雨海地区晚雨海世-爱拉托逊纪月海玄武岩充填过程研究

月海玄武岩是月球四大岩类之一,主要充填于月球大型撞击盆地之中。月海玄武岩充填过程的研究,对于了解撞击盆地充填过程和月海玄武岩充填规律及活动规模,揭示月球的热演化历史具有重要意义。本文综合利用嫦娥一号LAM数据、CCD影像数据和Clementine UVVIS数据,对雨海地区的地形地貌、岩石化学组成进行了提取和分析,对雨海地区月海玄武岩进行了单元划分,并运用撞击坑尺寸-频率分布法对各月海玄武岩单元进行了表面年龄的估算。结果表明,雨海地区月海玄武岩随着时代变新钛和铁元素更加富集,总体上从晚雨海世至爱拉托逊纪由低钛低铁玄武岩向高钛高铁方向演化;月海玄武岩充填活动具有多期次性,每期月海玄武岩的充填流动大体上保持由南向北方向,并且活动规模逐步减小,相对年轻月海玄武岩对早期月海玄武岩的覆盖范围不断减小。正是这种玄武岩流动与覆盖关系和充填过程造成了雨海地区从南向北地势的逐渐降低,以及较老月海玄武岩在较北部地区出露。最后,根据雨海地区月海玄武岩单元在地形地貌、岩石化学组成与表面年龄上的相关性,我们提出雨海地区月海玄武岩经历了多期次逐层填充过程,且每期由南向北流动、规模逐步减小。     

月球雨海地区玄武质岩浆充填活动期次的重新厘定及地质意义

雨海盆地是月球上研究程度最高的多环结构盆地,月球上古老的和年轻的玄武岩在盆地中均有分布,因此雨海是研究月海玄武岩岩浆活动的理想区域。为了更合理的厘定雨海地区的玄武质岩浆演化历史,本文主要结合岩石学、年代学等工作对本区玄武岩的充填期次进行重新划分。利用嫦娥一号IIM光谱数据进行岩石类型分布图编制,初步划分了5类不同钛含量的月海玄武岩;基于高分辨率100m LRO宽视角影像数据通过撞击坑尺寸-频率定年法(CSFD)对本区玄武岩单元模式年龄进行厘定,共划分35个玄武岩单元,发现本区在3.49~2.23Ga均有玄武质岩浆充填活动,具有多期次性。在建立不同类别玄武岩、形貌特征与模式年龄的对应关系基础上,将玄武岩充填划分为4个期次:极低钛玄武岩(3.49~3.20Ga)、低钛玄武岩(3.29~2.83Ga)、中钛玄武岩(3.13~2.52Ga)、(极)高钛玄武岩(2.92~2.23Ga)。本区地形地貌高程特征与不同表面年龄的玄武岩单元之间总体上呈现出一定的负相关性。因此在本区玄武质岩浆期次划分考虑上,不仅要考虑玄武岩的成分特征,更要考虑结合与玄武岩演化密切相关的年代学及形貌学特征,利用形貌、成分数据和年代学信息来共同约束玄武质岩浆期次划分及演化历史。     

月球冷海玄武岩矿物成分研究

月海玄武岩的矿物组成反映了岩浆源区的化学成分以及岩石形成时的物理和化学环境,对月球热演化研究以及月球资源的开发利用都具有重要意义。本文选择延展范围长的冷海为研究区,基于月球矿物成像光谱仪(Moon Mineralogy Mapper,简称M3)数据研究其矿物的空间变化特征。综合利用光谱、地形、元素等多源遥感数据将冷海划分为25个地质单元。提取169条新鲜坑光谱曲线,获取吸收中心波长、波段面积比等光谱参数。通过光谱吸收特征分析,获得冷海玄武岩铁镁质矿物变化特征。东部冷海地层较老,铁镁质矿物主要为单斜辉石,辉石钙含量较月球样品单斜辉石钙偏低,与澄海以及雨海老的地层矿物组成类似。西部冷海和露湾的地质单元较为年轻,富含橄榄石。风暴洋和雨海年轻玄武岩的矿物也富含橄榄石。这种富含橄榄石、大面积分布的玄武岩反映了月球晚期热演化的独特性。尽管地理上冷海为一个独立的月海,其东西部玄武岩矿物组成的差异以及与其同位置周围月海矿物组成的类似性反映了冷海玄武岩源区与周围月海具有联系。     

