福建深沪湾海底古森林及晚更新世牡蛎滩遗迹介绍

福建深沪湾海底古森林及晚更新世牡蛎滩遗迹介绍徐起浩，冯炎基（广东省地震局，广州　５１００７０）（中国科学院广州地理研究所，广州５１００７０）福建深沪湾海底古森林及晚更新世牡蛎滩遗迹位于福建中部晋江半岛南东端深沪湾潮间带，是笔者等于１９８６年在执行国家     

福建深沪湾地区晚更新世中晚期以来的地壳运动

研究表明 ,深沪湾地区晚更新世早中期地壳运动以下沉为主 ,沉积了冲洪积含砾砂粘土层。晚更新世中晚期以来地壳先升后降 ,近 15 0 0aB .P .以来地壳较为稳定。在 (2 5 5 80± 2 4 90 )～15 4 6 0aB .P .期间 ,该区地壳与水动型海平面大致同步升高 ,上升幅度为 8m左右 ,速率达 0 .78mm/a ,深沪湾内生长了古牡蛎。 15 4 6 0～ 110 0 0aB .P .期间 ,该区地壳快速上升 ,上升幅度超过 10m ,速率超过 2mm/a ,形成多个由晚更新世含砾砂粘土构成的低凹洼地 ,古牡蛎滩成为台地。其后地壳稳定 ,在低凹洼地内生长了古森林。 70 0 0aB .P .深沪湾发生了由强古地震导致的地壳快速下沉 ,古森林生长的凹陷洼地变成泻湖环境 ,古牡蛎滩台地与海面很接近。 2 0 0 0aB .P .左右 ,深沪湾又一次发生由强古地震导致的地壳快速下沉 ,古森林下沉到更深的海底 ,古牡蛎滩回到潮间带海域     

导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究

福建深沪湾海底古森林是强古地震遗迹。研究结果表明 ,全新世早期该处海底古森林生长在由松散的晚更新世含砾砂粘土构成的低凹洼地内。距今 70 0 0a左右的强古地震导致古森林沉没于海并形成泻湖环境 ,约距今 2 0 0 0a的又一次强古地震使海底古森林沉没到更深的海底 ,推测这两次古地震的震级都超过 7级     

导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究

福建深沪湾海底古森林是强古地震遗迹.研究结果表明,全新世早期该处海底古森林生长在由松散的晚更新世含砾砂粘土构成的低凹洼地内.距今7 000a左右的强古地震导致古森林沉没于海并形成泻湖环境,约距今2 000a的又一次强古地震使海底古森林沉没到更深的海底,推测这两次古地震的震级都超过7级.     

福建深沪湾海底古森林与全新世强古地震

介绍了深沪湾海底古森林遗迹，指出了海底古森林与古地震的关系，给出了深沪湾全新世强古地震的依据。     

福建深沪湾海底古森林与全新世强古地震

介绍了深沪湾海底古森林遗迹,指出了海底古森林与古地震的关系,给出了深沪湾全新世强古地震的依据.     

晚更新世末期陆架沙漠化环境演化模式的探讨

在对中国陆架古环境研究的基础上,提出晚更新世末期陆架沙漠化的定义、形成的环境背景及其演化过程.通过对海底浅地层剖面仪的测量记录以及钻孔分析资料的研究表明,低海面时出露的陆架平原以干冷的风砂沉积为主,在强劲的古冬季风的作用下,部分出露的海相地层发生解体,发育成沙丘,出现沙漠化环境;细颗粒被吹扬,并在下风头形成衍生沉积。     

晚更新世末期仙女山断裂带和天阳坪断裂带活动的最新证据

依据野外槽探实测的仙女山断裂带和和天阳坪断裂带的地质剖面，通过研究断层堆积与构造岩，新老构造岩变形，断层破裂有其几何特征，断层充填物采样年代鉴定等，获得了两断裂带晚更新世末期活动和古地震的最新证据。     

