天津市深层基岩地下水热水系统数值模拟中若干问题的处理

天津市基岩地下热水具有密度随温度变化显著、存在水岩之间热交换的特点，采用适合于描述深层地下热水水流和热量运移的压力场和温度场控制方程，通过对渗流场、边界条件的合理概化和对初始条件、热储层缺失区域及倾斜断层等的合理处理，使所建立的三维数值模型变得更为有效和实用。     

关中盆地秦岭山前地下热水的循环机理

地热资源作为清洁能源在经济建设和环境保护中倍受青睐,而地下热水循环机理的研究是合理开发地热资源的前提。以关中盆地横跨山前冲积扇-黄土台塬-冲积平原三类地貌单元的典型剖面为研究对象,在地下热水野外调查的基础上通过地下热水动力场、化学场和同位素场的研究构建了关中盆地秦岭山前地下热水的循环模式:地下热水主要来自第四纪末次冰期海拔2 006~2 032 m大气降水的补给,大气降水经秦岭山前断层破碎带向下渗透进入盆地深部,在异常高的地热梯度下受热后沿着渭河北侧导水断裂带上升。从补给径流区至排泄区,地下热水径流速度由快变缓,年龄逐渐变老(从21 097 a到31 809 a),水化学类型由HCO3—Na型向Cl—Na型过渡,水岩作用从弱到强,依次发生了溶滤作用、脱硫酸作用和去白云岩化作用,可交换岩石对地下热水18O的贡献比例依次为0%、10%、10%~25%。     

五台山地区地热系统探讨

地热资源包括熔融岩浆、干热岩体和地下热水三部分。内陆山区型地热系统着重于地下热水资源的研究,主要包括热源、媒介、冷热水交换边界、热水道和地下热水富集区等要素。笔者通过对五台山地区地热异常反映、盆地边缘地下热水分布和垂直地温场特征等规律的分析,初步给出了五台山地区地热系统的基本模式。     

河北省遵化市汤泉地下热水赋存特征

汤泉的地下热水历史悠久,人们利用其自然出露的温泉进行洗浴、疗疾已有上千年的历史。其地热资源类型为基岩裂隙型地下热水,热水区的分布受断裂构造控制明显,地温场在平面和垂向上表现为温度不均一。不同方向、不同规模的断裂构造,成为地下热水赋存场所和深循环通道,深部热水沿断裂构造交汇部位上升,形成浅层地下热水异常区。     

漳州盆地地下热水的来源和运移途径的初步研究

本文依据福建沿海一带大地构造情况,在分析了漳州盆地局部地质构造特征、地温场显示特征、地下热水的动态变化以及不同深度地下热水的化学组分之后指出:漳州地热区主要热源来自老断裂的重新活动,地下热水的来源主要是大气降水。阐明了地下热水的入渗途径,其循环深度1500—2000m。结合成因分析,为今后进一步勘探和开发地下热水提出了总体方向。     

河南省地热资源形势及开发利用潜力分析

地热资源是指在某一未来时间内能被经济而合理地取出来的地球表面以下的地下热能.其表现形式可为蒸汽、热水及高温岩体等。河南省目前开发利用以地下热水为主。地下热水形成需有热储层、盖层、流通通道及热源4个因素;可划分隆起带地下热水和沉降带地下热水2种成固类型。1地热资     

昆明地热田马街(Ⅱ)块段地热资源研究

昆明地热田马街(Ⅱ)块段位于昆明滇池旅游度假区至黄土坡一线的昆明盆地西部,目前块段有地下热水开采井46眼,每天实际开采量为4 800 m3/d,全年为175. 2万m3/a,地热水开发用于疗养院、培训中心、度假村的康体、沐浴用水。在昆明滇池旅游度假区一带由于热水井开采集中,井距小于影响半径,近30多年来,地下热水长期过量的开采,导致地下热水水位不断下降,水位年平均降幅超过1. 3 m,说明块段内地下热水补给量和开采量失恒,处于超采状态,将会对地下热水含水层造成影响和破坏,地下热水的开发利用与资源保护的矛盾日趋突出。因此,采取加强地热资源的统一管理,合理规划、科学开采,加强地热资源监测、研究等措施进行管理,合理开发地热资源。     

五台山地区热系统探讨

地热资源包括熔融岩浆、干热岩体和地下热水三部分。内陆山区型地热系统着重于地下热水资源的研究,主要包括热源、煤介、冷热水交换边界、热水道和地下热消沉事集区等要素。笔者通过对五台山地区地热异常反映、盆地边缘地下热水分布和垂直地温场特征等规律的分布,初步给出了五台山地区地热系统的基本模式。     

奇村地热水动态浅析

以奇村地热站六年的实测资料为基础,分析了在短期内疗养区地下热水的水位、水温的变化情况和变化规律,提出了合理开采利用地下热水的建议.     

