1986年夏季西藏东部近地层湍流输送特征的分析

本文以1986年夏季西藏高原气象实验(TIPMEX-86)期间获得的资料为基础,运用廓线方法,计算了实验期间感热、潜热和动量湍流通量并分析了与通量输送有关因子的变化.分析结果表明,各种湍流通量都有明显的日变化、日际变化和旬变化.7月份感热通量比6月份大约减少了2/3以上.计算得出那曲6月13-28日拖曳系联Cd的平均值为0.0052,同期感热通量的整体输送系数Ch为0.0075;而拉萨6月11日-7月20日Cd的平均值为0.0056,同期Ch的平均值为0.0085.根据整体输送系数和各种有关因子的关系分析表明,Cd,Ch不可能用一个常数代表,它们不仅仅是风速的函数,而且其变化还包含了稳定度、风速梯度、温度梯度的综合效应.     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SURFACE LAYER OVER GUANGZHOU REGION

On the basis of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, a semi-empirical expression of universal functions is fitted by means of the iteration method. using the gradient observation data of wind and temperature in the surface layer. The characteristics of bulk transfer coefficient are studied and some empirical relationships among the bulk transfer coefficient, the wind speed and temperature are obtained. The applicability of the results is investigated using observation data.     

广州地区近地层湍流输送的特征

利用风温梯度观测资料,以相似理论为基础,采用迭代方法得到普适函数Φ（ｚ／Ｌ）的半径验表达式,对近地层总体输送系数的牲进行了分析,求得了与风速、温度的拟合关系,并利用实测资料地其适用性作了检验。     

一个确定大气近地层湍流输送的计算方案

在相似理论的基础上,提出了一个确定大气近地层湍流输送特征(包括气象要素风、温度的垂直分布廓线,以及大气和下垫面之间的动量和热量通量交换)的计算方案.并与Businger(1971)的迭代计算方案进行了比较.该方案计算结果较好,应用方便.     

A METHOD FOR DETERMINING TURBULENT TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER

Derivation of bulk transport coefficients helps solving land surface processes. A similarity-based method for determining the turbulent transfer (including the flux exchange, the vertical distribution of wind and potential temperature) in the atmospheric surface layer is presented. Comparisons with iterative schemes (Businger, 1971) are given to demonstrate the advantages of the calculation methods.     

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER OVER AN OPEN GRASSLAND

Described in this paper is an experiment on atmosphere-surface turbulent exchange andboundary layer turbulence properties conducted in July 1994 over the Kerqin Grassland,Jilin,China.The characteristics of the turbulent spectrum,and the relationships of the standarddeviation of the turbulent velocity components and sensible heat flux with the atmospheric stabilityare studied using data from a sonic anemometer and a fast-response platinum resistancethermometer mounted on a 100 m tower.The results show that in the surface layer over a flat,uniform and open grassland,for a broad stability range(-22.12≤Z_(?)L≤17.98),the velocityspectra obey the-2/3 power law in the inertial subrange,and 1 power law at low frequencies.Under near neutral stratification,σ_u/u_*=1.20,σ_v/u_*=1.23 and σ_w/u_*=1.02.For Z_i/L≤-0.2,the standard deviations of the turbulent velocity components follow a 1/3 power law.ForZ_i/L≤-0.1,the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations follows a-1/3 power law,and as Z_i/L≤-0.08,it exhibits nonlinear behavior.Sensible heat flux is well correlated to thestability parameter.     

长江三角洲常熟地区近地层湍流特征的研究

利用1999年5－9月长江三角洲常熟地区的湍流脉动观测资料，分析了该地区感热，潜热和动量通量的日变化以及湍流强度和湍流谱特征，结果表明：该地区各能量的日变化与常见情况相同，白天潜热通量的输送占主导地位，感热通量比潜热小得多，且湍流的日变化与天气的关系非常密切，晴天比阴天要大得多。湍流强度和湍流谱的分析结果表明，在近中性条件下，常熟地区各方向湍流强度接近典型平坦下垫面的值。非中性条件下，垂直方向规一化标准差与稳定度的关系都较好地满足1／3次幂定律，水平方向没有垂直方向上的规律好，特别是稳定条件下，数据点分散性大；各风速分量变在高频段满足理论上的－2／3次幂定律，纵向和垂直方向速度谱的峰值频率与典型平坦下垫面上的结果一致，总体输送系数CD，CH与稳定度的关系密切，随稳定度增加有减小的趋势。     

通量-方差法估算沿海近地面层的湍流通量分析

利用通量-方差法,通过确定速度和温度归一化标准差与稳定度之间的变化关系,估算出东南沿海地区的湍流动量通量和感热通量。我们发现在中性条件下 并不像Tillman等认为是常数,而是随稳定度参数按指数形式变化。与涡动协方差相关测量系统测量结果进行比较发现,通量-方差方法估算结果与测量值两者符合得较好,相关性高,动量通量的相关系数为0.87,而感热通量的为0.95。利用该方法估算沿海近地面层的湍流通量具有一定的代表性。     

农田植被层上方湍流通量输送特征分析

根据宵田植被层上方的温湿风梯度观测资料,采用基于莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论的廓线梯度法计算了农田植被层上方的湍流通量,进而确定出拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数。文中检验了用于农田植被层上方湍流通量计算的普适函数的适用性,讨论了湍流通量以及拖曳系数等随稳定度参数、粗糙度高、平均风速等因子的变化规律。结果表明,农田植被层上方的湍流通量随层结构稳定度变化而变化;拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数也不是常数,而是层结     

青藏高原大气边界层湍流特征量分析

采用１９７９年青藏高原气象科学实验资料,研究高原陆面上总体湍流送系数ＣＤ和ＣＨ的特征及边界层高度受高原地形的影响。结果表明用廓线法计算的高原上局地的ＣＤ和ＣＨ值比同样粗糙度长度条件下平原地区的值大得多,而且日较差也大于平原地区。     

THE COMBINATORY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE TURBULENT FLUXES AND UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS IN THE SURFACE LAYER

A combinatory method of determining the turbulent fluxes in the surface layer has been developed and their generalrepresentations have been thus obtained.The universal functions of the (M-O) similarity in the surface layer can be de-termined by the method.The results calculated by using the ITCE's data indicate that the method is feasible.     

