毕节市北部岩溶地下水水化学特征及影响因素的多元统计分析

本文利用层次聚类分析和因子分析两种多元统计方法探讨了贵州省毕节市岩溶地下水水化学组分特征及影响因素。结果表明:研究区地下水组分浓度变化范围较大,具有明显的空间变异性,其受到地理因素、水岩作用过程、土壤等自然因素、人类活动的影响。这四个影响因素能够解释地下水水化学组分82%的特征,其中,水岩作用过程和人类活动是主要影响因素。地下水中HCO3-、SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解,同时也受到人类采煤活动的影响;Cl-、K+、Na+和NO3-则主要受到人类活动,特别是农业化肥、粪肥、农药施用和生活污水排放等因素的影响。本研究有助于深化对西南岩溶地下水水化学特征的理解,有助于有效预测岩溶地下水污染物来源,且对岩溶区水资源的合理开发利用具有积极的指导意义。     

华北隐伏型煤矿地下水水化学演化多元统计分析

为了阐明采动影响下华北隐伏型煤矿地下水化学演化规律,选取淮北煤田任楼煤矿为研究示范,运用系统聚类与主成分分析法对任楼煤矿不同时期的四含、煤系、太灰与奥灰含水层地下水水样的常规水化学指标（K⁺+Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-与CO₃^2-）开展多元统计分析,从而划分不同水化学类型,进而揭示地下水化学形成条件。研究结果表明：地下水\     

上海某厂区土壤和地下水环境质量评估

对上海某地老厂区土壤和地下水采样、检测,表明土壤重金属元素Cd、As,Pb的含量符合国家《土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）》的一级标准要求,Hg、V、Cu的含量明显受到了污染,Mg、Cd、As、Zn、Pb、Be等金属元素含量水平与本地区的土壤环境背景水平相吻合;地下水中pH、NO3^-,-N,Zn属《地下水质量标准》（GBl4848-93）Ⅰ类,Cl^-和NH3^＋-N属V类,地下水对混凝土无腐蚀性,对钢筋有弱腐蚀性。     

Geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in vicinity of Bhalswa landfill,Delhi, India,using graphical and multivariate statistical methods

A geochemical assessment of groundwater quality and possible contamination in the vicinity of the Bhalswa landfill site was carried out by using a hydrochemical approach with graphical and multivariate statistical methods with the objective of identifying the occurrence of various geochemical processes and understanding the impact of landfill leachates on groundwater quality. Results indicate that nitrate, fluoride and heavy-metal pollution are in an alarming state with respect to the use of groundwater for drinking purposes. Various graphical plots and statistical analyses have been applied to the chemical data based on the ionic constituents, water types, and hydrochemical facies to infer the impact of the landfill on groundwater quality. The statistical analysis and spatial and temporal variations indicate the leaching of contaminants from the landfill to the groundwater aquifer system. The concentrations of heavy metals in the landfill leachates are as follows: Fe (22 mg/l), Mn (~20 mg/l), Cu (~10 mg/l), Pb (~2 mg/l), Ni (0.25 mg/l), Zn (~10 mg/l), Cd (~0.2 mg/l), Cl⁻ (~4,000 mg/l), SO₄²⁻ (~3,320 mg/l), PO₄³⁻ (~4 mg/l), NO₃⁻ (30 mg/l) and fluoride (~50 mg/l); all were much higher than the standards. The study reveals that the landfill is in a depleted phase and is affecting groundwater quality in its vicinity and the surrounding area due to leaching of contaminants.     

基于GIS的地下水水质综合评价模型的设计与开发

结合地下水水质动态变化的特点及现代信息技术发展的需求,提出了基于GIS图形管理技术与时态监测数据库为基础的地下水水质综合评价模型的设计方案。探讨了利用综合指数法和Fuzzy综合评判法进行地下水水质综合评价的过程,并依据现有的规范标准,实现了基于微机系列的地下水水质综合评价模型的软件开发。      

基于GIS的鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水水质的模糊综合评价

开展科学合理的地下水水质评价工作,可以为地下水资源的可持续开发利用和水污染防治提供科学依据,具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。以地下水水质量标准为基础,通过构建科学合理的地下水水质评价指标体系,以GIS为平台,运用模糊综合评价方法对鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水水质进行了综合评价。评价结果表明,盆地北区地下水水质总体上相对较好,不同埋藏深度的地下水水质差异并不很大;盆地南区地下水水质总体上相对北区较差,中、深层地下水水质普遍较差,地下水水质类别主要为IV、V类。     

