continent show a significant change during the 15^th century, coincident with the onset of the LIA. These results are important for the assessment of Antarctic continent mass balance and associated interpretation of the Dome A deep ice core records.     

The tidal signals extraction from GPS data on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Tidal motion is the source of short-term vertical motion that an ice shelf experiences, and hence has a significant impact on ice shelves. During the 2003/2004 Austral summer season, five days of GPS measurements were carried out on the front of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS）, East Antarctica, by the 20th Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition （CHINARE）. The GPS data was processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software with 2-hour static data segment and the vertical precision is less than 0.18 m. To verify our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal result derived from tide gauge measurements at China＇s Zhongshan Station on Antarctica. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide gauge were in good agreement in amplitude at the few cm level, which indicates that the tide under the front of Amery Ice Shelf is irregular semidiurnal tide, the maximal tidal differences is approximately 2 m. GPS data can be used to validate the ocean tide model around the Antarctic area and such studies are important to improve our knowledge of the Antarctic ice shelf mass balance and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction.     

Reconstruction of the Ross Ice Drainage System, Antarctica, at the Last Glacial Maximum

We present here a revised reconstruction of the Ross ice drainage system of Antarctica at the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on a recent convergence of terrestrial and marine data. The Ross drainage system includes all ice flowlines that enter the marine Ross Embayment. Today, it encompasses one-fourth of the ice-sheet surface, extending far inland into both East and West Antarctica. Grounding lines now situated in the inner Ross Embayment advanced seaward at the LGM (radiocarbon chronology in Denton and Marchant 2000 and in Hall and Denton 2000a, b), resulting in a thick grounded ice sheet across the Ross continental shelf. In response to this grounding in the Ross (and Weddell) Embayment, ice-surface elevations of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet were somewhat higher at the LGM than at present (Steig and White 1997; Borns et al. 1998; Ackert et al. 1999). At the same time, surface elevations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inland of the Transantarctic Mountains were slightly lower than now, except near outlet glaciers that were dammed by grounded ice in the Ross Embayment. The probable reason for this contrasting behavior is that lowered global sea level at the LGM, from growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, caused widespread grounding of the marine portion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, whereas decreased LGM accumulation led to slight surface lowering of the interior terrestrial ice sheet in East Antarctica. Rising sea level after the LGM tripped grounding-line recession in the Ross Embayment, which has probably continued to the present day (Conway et al. 1999). Hence, gravitational collapse of the grounded ice sheet from the Ross Embayment, accompanied by lowering of the interior West Antarctic ice surface and of outlet glaciers in the Transantarctic Mountains, occurred largely during the Holocene. At the same time, increased Holocene accumulation caused a slight rise of the inland East Antarctic ice surface.     

TRMM降水数据的空间降尺度方法研究

以天山中段为研究区,以降水与高程（DEM）、植被指数（NDVI）、坡向（Aspect）、经纬度与之间存在的相关关系为基础,构建了TRMM卫星3B43降水数据与NDVI、DEM和坡向等相关因子的回归模型,对TsHARP统计降尺度算法引入DEM和局部Moran指数进行改进,得到2001~2006年研究区的250 m高分辨率降水空间分布数据。最后利用研究区气象站点降水数据对降尺度结果进行验证,得出降尺度的结果和实测值的误差明显小于原始降水数据和实测值的误差,年均降水最大改善程度是70 mm,因此构建的降尺度方法是合理可行的,可用于山区降水数据的降尺度研究。     

基于特征跟踪方法的Amery冰架上游流速估算

冰川流速分析对于研究南极冰盖物质平衡、海平面上升和全球气候变化具有重要意义。以ALOS/PALSAR影像为数据源,采用SAR特征跟踪方法,结合DEM数据估算Amery冰架上游冰川流速。结果表明,Amery冰架上游主流线流速为540—720 m·a-1,冰川流速随海拔的降低逐渐减小。受基岩和两侧山体的影响,主流线流速大,越靠近两侧山体流速越小。这个结果与NASA 2000年利用SAR重复轨道干涉测量方法测定的流速接近。基于裸露岩石作为特征点的分析表明,该方法误差较小,获取的冰川流速比较可靠。     

沙尘浓度资料与AMSU辐射率资料同化在GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式中的应用

利用GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式及GRAPES_3DVAR系统,设计了4种试验,分别为没有同化的CTRL控制试验、仅同化探空资料的noPM试验、同时同化探空和PM10的PM试验和同时同化探空和AMSU辐射率资料的NOAA试验,对2011年4月28日-30日发生在中国北方地区的一次大范围沙尘暴过程进行了分析和对比模拟试验。结果发现：仅同化探空资料时,模式能够反映出沙尘天气系统的发展演变情况,但沙尘天气分布范围和强度的模拟效果没有明显改进;初始场中考虑了PM10沙尘浓度的分布后在很大程度上能够改善GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式对沙尘分布范围和强度的模拟效果;同化AMSU辐射率资料后,模式对500 hPa环流形势和200 hPa高空急流均有较好的模拟效果,从而模式对沙尘分布范围的模拟能力也有较好的改善,但对沙尘天气强度的模拟略有增强。这不仅说明PM10和ASMU辐射率资料的使用对于提高沙尘暴过程模拟效果是可行的、必要的,而且也为这两种资料用于沙尘暴预报奠定了一定基础。     