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER OVER AN OPEN GRASSLAND*

Described in this paper is an experiment on atmosphere-surface turbulent exchange and boundary layer turbulence properties conducted in July 1994 over the Kerqin Grassland,Jilin,China.The characteristics of the turbulent spectrum,and the relationships of the standard deviation of the turbulent velocity components and sensible heat flux with the atmospheric stability are studied using data from a sonic anemometer and a fast-response platinum resistance thermometer mounted on a 100 m tower.The results show that in the surface layer over a flat,uniform and open grassland,for a broad stability range(-22.12≤Z_iL≤17.98),the velocity spectra obey the-2/3 power law in the inertial subrange,and 1 power law at low frequencies.Under near neutral stratification,σ_u/u_*=1.20,σ_v/u_*=1.23 and σ_w/u_*=1.02.For Z_i/L≤-0.2,the standard deviations of the turbulent velocity components follow a 1/3 power law.For Z_i/L≤-0.1,the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations follows a-1/3 power law,and as Z_i/L≤-0.08,it exhibits nonlinear behavior.Sensible heat flux is well correlated to the stability parameter.     

近地层组合法确定湍流通量精度的研究

近地层组合法的实质是将廓线法和地面能量平衡方程联立而计算湍流参数和通量的一种方法。本文利用实测的脉动场和平均场的同步梯度资料研究组合法的精确性及其应用价值。     

南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析

利用１９９４年９月在南沙群岛的渚碧礁（１０°５２′Ｎ，１１４°０４′Ｅ）观测的湍流资料，采用涡旋相关法计算，给出了南沙海域的曳力系数，动量通量，感热通量和潜热通量，并与其它海气相互作用实验及ＨＥＩＦＥ的结果作了比较，结果表明，该海域的曳力系数ＣＤ＝（１．５４±０．２４）×１０＾－３。大气向海洋输送动量通量与水平风速挟方成正比，该海区无论白在还是晚上都是将其贮存的热量以潜热或感热的形式输送到大气中。     

重庆市区冬季小风条件下近地面层某些湍流特征量的分析

利用１９８９年１２月１６日－１９９０年１月１４日在重庆市用三轴风速仪所测得的风速资料，计算了小风条件下重庆近地面层的湍流参数，欧拉时间自相关系数，湍流时间积分尺度，湍流强度，摩擦速度，湍流应力等湍流特征量，以了解重庆地区小风条件下的近地面层的湍流场特征。     

热带沿海近地层大气的湍流结构和谱特征

利用１９９０年在海南省海口市天尾村的一次观测的资料，分析了速度分量谱、湍流强度等湍流特征量。这批资料多是有云影响情况下，稳定度参数（Ｌ）与热通量（ｗｔ）没有日变化规律，但湍能、平均温度仍具有日变化规律；湍谱的基本特征与晴天天气的谱基本相似，在惯性副区接近局地各向同性，速度谱符合相似理论的“－２／３”次方规律；根据Ｍ－Ｏ相似理论，探讨了各分量湍强δｉ／Ｕ＊（ｉ＝ｕ，ｖ，ｗ）与稳定度Ｚ／Ｌ的关系，表明各分量湍强与稳定度Ｚ／Ｌ仍具有“１／３”次方规律，但湍强和湍流能量比一般平坦地形下垫面的大     

论近地面层湍流通量观测的一些问题

本文回顾并总结了目前在近地面层内观测湍流通量的方法。指出了各种观测方法的适用条件。比较了它们的测量误差和它们的优缺点，并讨论了各种测量方法存在的问题。该文的讨论对于选择近地面层湍流通量观测方案、提高观测精度、评价观测结果并对结果进行修正都有一定参考价值。     

1979年6、7月份我国东部地区的大尺度涡旋水汽输送

本文计算了1979年6、7月份我国东部地区大气中的水汽涡旋输送。分析了垂直积分涡旋通量场和它的纬、经向分量场的主要特征,以及纬、经向涡旋通量在水汽总输送中的贡献。      

RADIATION BALANCE AND TURBULENT FLUX CHARACTERISTICS OVER MIZUHO STATION IN ANTARCTICA

In this paper,by using measurements in micrometeorology and radiation balance in the surface layer(Yamanouchiet al.,1981;Wada et al.,1981;Ishikawa et al.,1982;Ohata et al.,1983),we have analyzed the diurnal and annual varia-tion characteristics of radiation balance in spring,summer,autumn and winter,and calculated the momentum flux andsensible heat flux with the aerodynamic method and profile gradient alternate method in different seasons.We have alsoobtained the diurnal variation characters of the latent heat flux from the equation for energy balance.The results fromthe calculation are compared.Finally,the relationship between the turbulent heat and momentum exchange coefficientand the diurnal variation of the Richardson number is discussed.