临潼-长安断裂带晚更新世时期的活动特征

对野外大量断层露头及探槽剖面分析所作表明,临潼—长安断裂带错断晚更新世第一古土壤层0.2~6.0m,平均1.1m,最大活动速率为0.047mm/a。在晚更新世晚期断裂表现为裂缝形式,地层没有明显的错动,断裂活动较弱。晚更新世白鹿塬段断裂活动相对较强。     

福建晋江市前港湖、龙湖等四湖泊的成因机理

对前港湖、龙湖、虺湖、(氵丙)州湖的地理环境进行了实地考察,对钻孔和钻孔岩心沉积相及微体古生物进行了分析,对14C样品进行了年代测定,特别是通过对龙湖湖内和沿岸共78个钻孔岩心的分析,揭示了龙湖及沿岸残坡积层和晚更新世以来的沉积层展布,进而得到了龙湖成湖前的凹陷和发育在凹陷内的古河流环境,最终推断这4个湖泊为全新世晚期地震断塞湖.主要理由是:这4个湖沿衙口-(氵丙)州隐伏断裂(控制深沪湾地堑NW侧边界的断裂)呈线状展布,都为淡水湖;都发育在晚更新统含砾砂黏土及残坡积层构成的凹陷内,成湖前凹陷内有古河流;已发现龙湖湖盆SE近隐伏断裂处的下游古河床被抬高,且高出上游河床3m以上;前港湖、龙湖的最早成湖年龄都为距今2.4ka左右,这个年龄处于全新世晚期的强古地震发生的可能时间区间内,该地震同时导致了深沪湾海底古森林更深沉没于海底;都存在湖坝和可能的地震沉积相.推断上述湖泊是在该古地震时衙口-(氵丙)州断裂NW侧地块翘起掀升堵塞河流形成的地震断塞湖.湖泊形成后,当地盛行的风沙在湖坝处的加积和在地堑内的填积,导致湖坝变宽增高并和地堑沉积连成大致等高的一体,阻挡了湖水的外流,这是使湖泊继续发育并留存至今的重要原因.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物钻探区第四纪以来的沉积演化特征

南海北部神狐海域是我国首次获取海洋天然气水合物实物样品的海域.然而, 陆坡区深水水道和海底峡谷的侵蚀以及频发的沉积物失稳, 将会加剧地层对比和沉积相识别的难度, 导致目前该区域典型地震相-沉积相特征、沉积体类型、成因机制和空间匹配关系等方面还缺少精细的研究, 特别是第四纪以来的沉积演化涉及较少, 区域内水合物形成和分布的沉积地质条件尚不清晰.基于海底地形特征的描述、层序地层格架的对比和地震资料的综合解释, 本次研究在第四纪以来的沉积充填序列中识别出5种典型的地震相类型, 并分析了对应的沉积体类型:进积型的陆坡、第四纪早期发育的小型浊积水道、沉积物失稳(滑移和滑塌)、海底峡谷和伴生的沉积物变形、以及深海沉积-块体流沉积的复合体.通过沉积单元的空间匹配关系, 将沉积演化划分为3个阶段:浊积水道侵蚀-沉积物再沉积阶段、陆坡进积-沉积物失稳阶段、海底峡谷的侵蚀-充填阶段.研究结果表明, 受第四纪早期小型浊积水道的侵蚀, 再沉积的沉积物将在中-下陆坡以"近源"的方式堆积下来, 可能具有相对较好的物性条件, 从而可被视为适于水合物赋存的有利沉积体.进积型陆坡带来的沉积物易于发生失稳, 在研究区内广泛分布, 因其具有较小的沉积物颗粒粒度和较好的垂向连续性, 可被认为是水合物的区域盖层.大量发育的海底峡谷及伴生的沉积物变形, 将会侵蚀和破坏先前沉积的有利沉积体, 使其呈现为"斑状/补丁状"的平面展布特征, 进而影响了神狐海域水合物的分布.因此, 神狐海域第四纪以来的沉积演化是钻探区水合物不均匀性分布的关键控制因素之一.     