鲁北平原地温分布的特点及地热资源开发利用的前景

本文依据26口钻井的系统测温数据、1690个油层温度和21口自流热水井的资料,分析鲁两北平原地温场的特点和地下热水的赋存条件,提出地热田的基本模式,评述地区地下热水资源开发利用的前景。     

Hydrogeochemistry and Origin of Thermal Groundwater in Bedrock Aquifers in Tianjin, China

INTRODUCTIONThermalgroundwaterisfoundtohaveoccurredinthebedrockcarbonateaquifersofLowerPaleozoicandMeso toNeo ProterozoicErathemsnearTianjin ,China .Thebedrockaquifersexistinthelayersbetweenabout 10 0 0mandmorethan 4 0 0 0mbelowthelandsurface .Thethermalwaterhasbeensuccessfullydevelopedoverthepast2 0yearstoprovideasourceofhotwaterforavarietyofresidentialandindustri alpurposes.Geothermalwellstappingtheaquifersarecapa bleofproducingcommercialquantitiesofhotwaterwiththetemperaturesranging…     

Impact of groundwater withdrawals on the interaction of multi-layered aquifers in the Viterbo geothermal area (central Italy)

The impact of groundwater withdrawals on the interaction between multi-layered aquifers with different water qualities in the Viterbo geothermal area (central Italy) was studied. In this area, deep thermal waters are used to supply thermal spas and public pools. A shallow overlying aquifer carries cold and fresh water, used for irrigation and the local drinking-water supply. Starting with a conceptual hydrogeological model, two simplified numerical models were implemented: a steady-state flow model of the entire groundwater system, and a steady-state flow and heat transport model of a representative area, which included complex interactions between the aquifers. The impact of increased withdrawals associated with potential future development of the thermal aquifer must be considered in terms of the water temperature of the existing thermal sources. However, withdrawals from the shallow aquifer might also influence the discharge of thermal sources and quality of the water withdrawn from the shallow wells. The exploitation of the two aquifers is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the intervening aquitard, which maintains the delicate hydrogeological equilibrium. Effective methods to control this equilibrium include monitoring the vertical gradient between the two aquifers and the residual discharge of natural thermal springs.     

Heat transfer modelling of the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer,Austria

The impact of groundwater heat pumps on groundwater temperature is simulated by means of a 2D numerical groundwater model in the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer, Austria. The model provides a basis for assessing the regional use of groundwater temperature as an energy source. Since the groundwater table is shallow, the air temperature represents the main source controlling the groundwater temperature. A temperature input function depending on the depth of the groundwater table is delineated from an observed soil temperature profile and the air temperature. Given the diffuse and ubiquitous nature of the heat input, the heat exchange is implemented as a third type boundary condition to enable two-way heat transfer. The temperature of the reinjected water is limited to a decrease of 5 K and an absolute minimum of 5°C by Austrian law. The pumping rates needed to cover the heat requirements of three typical users are determined for selected locations. It is shown that the reduction of the ambient groundwater temperature approximately 300 m downstream of the reinjection wells is less than 0.5°C. Thus it can be concluded that aquifers in similar settings show substantial potential to provide heating and warm water supply for buildings without deteriorating the regional groundwater temperature regime.     

Influence of lithology and fluid flow on the temperature distribution in a sedimentary basin: A case study from the Cold Lake area, Alberta, Canada

A detailed study of the groundwater and terrestrial heat flow was carried out over an area of 23,700 km² west of Cold Lake, Alberta, which is part of the western Canada sedimentary basin. The information for the study was provided from data from 3100 wells drilled in the area. The screening and processing of thousands of stratigraphic picks, drillstem test data, bottom hole temperatures and formation water chemistry data was performed mainly using a specially designed software package. As a result, every stratigraphic unit is characterized by appropriate hydraulic and thermal parameters.

A sequence of aquifers, aquitards and aquicludes was differentiated. The groundwater flow in the Paleozoic aquifers is regional in nature and mainly horizontal. The flow in the Cretaceous aquifers is of intermediate type, mainly downward oriented. In general, the permeability of the Cretaceous and Paleozoic strata has such low values that the fluid velocity is less than 1 cm/yr.

The convective heat transport in the hydrostratigraphic sequence is negligible with respect to the conductive heat transfer, as shown by the Peclet number of the fluid and heat flow in porous media. The flow of the terrestrial heat flux from the Precambrian basement of the sedimentary basin to the atmosphere is controlled by the variability in the thermal properties of the formations in the basin.

The geothermal gradients were computed by hydrostratigraphic unit using a linear regression fit to the temperature data. As expected, they show higher values for the less conductive layers, and lower values for the more conductive ones. The weighted average, or the integral geothermal gradient of the whole sedimentary column, was computed by considering the difference between the temperature measured at the Precambrian basement and the annual average temperature at the surface. The areal distribution of the integral geothermal gradient (with an average of 22.0 mK/m) shows a strong correlation with the lithology.

The areal temperature distribution for each hydrostratigraphic unit was analyzed by mapping the deviation of the measured value from the computed geothermal gradient. The lateral heat flow from warmer to colder areas is one order of magnitude smaller than the vertical heat flow. In the more homogeneous units, the lateral heat flow presents a trend that seems to reflect the geometry and lithology.     