地下水渗流对冻土区模型桩力学特性的影响分析

为了研究冻土区地下水的渗流效应对桩基的荷载传递规律的影响,考虑到桩身轴力、桩侧冻结应力和桩周土温度对桩基承载力均有影响,依据室内模拟试验,分别模拟了无地下水、桩顶水有温度效应、桩底水有温度效应、桩顶水有温度及渗流效应、桩底水有温度及渗流效应5种不同工况下地下水对冻土桩基承载力的影响。试验结果表明：无论是桩顶水还是桩底水,在接近地下水处,同时有温度效应及渗流效应的轴力值变化比仅有温度效应时的小,当地下水为桩底水时加载后的桩轴力小于地下水为桩顶水时的轴力值;桩底水引起的桩侧冻结应力变化幅度比桩顶水大,地下水的温度效应使得部分冻土温度升高而融化,而地下水的渗流效应进一步增大了冻土融化范围,使得桩基力学特性发生改变,进而影响了桩基承载力。     

Spatial variation assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis(Case Study: Fasa Plain,Iran)

Groundwater is considered as one of the most important sources for water supply in Iran. The Fasa Plain in Fars Province, Southern Iran is one of the major areas of wheat production using groundwater for irrigation. A large population also uses local groundwater for drinking purposes. Therefore, in this study, this plain was selected to assess the spatial variability of groundwater quality and also to identify main parameters affecting the water quality using multivariate statistical techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Water quality data was monitored at 22 different wells, for five years (2009-2014) with 10 water quality parameters. By using cluster analysis, the sampling wells were grouped into two clusters with distinct water qualities at different locations. The Lasso Discriminant Analysis (LDA) technique was used to assess the spatial variability of water quality. Based on the results, all of the variables except sodium absorption ratio (SAR) are effective in the LDA model with all variables affording 92.80% correct assignation to discriminate between the clusters from the primary 10 variables. Principal component (PC) analysis and factor analysis reduced the complex data matrix into two main components, accounting for more than 95.93% of the total variance. The first PC contained the parameters of TH, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Therefore, the first dominant factor was hardness. In the second PC, Cl^-, SAR, and Na⁺ were the dominant parameters, which may indicate salinity. The originally acquired factors illustrate natural (existence of geological formations) and anthropogenic (improper disposal of domestic and agricultural wastes) factors which affect the groundwater quality.     

岩土参数的不确定性及其统计方法

通过诠释土性参数不确定性统计工作的重要性,着手分析、对比了各种统计方法的理论基础和优越性,随后基于近年来国内外相关文献的回顾与整理,系统地总结了有关土性参数变异性方面的研究成果,具体包括试验室指标参数、变形参数、强度参数、固结参数以及原位测试中的静力触探测试值、十字板剪切强度和标准贯入击数。结果表明：传统方法和三 法都是基于随机变量理论,无论如何改进也无法克服模型本身所固有的缺陷;基于随机场理论的方法用更加优越的模型建模土层剖面,显示了强大的生命力,随着原位测试手段的日渐成熟,这一方法必将取代传统方法;图形三 法集理论先进性和适用性于一体,是一种值得推荐的方法。参数变异性的总结显示,试验室指标参数变异性普遍较小、固结参数较大、变形和强度参数以及原位测试各指标位于其中,具体结果还对实际工程中参数的选取、优化以及部分重要工程的可靠性分析具有重要的指导意义。     

黑龙江省三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质研究综述

黑龙江省三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质调查评价项目,是首批国土资源大调查项目之一。此项目已经完成,在水工环境方面取得了重要的成绩。本文对三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质进行了综合研究;提出了本次研究的目的任务及预期目标;对以往工作进行了评述;阐释了研究思路及主要研究方法;系统地总结了本次工作的成果;最后提出了下一步工作建议。     

Effects of land use on the spatial distribution of trace metals and volatile organic compounds in urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea

To investigate the urban groundwater contamination by eight trace metals and 69 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in relation to land use in Seoul, a total of 57 groundwater samples collected from wells were examined using a non-parametric statistical analysis. Land use was classified into five categories: less-developed, residential, agricultural, traffic, and industrial. A comparison of analyzed data with US EPA and Korean standards for drinking water showed that some metals and VOCs exceeded the standards in a few localities, such as Fe (N=5), Mn (N=6), Cu (N=1), TCE (N=6), PCE (N=8), 1,2-DCA (N=1), and 1,2-dichloropropane (N=1). Among the 69 investigated VOCs, 19 compounds such as some gasoline-related compounds (e.g., toluene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g., chloroform, PCE, TCE) were detected in groundwater. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of most trace metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Pb, Cd) and some VOCs (especially, TCE, PCE, chloroform; toluene, carbon tetrachloride, bromodichloromethane, CFC113) are significantly higher in the industrial, residential, and traffic areas (P<0.05), indicating that anthropogenic contamination of urban groundwater by those chemicals is growing. Those chemicals can be used as effective indicators of anthropogenic contamination of groundwater in urban areas and therefore a special attention is warranted for a safe water supply in those areas. The results of this study suggest that urban groundwater quality in urban areas is closely related with land use.     

土地利用影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化特征

为了进一步探讨土地利用方式与地下水水质的关系,在湖南湘西峒河流域采集了包括地下水和地表水的131个样品,在室内进行简分析或全分析,并现场测量了水样的p H、温度和电导率。依据土地利用方式和污染来源将峒河流域的岩溶地下水划分为3种类型: 第一类,不受耕地和居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第二类,受耕地但不受居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第三类,受居民点影响的岩溶地下水。将三类岩溶地下水中K+ 、Na+ 、Cl- 、SO2-4 和NO-3 的浓度从大到小放在一个坐标系中比较,结果显示第三类岩溶地下水的5种离子浓度最大,第二类中等,第一类最低,表明土地利用方式对岩溶地下水水质影响明显。在空间分布上,岩溶地下水离子浓度具有东部和东南、西北较高的特点,表现为一些泉水遭到明显的污染,与这些地方土地利用类型以水田、旱地和农村居民点为主,即与农耕施肥和生活垃圾排放有关。虽然居民点或耕地等土地利用类型目前还没有致使地下水水质超过饮用水标准,但是流域内的饮水安全问题不容忽视。      

海绵城市雨水径流集中入渗对土壤和地下水影响研究进展

中国海绵城市研究的热点主要有海绵城市的内涵、目标、内容和效果,而对可能产生的不利影响缺乏研究。近几年雨水径流集中入渗类设施在中国海绵城市建设中得到广泛应用,但对集中入渗的影响及风险研究严重滞后,不利于中国海绵城市建设的健康发展。因此,从海绵城市雨水径流集中入渗与传统入渗的差异切入,分别从集中入渗对土壤污染与地下水水量水质的影响、集中入渗对土壤与地下水影响的数值模拟、集中入渗污染物的累积效应与风险评价研究等方面,综合评述国内外的研究进展与不足。建议今后从以下4个方面开展进一步研究:①土壤污染风险及其影响因素;②雨水径流集中入渗的土壤污染累积效应;③地下水污染风险预测;④降低地下水污染风险的措施。     

Assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques in the Azmak Spring Zone,Mugla, Turkey

About 150 coastal spring outlets discharging from a karstified carbonate rock aquifer constitute the Azmak streamflow which is slightly brackish with 3000 mg/l of total dissolved solids. In this study, multivariate statistical methods were applied including the use of factor analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis to evaluate groundwater quality of Azmak Spring Zone using eight variables (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO₄, EC₂₅ and B) at 19 water points sampled in the dry and wet seasons. Hydrochemical analysis results revealed that for majority of the sampling points, the abundance of cations and anions were ordered as Na?+?K?>?Mg?>?Ca and Cl?>?SO₄?>?HCO₃?+?CO₃, respectively. Factor analysis results indicated that three factors explain 98% and 91% of the total variance in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Factor 1 was found to be associated with the seawater, factor 2 indicated the effect of fresh water and factor 3 was defined to reflect the effect of seasonal fresh surface water contribution. Cluster analysis results indicated that two main groups and four subgroups could be defined with respect to the ratio of the seawater contribution. Cluster A (A1 and A2) represents the waters affected by seawater while waters less affected by the seawater intrusion are grouped in cluster B (B1 and B2).     