嫦娥三号着陆区月海玄武岩的年龄、成因及地质意义

月海玄武岩主要分布在月海中,由斜长石、辉石和橄榄石组成,与地球玄武岩相比,富铁而贫钠和钾。月海玄武岩的成因,年代和成分研究是理解月岩形成与演化的基础。月球返回的岩石样品数量和覆盖面积有限,并且CE-3号着陆区没有月球样品返回,所以地球上的实验室样品分析方法不能应用到CE-3号着陆区玄武岩研究。本文对CE-3号着陆区月表和下伏玄武岩的组分、来源、分布、年代和层序进行反演和分析。主要使用的研究方法主要包括:玄武岩单元的撞击坑频率-分布函数定年,基于撞击坑的月壤下伏玄武岩单元识别、划分及厚度反演,基于遥感数据的元素含量和矿物成分分析等。结果表明:(1)CE-3号着陆区至少出现了6次较大规模的岩浆充填事件,由新到老分别为EIm、EIm_1、EIm_2、Im、Im_1和Im_2,其中EIm单元年龄约为3.17Ga,Im单元年龄为3.48Ga;(2)研究区玄武岩单元铁元素成分变化不大,而钛元素含量有较大变化。并且玄武岩越年轻,铁和钛元素更加富集。对指示月表硅酸盐矿物的克里斯蒂安参数(CF)和弯曲指数(CI)进行计算,发现研究区没有高硅物质的分布;(3)研究区月海玄武岩充填活动具有多期次性,每期月海玄武岩的充填流动大体上保持由南向北方向,并且活动规模逐步减小;(4)下伏玄武岩单元EIm_1、EIm_2、Im、Im_1和Im_2的平均厚度分别为68.3m,68.6m,81.8m,59.1m和52.1m,其中EIm_1单元的厚度最大为150m,从西到东逐渐减小;Im_1最大深度为224m,位于研究区的北部,向东西两侧依次减小。     

月球雨海北部陆地区域构造及其含义

月球雨海北部陆地是雨海多环盆地的第二层,平均高程约-1 km。DEM图像显示,大量来自虹湾与柏拉图月坑的掘积物使本地区高程变得非常不均一。统计了研究区内的月坑,并根据其深度与宽度之比(深宽比)将它们划分为4组。深宽比较小而扁率较大的月坑被认为是较古老的月坑。这些古老月坑分布于比较接近月海的位置。对研究区内线性构造的制图研究揭示了3个优选方位,分别是E—W、NEE—SWW和NW—SE向。这种分布样式与月球格子构造系统大致匹配,因而它们很可能形成于雨海事件之前。这些线性构造,包括断裂与月溪,在月海玄武岩泛滥时期为玄武质岩浆的侵入提供了大量通道。在研究区内一些地形较低的地点,玄武岩上侵并出露在月表,它们的FeO平均含量接近但是略低于月海玄武岩。总结了本地区的地质构造演化历史,并且推论月球上的确存在类月海的陆地。     

月球虹湾幅(LQ-4)地质图的编制

应用中国首次月球探测工程所获得的嫦娥一号(Change-I)CCD影像数据、干涉成像光谱数据、数字高程模型(DEM)数据和数据分析处理结果等资料,开展了虹湾—雨海地区区域地质综合研究。通过对月球撞击坑及溅射堆积物分析,以及地层单元划分、构造单元划分、岩石类型划分、年代学和月球演化历史的集成分析,依据月坑的形态特征、充填物的多少和保留的程度等,将月球撞击坑划分出7种类型11个亚类,并将月球撞击坑堆积物系统划分为6种类型9个堆积岩组。根据TiO2的含量、分布及影像特征,将月海、月陆玄武岩划分为高钛玄武岩、中钛玄武岩和低钛玄武岩。应用ArcGIS地理信息系统,试点编制了1∶250万月球典型地区——虹湾幅(LQ-4)地质图,并建立了空间数据库,探索制定了月球数字地质图编制技术规范、流程和方法,为中国下一步应用嫦娥二号数据开展"全月球地质图"编制,以及未来其他天体的区域地质综合研究与地质编图工作奠定了基础。     