南海神狐峡谷群海底沉积物摩擦特性

海底滑坡区沉积物的摩擦特性对滑坡发育具有控制作用, 是海底边坡稳定性评估、滑坡过程中温压场演化及与滑坡相关的水合物成藏规律研究的基础参数.我国南海北部陆坡区不仅赋存着丰富水合物资源, 而且在地质历史上也曾多次发生滑坡作用, 目前仍是潜在的海底滑坡区.为了尽可能了解南海北部滑坡区沉积物的原位摩擦特性, 本文在围压P_c=20 MPa、孔隙压P_p=10 MPa及温度T≈20 ℃条件下, 对采自南海神狐峡谷群的4个沉积物样品开展了三轴准静态摩擦滑动实验.实验结果表明神狐峡谷群浅层沉积物: (1) 均呈现速度强化及位移强化特征; (2) 最大静摩擦系数μ_max为0.460~0.510, 稳态摩擦系数μ_ss为0.455~0.554, 二者的变化趋势较一致; (3) 内聚力c为0.30~0.57 MPa、摩擦角φ为24.5°~27.0°.而神狐峡谷群地形坡度较缓(＜6.8°).现今神狐峡谷群仅在沉积物自重作用下不会发生失稳, 总体上比较稳定.结合峡谷群多期次的滑坡特征以及滑坡体与水合物稳定域底界(通常与似海底反射层(Bottom simulating reflector, 简写BSR)重叠)、气烟囱等构造的空间分布关系, 我们推测: 神狐峡谷群滑坡的形成主要是由于BSR附近地层孔隙压升高、强度降低, 进而导致失稳.BSR附近地层孔隙压升高则可能是由于深部热成因游离气的聚集、BSR附近的水合物在地震等对其温、压场的扰动下分解所致.

     

南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析

分析了天然气水合物分解引起海底斜坡不稳定性的原因,探讨了水合物分解引起沉积物层孔隙压力变化规律.以南海北部神狐海域水合物样品钻获区为研究对象,应用极限平衡法探讨了海底无限斜坡的稳定性问题,计算了设定的不同滑动面的安全系数,建立了目标不稳定区相关参数条件下的水合物分解与海底斜坡不稳定的模式图,模拟计算了不同程度的水合物分解对海底斜坡失稳的影响作用.结果表明：在假设条件下,南海神狐海域当水深为1200 m,沉积物层厚度为200 m,对于20°的较大坡角,沉积物层中5%水合物分解将引起海底斜坡失稳;斜坡坡角为5°时,沉积物层中15%水合物分解后,将会引起海底斜坡失稳;当斜坡坡角为3°或更小时,沉积物层中25%水合物分解后,将会引起海底斜坡失稳.     

Simulation of submarine ground water discharge to a marine estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida

Variable density ground water flow models are rarely used to estimate submarine ground water discharge because of limitations in computer speed, data availability, and availability of a simulation tool that can minimize numerical dispersion. This paper presents an application of the SEAWAT code, which is a combined version of MODFLOW and MT3D, to estimate rates of submarine ground water discharge to a coastal marine estuary. Discharge rates were estimated for Biscayne Bay, Florida, for the period from January 1989 to September 1998 using a three-dimensional, variable density ground water flow and transport model. Hydrologic stresses in the 10-layer model include recharge, evapotranspiration, ground water withdrawals from municipal wellfields, interactions with surface water (canals in urban areas and wetlands in the Everglades), boundary fluxes, and submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay. The model was calibrated by matching ground water levels in monitoring wells, baseflow to canals, and the position of the 1995 salt water intrusion line. Results suggest that fresh submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay may have exceeded surface water discharge during the 1989, 1990, and 1991 dry seasons, but the average discharge for the entire simulation period was only approximately 10% of the surface water discharge to the bay. Results from the model also suggest that tidal canals intercept fresh ground water that might otherwise have discharged directly to Biscayne Bay. This application demonstrates that regional scale variable density models are potentially useful tools for estimating rates of submarine ground water discharge.     