河北省地热地质条件的基本特征与地热资源开发利用问题

河北省地热资源丰富。在河北省三个深部地热地质区的背景下 ,地热资源受控于区域地质构造条件。新生代以来构造拗拉力作用形成了深、中、浅三种类型的断块潜山 ,构成不同类型的地热田。上部以孔隙、孔隙 -裂隙型储热含水层为主 ,下部以岩溶 -裂隙及裂隙型储热含水层为主。对地下热水资源的开发与保护 ,必须坚持可持续发展战略 ,全面规划 ,科学开发。     

重庆市温塘峡背斜地热资源特征

温塘峡背斜是华蓥山帚状穹褶束中的背斜之一,地热水资源丰富,地热显示主要表现为天然温泉和人工温泉2类。通过统计和分析背斜两翼地热钻井的水量、水质和含水层资料,发现该构造主要热储含水层为嘉陵江组四段和二段,次要热储含水层为嘉陵江组三段和一段。水化学类型以硫酸盐型为主,但两翼有所不同,镁钙离子当量浓度比小于1,说明地热水化学成分主要来源于灰岩含水层。水质和水量受地质构造作用控制。温塘峡背斜具备热储盖层、热储层和下部热储隔热隔水层的层状热储结构特征,热储温度表现为西翼和东翼相当。物探测井数据显示,1 700~2 000 m深度处热储温度在26.42~51.7 ℃之间,且自北向南略有升高。研究成果可为温塘峡地热水资源进一步勘查开发提供参考和指导。     

Modeling the effects of the variability of temperature-related dynamic viscosity on the thermal-affected zone of groundwater heat-pump systems

Thermal perturbation in the subsurface produced in an open-loop groundwater heat pump (GWHP) plant is a complex transport phenomenon affected by several factors, including the exploited aquifer’s hydrogeological and thermal characteristics, well construction features, and the temporal dynamics of the plant’s groundwater abstraction and reinjection system. Hydraulic conductivity has a major influence on heat transport because plume propagation, which occurs primarily through advection, tends to degrade following conductive heat transport and convection within moving water. Hydraulic conductivity is, in turn, influenced by water reinjection because the dynamic viscosity of groundwater varies with temperature. This paper reports on a computational analysis conducted using FEFLOW software to quantify how the thermal-affected zone (TAZ) is influenced by the variation in dynamic viscosity due to reinjected groundwater in a well-doublet scheme. The modeling results demonstrate non-negligible groundwater dynamic-viscosity variation that affects thermal plume propagation in the aquifer. This influence on TAZ calculation was enhanced for aquifers with high intrinsic permeability and/or substantial temperature differences between abstracted and post-heat-pump-reinjected groundwater.

     

The effect of possible climate change on natural groundwater recharge based on a simple model: a study of four karstic aquifers in SE Spain

The study presented in this paper constitutes an initial approach to the problematic task of evaluating the effects of possible climate change on natural water recharge to aquifers. To estimate such effects, a purpose-designed mathematical model termed Estimation of Recharge in Over-exploited Aquifers (ERAS) has been used. It enables to simulate the monthly water recharge to an aquifer, provided that prior knowledge of the exploitation to which it is subjected and the variation caused by these two actions on the piezometric level of the aquifer is available. The basic data required for its application are: precipitation, temperature, groundwater extraction, stored groundwater surface and storage coefficient. The main advantage presented by this model is its independence of the mechanism by which water is displaced through the ground and within the unsaturated zone. The ERAS code was applied to four over-exploited karstic aquifers in Alto Vinalopó (Alicante, Spain) with the goal of generating a synthesized series of values for natural groundwater recharge in each of the aquifers for the 100 years of the twentieth century. Each series thus obtained after being grouped into decades was subjected to statistical processing, which revealed that in every case a logarithmically decreasing trend was present.     

储冷对井治理深部矿井热害研究

煤炭开采不断向深部发展,随之而来的热害问题也愈加严重。采用地层储冷技术,利用换能系统及储冷对井,治理井下热害。本文以夹河矿的地质条件、热力学及水力学参数为设计依据,运用数值模拟方法,分析了储冷对井储冷期顶板下40 m等温线和制冷期I-I剖面等温线,从理论上证明了储冷对井用于储冷和制冷的可行性。另外,储冷期末停采停灌期,储冷对井冷水体温度上升曲线分析表明,储冷对井所在储冷含水层具有良好的储冷效果。      

天津地区深层地下热水开采动态分析

深层地下热水由于多年长期开采致使水位持续下降,同时由于每年采暖期和非采暖期的交替开采,水位在下降过程中又呈现周期性的波动。另一方面受温度差异的影响,钻井井口水位并不能反映深层地下热水的实际水位,应对实测水位进行校正,校正后的水位具有复杂的周期性变化和趋势性变化。本研究通过对天津地区深层地下热水开采动态分析,建立趋势项与周期项之和的数学模型来描述水位变化。用线性函数拟合其趋势项,用傅立叶级数拟合其周期项,用Welch法对周期项进行频谱分析,利用最小二乘法确定周期项函数。用校正水位和计算水位的均方差检验拟合结果,结果表明拟合效果好。所建立的数学模型可以用来预测深层地下热水动态变化,预测水位能较好地反映水位变化特点。