月球哥白尼纪地层特征与地质演化研究

月球哥白尼纪地层是月球演化历史中最年轻的地层单元,哥白尼纪撞击坑数量较少,但其形成的哥白尼纪地层却是全球性的、非常显著的,大多学者普遍认为哥白尼纪基本没有岩浆活动与构造活动。通过对月球哥白尼纪地层进行地质填图,认为月球高地地区撞击坑辐射纹相对月海地区辐射纹发育更好,推测其原因可能为高地与月海岩石性质不同,或撞击的小天体体积、能量、物质特征以及撞击的角度、速度不同等原因导致的;哥白尼纪地层可划分为早哥白尼世地层(C_1)、中哥白尼世地层(C_2)和晚哥白尼世地层(C_3),通过对各世典型撞击坑的分析与研究,阐述了哥白尼纪各世地层的特征,为开展月球晚期撞击作用特征与效应的研究提供了资料。对哥白尼纪-爱拉托逊纪地层界限进行了初步探讨,提出月球年代学多源数据综合判别法方案,以重新厘定哥白尼纪年代下限。     

长白山火山岩浆柱岩浆上升作用过程

长白山火山岩浆柱是一个在长白山区地下总体呈串珠状排列的向东南倾斜的层状富岩浆集合体,岩浆柱宽度宽者300～500 km,窄者30～50 km,深度延伸可达上千km。在这个岩浆柱内,热物质聚集与挥发份富集可以发生部分熔融而形成不同成分与密度的岩浆,岩浆聚集上升至某个深度时的停滞聚集又可形成水平向扩展的岩浆房,压力作用下岩浆房内岩浆演化出密度较轻的岩浆则可进一步上升直至喷出地表。天池火山的母岩浆粗面玄武岩来自地幔岩浆库,由其演化形成的碱型系列粗面岩类和碱流岩类岩石则来自地壳岩浆房。拉斑玄武岩系列的偏酸性岩石来源的地壳岩浆房与碱型系列碱流岩来源的地壳岩浆房深度位置也不相同。天池火山造盾玄武岩TiO2含量和SiO2含量之间反相关关系不能单纯用岩浆房分异结晶来解释,TiO2含量较高的样品代表了源区地幔的较低熔融程度的熔体,而低程度熔融的岩浆来源于更深的位置。玄武质岩浆“熔融结束”的深度随时间的增加而增加的过程控制了岩浆形成深度随时间的增加而增加并且岩浆形成速率随时间的增加而降低的规律。天池火山碱流质岩浆房千年大喷发时岩浆超压极大值Δpmax=625 MPa,层状岩浆房半径35 km,喷出岩浆层厚700 m,喷出岩浆体积30 km3;粗面质喷发的岩浆房超压极大值Δpmax=15 MPa以上。天池火山千年大喷发时临界喷发熔体黏度μcritm>27×1010 Pa·s-1,碱流质岩浆是从一个粗面质岩浆母体经几万年的结晶分异时间演化得来的。气象站寄生火山活动喷发前临界熔体黏度μcritm=12×1011 Pa·s-1,这极高的熔体黏度与喷发物中含有大量晶体与气泡相吻合。千年大喷发级别的大规模喷发周期上万年,远大于小规模喷发几百年以内的时间周期。天池火山作用造盾阶段因为玄武岩都直接喷出了地表,多数传导与扩散的岩浆热都没有用于加热深地壳,所以早期加热效率不高。在1～16 Ma之后造锥阶段在深地壳内形成残余的部分熔融带并阻止了玄武岩的喷发,系统的热效率变得很高,残余熔体生产率也就得到了加速。全新世造伊格尼姆岩喷发阶段大量的演化的碱流质残余熔体因重力不稳定而侵入上地壳内,并且形成大得足以引起造破火山口喷发的岩浆房。     

锆石微量元素地球化学对硅质火山岩浆系统的制约

大型硅质火山作用(喷发体积约102～104 km3)的岩浆系统是地壳尺度的,经历了复杂的起源、运移、存储、补给和喷发等过程.揭示岩浆从起源到喷发过程中的结晶分异、堆晶、晶体-熔体分离、地壳混染、岩浆补给、晶粥活化等岩浆作用的细节是认识硅质火山岩浆系统演化的关键.锆石中Th、U、Ti、Hf和REE等微量元素的含量和系统变...     