天景山断裂带晚第四纪水平活动强度的分时,分段研究

在野外实测工作基础上，统计归纳了天景山断裂带上的冲沟左旋错动资料，分析了各类冲沟形成年代，对断裂带晚第四纪以来的水平活动强度分布，分段进行了研究，结果表明，断裂带晚更新以来的总体活动强度不大，但从时间和空间分析，各段活动的差异比较明显，平均滑动速率为０．２３～１．６２ｍｍ／ａ。晚更新世早，中期，活动中心位于断裂带西段，平均速率为１．４０ｍｍ／ａ，晚更新世晚期以来，活动中心东移到中段，平均速率为１．     

Beach profile evolution as an inverse problem

Beach evolution models are normally applied in a prognostic fashion, with parameters and boundary conditions estimated from previous experience or other forecasts. Here, we use observations of beach profiles to solve a beach profile evolution equation in an inverse manner to determine model parameters and source function. The data used to demonstrate the method are from Christchurch Bay in Dorset, UK. It was found that there is a significant contribution from diffusive processes to the morphodynamic evolution of the beach profiles and that the development and disappearance of near-shore coastal features such as upper beach berms and inter- and sub-tidal bars are well captured by the source function in the governing equation.     

Structure and evolution of the Bay of Pozzuoli (Italy) using marine seismic reflection data: implications for collapse of the Campi Flegrei caldera

Digital marine seismic reflection data acquired in 1973 in the Bay of Pozzuoli, and recently reprocessed, were used to study the volcanological evolution of the marine sector of Campi Flegrei Caldera during the last 37 ka. In order to gain more information, interpretation also involved estimation of the "pseudo-velocity" and the "pseudo-density" from the resistivity logs of two onshore deep exploration wells. The main results are: (1) discovery of ancient pre-18 ka and post-37 ka submarine and mainly effusive volcanic activity, along coeval emission centers located at the edges of Campi Flegrei Caldera; (2) confirmation that the caldera collapse in the marine sector of Campi Flegrei seems strongly controlled by regional NE–SW and NW–SE structural discontinuities; (3) the finding of at least two episodes of collapse in the bay; and (4) identification of a post-18 ka volcanic deflation phase that has caused about 150–200 m of subsidence in the central sector of the Bay of Pozzuoli in the last 18 ka.Editorial responsibilty: T. Druitt     

Spatial and seasonal aspects of beach stability

Recent work at three contrasting sites in England and Wales has shown characteristics atypical of those frequently reported elsewhere. These differences are:

• (a) Taking each entire beach system there is no uniform trend of erosion or accretion, nor a progressive variation in beach elevation or volume alongshore, from one survey to the next. However, for Swansea Bay the ‘long-term’ (i. e. 18 months) range in profile height along that stretch of coast where the alignment of the beach is normal to the direction of wave approach, correlates well with computed wave energy derived from relevant offshore wave directions.
• (b) While beach variability is greatest during the ‘winter’ (i. e. storm) period there is no overall tendency for a drawdown of sediment from the intertidal zone at that time. Response times are relatively short. Thus high beach levels need not necessarily be associated with ‘summer’ conditions.
• (c) Although in Swansea Bay there is a tendency for the beach height to fluctuate least at mid-tide level this is not true of the other two sites. In no area does sediment eroded from the upper exposed part of the beach regularly appear to be deposited on the lower exposed part, or vice versa.

     

Plastic materials accumulating in Narragansett Bay

A survey of the plastic materials accumulating on a private beach on Conanicut Island, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, indicated that the plastic pollutants were mainly a by-product of recreational activities within the bay and not household, industrial or agricultural refuse. Plastic objects manufactured from polyethylene made up the bulk of the flotsam on the beach.