Ice flow physical processes derived from the ERS-1 high-resolution map of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets

The ERS-1 satellite, launched in 1991, has provided altimetric observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet and 80 per cent of the Antarctica Ice Sheet north of 82°S. It was placed in a geodetic (168-day repeat) orbit between April 1994 and March 1995, yielding a 1.5  km across-track spacing at latitude 70° with a higher along-track sampling of 350  m. We have analysed the waveform altimetric data from this period to compute maps with a 1/30° grid size. Data processing consists of correcting for environmental factors and editing and retracking the waveforms. A further step consists of reducing the radial orbit error through crossover analysis and correcting the slope error to second order. The high-resolution topography of both ice sheets reveals numerous details. A kilometre-scale surface roughness running at 45° from the flow direction is the dominant topographic characteristic of both continents. Antarctica also exhibits many scars due to local flow anomalies. Several physical processes can be identified: abrupt transitions from deformation to sliding and vice versa, and impressive strike-slip phenomena, inducing en echelon folds.     

北京一号卫星影像的数据融合研究

"北京一号"卫星是我国近期发射的一颗中高分辨率对地观测小卫星.鉴于数据融合技术在遥感领域的重要作用,对该卫星多光谱与全色波段数据进行不同融合方法的实验.具体以河南新郑地区为实验区,应用遥感处理软件,通过定性分析和定量评价,得出Brovey变换是目前较适合北京一号小卫星数据的融合方法,而小波HIS变换则是以后研究的重要发展趋势.     

A preliminary study on oxygen isotope of ice cores of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

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Wisconsinan and Holocene Climate History from an Ice Core at Taylor Dome, Western Ross Embayment, Antarctica

Geochemical data and geophysical measurements from a 554-m ice-core from Taylor Dome, East Antarctica, provide the basis for climate reconstruction in the western Ross Embayment through the entire Wisconsinan and Holocene. In comparison with ice cores from central East and West Antarctica, Taylor Dome shows greater variance of temperature, snow accumulation, and aerosol concentrations, reflecting significant variability in atmospheric circulation and air mass moisture content. Extreme aridity during the last glacial maximum at Taylor Dome reflects both colder temperatures and a shift in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet and accounts for regional alpine glacier retreats and high lake levels in the Dry Valleys. Inferred relationships between spatial accumulation gradients and ice sheet configuration indicate that advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet began in late marine isotope stage 5 or early stage 4. Precise dating of the Taylor Dome core achieved by trace-gas correlation with central Greenland ice cores shows that abrupt deglacial warming at Taylor Dome was near-synchronous with the ∼14.6 ka warming in central Greenland and lags the general warming trend in other Antarctic ice cores by at least 3000 years. Deglacial warming was following by a warm interval and transient cooling between 14.6 and 11.7 ka, synchronous with the Bølling/Allerød warming and Younger Dryas cooling events in central Greenland, and out of phase with the Antarctic Cold Reversal recorded in the Byrd (West Antarctica) ice core. Rapid climate changes during marine isotope stages 4 and 3 at Taylor Dome are similar in character to, and may be in phase with, the Northern Hemisphere stadial–interstadial (Dansgaard–Oeschger) events. Results from Taylor Dome illustrate the importance of obtaining ice cores from multiple Antarctic sites, to provide wide spatial coverage of past climate and ice dynamics.     

Data processing and analysis of crustal deformation monitoring in the Fildes region,West Antarctica

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应用MODIS卫星数据提取植被-温度-水分综合指数的研究

中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)覆盖可见光、近红外和热红外的36个波段,其波谱分辨率高、信息量丰富.通过分析MODIS数据的波谱特性以及植被和土壤的反射波谱特征,选用可见光波段(0.66 μm)、近红外波段(0.86 μm、1.24 μm)提取修正的土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)和归一化植被水分指数(NDWI);用两个热红外波段(8.6 μm、11 μm)反演植被冠层温度,并通过分析三者之间的耦合特征来提取反映植被水分状况的综合指标(VTWSI).用实测的植被水分数据和模拟的叶片等效水分厚度数据验证所提取的VTWSI值,拟合结果表明呈显著正相关,说明所提取的VTWSI可有效反映植被的水分状况.该项研究探讨了一种直接从卫星遥感数据提取植被水分指标的新方法,为研究干旱、半干旱地区的区域缺水提供简便途径.