南海新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石矿物化学及成因意义

从南海南大陆坡底至北大陆坡底采集的玄武岩样品,基本可以代表南海新生代岩浆活动的代表性样品.本文中对这些玄武岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学成分进行了研究,研究的单斜辉石以顽透辉石为主(占3/4),还有少量普通辉石及次透辉石等,也出现少量较为罕见的富钙辉石,位于深绿辉石区域内.基质微晶辉石比辉石斑晶更富钙、钛、铁,可能反映了岩浆演化向着富钙、钛、铁方向发展,且碱度逐渐降低.与碱性系列的演化趋势基本一致.由单斜辉石-熔体平衡温压计计算的岩浆房深度分别为:碱玄岩岩浆房约49km左右,粗面玄武岩岩浆房约25km;玄武岩岩浆房约15km.由碱玄岩→粗面玄武岩→玄武岩,平衡温度(K)依次降低:从1535～1498→1429→1369.南海新生代玄武岩为板内碱性玄武岩.碱性玄武岩系列可能是地幔柱在上升过程中在不同深度处发生部分熔融并伴随有分离结晶作用等物理化学过程的连续演变的产物.     

Flood Basalts, Basalt Floods or Topless Bushvelds? Lunar Petrogenesis Revisited

There is a conspicuous dichotomy in the conventional model oflunar petrogenesis between the total intra-crustal differentiationpostulated for the products of feldspathic volcanism in thelunar highlands and the near absence of differentiation postulatedfor the products of mare volcanism. Both the cumulate mantlemodel, and the selenotherm postulated to accompany genesis ofalleged ‘primary’ mare magmas by remelting of thosecumulates, imply supra-adiabatic thermal gradients in near-solidusmaterials throughout the lunar mantle 4·3–3·2Ga ago. This should have resulted in vigorous convective motion,which has not occurred. There is no positive europium anomalyin the average lunar highland crust. That crust cannot, therefore,have formed by plagioclase flotation from a lunar magma ocean,for which there is no other requirement. There is no negativeeuropium anomaly in the average mantle to be inherited by latermare basalts. Other rocky bodies of lunar size in the SolarSystem have accreted at rates that allowed incorporation ofplenty of volatiles and without forming global magma oceans.Partial melting in the presence of water, followed by near-surfacefractionation and volatile losses can explain the feldspathiccharacter, high incompatible element concentrations and lackof Eu anomaly in the lunar highlands. Volcanic eruption on theMoon must have been accompanied by selective volatilizationlosses of sodium, sulphur and other elements similar to theprocess seen on Io, which can account for the major differencesbetween terrestrial and lunar basalts. Siderophile element depletionin lunar lavas may reflect immiscible sulphide liquid and metalseparation, rather than global impoverishment in such elements,and large ore bodies may have formed close to the lunar surface.Mare basalt volcanism appears to have been a protracted, lowmagma productivity event with few similarities to terrestrialocean-floor, ocean-island, continental flood basalt or komatiitevolcanism. At low pressure the crystallization of plagioclasewell before pyroxene typifies those terrestrial mid-ocean ridgebasalt, ocean-island basalt and continental flood basalt magmas.A similar sequence is demanded of the postulated lunar primarymagmas. Mare basalt hand-specimen and pyroclastic glass beadcompositions do not, however, display the required crystallizationsequence and cannot represent the required primary melt compositions.The true erupted lava compositions which gave rise to the regolithcompositions across all the maria are much more feldspathicthan the majority of large hand specimens and, in common withbasalts on other planets, they are close to low-pressure plagioclase-saturatedcotectic residual liquids which have evolved by removal of gabbrosin crustal magma chambers, or perhaps in giant lava lakes akinto topless Bushveld complexes. Any further debate could be resolvedby a 100 m drill core in a few mare locations. Field provenanceof samples from Mars, a planet half covered by flood basaltsand products of central volcanoes, will be little better thanfor those from the Moon. It will be important to encourage multipleworking hypotheses, rather than to rush to a consensus. KEY WORDS: lunar; basalt; highland; magma ocean; europium     

月海玄武岩与月球演化

月海玄武岩主要产于月球近边的盆地中,覆盖面积为月球表面的l％,其形成年龄多在39～31亿年之间,是各类月岩中最年轻的。与地球玄武岩相似,月海玄武岩由斜长石、辉石和橄榄石组成,但它们比地球玄武岩具有更低的Mg#、A1：0,、K和Na含量．高的FeO含量（大于16％）和变化范围大的TiO2含量（小于l％到大于13％）。根据TiO2含量的变化,月海玄武岩分成高Ti（〉6％）,低Ti（1．5％〈TiO：〈6％）以及极低Ti（〈1．5％）三类。所有月海玄武岩都具有Eu负异常,并亏损挥发性元素和亲铁元素。月海玄武岩的同位素特征指示其至少为三个组分混合的产物：（1）高：238U／204Pb、高87Sr／86Sr和负εNd组分,可能是岩浆海分异的残余岩浆即KREEP;（2）低：238U／204Pb、低87Sr／86sr和正εNd组分,来源于原始月幔,其熔融产物为低Ⅱ玄武岩;（3）中等87Sr／86Sr和εNd组分,位于月幔的顶部,经历了岩浆海（洋）过程中形成的堆晶物质的再熔融,还可能受到了陨击事件的影响,其熔融产物是高Ti玄武岩。月海玄武岩的元素和同位素地球化学性质支持岩浆海的假说,其源区的形成与岩浆海的分异密切相关,并经历了三个阶段：（a）岩浆海阶段,通过岩浆海的结晶分异形成顶部为斜长岩月壳,中间为高Ⅱ、富钛铁矿层,底部为巨厚的硅酸盐低Ti层的三层壳幔结构;（b）富钛铁矿堆晶岩（携带少量残余熔体）因密度大而下沉至下部的硅酸盐月幔（400km以下）;（C）月幔中这些不同源区的岩石发生减压熔融。早期由较浅的低熔点组分熔融形成低K高Ti玄武岩,之后形成来源较深的高Ti玄武岩和低Ti玄武岩。     

Fluorine and chlorine abundances in lunar apatite: Implications for heterogeneous distributions of magmatic volatiles in the lunar interior

Apatite has been analyzed from mare basalts, the magnesian-suite, the alkali-suite, and KREEP-rich impact-melt rocks using an electron probe microanalysis routine developed specifically for apatite. We determined that all the lunar apatite grains analyzed are predominantly fluorine rich; however, they also contain varying concentrations of chlorine and a missing structural component that, after ruling out other possibilities, we attribute to OH. Apatite grains from mare basalts are compositionally distinct from the apatite grains in the magnesian-suite, the alkali-suite, and KREEP-rich impact-melt rocks, which all had similar apatite compositions. Apatite grains in mare basalts are depleted in chlorine, and many of the analyzed grains have stoichiometry that suggests a significant OH component (i.e., >0.08 structural formula units), whereas apatite grains in the magnesian suite, alkali suite, and KREEP-rich impact melts are enriched in chlorine and do not typically have a missing structural component that could be attributed to OH⁻ (within the detection limit of 0.08 sfu). From these data, we infer that residual liquids in the mare basalts were enriched in H₂O and fluorine relative to chlorine at the time of apatite crystallization, whereas residual liquids in magnesian-suite, alkali-suite, and KREEP-rich impact melts were enriched in chlorine relative to H₂O and fluorine at the time of apatite crystallization. The relative volatile abundance that we determined for the mare basalts is identical to the previously determined relative volatile abundance for the lunar picritic glasses. This result indicates that the observed relative volatile abundance signature of the picritic glass source is the same as that in the mare basalt source regions. The magnesian-suite, alkali-suite, and KREEP-rich impact-melt rocks likely reflect a volatile source with different volatile abundances than the sources of mare volcanics. Moreover, the magnesian-suite, alkali-suite, and KREEP-rich impact-melt rocks may reveal the relative volatile abundance of urKREEP, the residual melt of the magma ocean. This difference in relative magmatic volatile abundance among the lithologic groups investigated cannot be explained by degassing of a single source composition (relative to magmatic volatiles). The most reasonable explanation for the compositional disparity is a difference in the relative volatile abundances in the magmatic source regions of the Moon. Therefore, we conclude that the Moon has a heterogeneous distribution of magmatic volatiles within its interior, with a chemical divide (with respect to magmatic volatiles) existing between magmas that arise by partial melting of the lunar mantle and magmas that have seen significant contamination by a KREEP component.     

月表澄海—静海区遥感地质分析

月海盆地作为月球表面重要的地貌单元,分析其玄武岩喷发历史和构造作用,对于了解月球演化有着重要的意义。文中以澄海和静海两个相连通盆地为研究区,通过对LRO的DEM数据进行处理,获得两个月海的地形特征。基于Clementine多光谱数据处理,提取TiO2、FeO含量和成熟度分布图。经过对嫦娥一号CCD影像数据并结合LRO和LO全色波段影像的解译,提取了研究区126条月岭和114条月溪,并对比Cle-mentine提取的重力分布图,对其展布形式进行研究。综合分析结果表明,两个盆地虽然相邻连通,但岩性和构造分布有着明显的差别,玄武岩喷发不同期次界限明显,且澄海玄武岩年龄普遍晚于静海,相通处玄武岩与静海北部玄武岩同源。澄海中的线状构造展布形式与静海中的明显不同,呈现出一定规律,与质量瘤的有无及重力展布形式有关。     

The case against early melting of the bulk of the Moon

Recent data suggest that the source region of mare basalts became compositionally closed at 4.42 Gy. presumably some 170 My. after the Moon accreted. Thermal-history models indicate that the outer part of the Moon could not have cooled to temperatures low enough to cause closure unless only the outer few hundred kilometers were initially molten. A total early lunar differentiation is therefore prohibited. The bulk of the Moon was therefore pristine and undifferentiated at the time of mare basalt formation. bl     

Basalts as probes of planetary interiors: Constraints on the chemistry and mineralogy of their source regions

Basalt magmas, derived by the partial melting of planetary interiors, have compositions that reflect the pre-accretionary history of the material from which the planet formed, the planets, subsequent evolutionary history, the chemistry and mineralogy of the source regions, and the intensive thermodynamic parameters operating at the source and emplacement sites. Studies of basalt suites from the Earth, its Moon, and the eucrite parent body reveal compositional differences intrinsic to their source regions which are, in turn, a characteristic of the planet and its formational and evolutionary history.Major interplanetary differences are observed in iron, , TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O, Cr, Ni, and in volatile element abundances. The most primitive mare basalts have Mg#s 0.6, on the Earth they are 0.70–0.72 for mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and up to 0.9 for Archean peridotitic komatiites. Eucrites have Mg#s approaching 0.5 (excepting Binda). These differences reflect inherent differences in of their sources. Striking differences in the TiO₂ abundances of the planetary basalts reflect both inter- and intra-planetary variations in source chemistry. Primitive MORBs and primitive oceanic intraplate tholeiites have a factor of 2–3 difference in TiO₂ at comparable Mg# (0.7–1.2 vs 2–3 wt.% respectively). Three major titania groups are recognized in the mare suite; high TiO₂ (8–13 wt.%), low TiO₂ (2–5 wt.%) and very low TiO₂ (<1 wt.%). The eucrites have TiO₂ contents <1 wt.%.The mare basalts and eucrites have pronounced Na₂O depletion relative to all terrestrial basalts. This is a consequence of the preplanetary accretion loss of volatiles from the material that formed the Moon and the eucrite parent bodies.Mare basalts have consistently lower Al₂O₃ contents than the terrestrial basalts. This may be due either to an inherently lower content of Al₂O₃ in the mare sources or it may reflect Al₂O₃ retention in an aluminous phase.The transition metals are fractionated in all three basalt suites. For terrestrial basalts this may reflect core-separation; however, in the case of the Moon and eucrite parent bodies pre-accretionary separation of metal and silicates is a more reasonable explanation. A pronounced Cr anomaly is observed in terrestrial MORBs but not in the mare basalts. This appears to be related to f_O2 differences in the respective mantles.Overall rare earth element abundances are comparable between all three objects. Mare basalts have a pronounced negative Eu anomaly which is inherited from their source region and is record of plagioclase removal from crystallizing magma ocean early in lunar history (4.4–4.6 Ga). Early separation of plagioclase on the Earth appears to have been a relatively unimportant process.     

新疆柯坪二叠纪层状玄武岩的发育特征及其地质意义

通过野外实地测量和遥感影像识别,并对不同剖面的发育状况进行了对比。新疆柯坪地区发育的二叠纪玄武岩共可分为8层,包括库普库兹曼组2层和开派兹雷克组6层。多层玄武岩是多期喷发作用的结果,每次喷发可以来自不同的岩浆房或火山通道,但岩浆源区基本一致。每期喷发作用都具有一定的序列,先是稳定的熔岩流,发育柱状节理,往上则为致密块状玄武岩,在喷发末期发育火山角砾岩或凝灰岩。多期玄武岩浆喷发作用,指示了该区二叠纪玄武岩的岩浆房经历了"积聚—喷发—再积聚—再喷发"的过程,而熔融岩浆的源区则经历了不断"部分熔融"和"岩浆抽提"的过程。