福建厦门市地下水质量及开发利用建议

地下水质量和污染问题已成为制约城市发展的重要因素。该文对厦门市平原区地下水的有机和无机化学组分进行了系统全面的分析,根据"地下水标准"和"矿泉水标准"对地下水质量进行了综合评价。研究表明：厦门市地下水质量总体一般,可以直接饮用的水占22.9%,经过适当处理可以饮用的水占59.8%,不能饮用的占17.3%。有益人体健康的H2SiO3、Sr微量组分在地下水中含量普遍较高。在采集的87组样品中,有17组高H2SiO3或Sr元素地下水优于"地下水标准"Ⅲ类水标准和"矿泉水标准"相关标准,为兼有饮用和医疗价值的优质天然矿泉水。影响地下水质量的主要因子为pH值和Mn、Fe等与原生地质环境有关的无机组分,以及由人类活动引起污染的无机组分NO3-、Pb和有机组分二氯甲烷等。基于"优质优用,按需开采"的原则,从居民饮水安全的角度,对厦门市地下水开发利用提出科学有序开采优质矿泉水、适度开采水质优良水、应急利用原生水质较差水的建议。     

Water pollution sources assessment by multivariate statistical methods in the Tahtali Basin,Turkey

In this study, multivariate statistical methods including factor, principal component and cluster analysis were applied to surface water quality data sets obtained from the Tahtali River Basin, Turkey. Factor and principal components analysis results revealed that surface water quality was mainly controlled by agricultural uses and domestic discharges. Cluster analysis generated two clusters. Based on the locations of the sites consisted by each cluster and variable concentrations at these stations, it was concluded that agricultural discharges strongly affected north and northeast part of the region. These methods are believed to assist water managers to understand complex nature of water quality issues and determine priorities to improve water quality.     

Linking groundwater quality to residence times and regional geology in the St. Lawrence Lowlands,southern Quebec,Canada

The assessment of groundwater quality in shallow aquifers is of high societal relevance given that large populations depend directly on these water resources. The purpose of this study was to establish links between groundwater quality, groundwater residence times, and regional geology in the St. Lawrence Lowlands fractured bedrock aquifer. The study focuses on a 4500 km² watershed located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands of the province of Quebec in eastern Canada. A total of 150 wells were sampled for major, minor, and trace ions. Tritium (³H) and its daughter element, ³He, as well as radiocarbon activity (A¹⁴C) were measured in a subset of wells to estimate groundwater residence times. Results show that groundwater evolves from a Ca–HCO₃ water type in recharge zones (i.e., the Appalachian piedmont) to a Na–HCO₃ water type downgradient, toward the St. Lawrence River. Locally, barium (Ba), fluoride (F), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations reach 90, 2, 18, and 5.9 mg/L respectively, all exceeding their respective Canadian drinking water limits of 1, 1.5, 0.3, and 0.05 mg/L. Release of these elements into groundwater is mainly controlled by the groundwater redox state and pH conditions, as well as by the geology and the duration of rock–water interactions. This evolution is accompanied by increasing ³H/³He ages, from 4.78 ± 0.44 years upgradient to more than 60 years downgradient. Discrepancies between calculated ³H/³He and ¹⁴C water ages (the latter ranging from 280 ± 56 to 17,050 ± 3410 years) suggest mixing between modern water and paleo-groundwater infiltrated through subglacial recharge when the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered the study area, and during the following deglaciation period. A linear relationship between ³H activity and corrected ¹⁴C versus Mg/Ca and Ba support a direct link between water residence time and the chemical evolution of these waters. The Ba, F, Fe, and Mn concentrations in groundwater originate from Paleozoic rocks from both the St. Lawrence Platform and the Appalachian Mountains. These elements have been brought to the surface by rising hydrothermal fluids along regional faults, and trapped in sediment during their deposition and diagenesis due to reactions with highly sulfurous and organic matter-rich water. Large-scale flow of meltwater during subglacial recharge and during the subsequent retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet might have contributed to the leaching of these deposits and their enrichment in the present aquifers. This study brings a new and original understanding of the St. Lawrence Lowlands groundwater system within the context of its geological evolution.     

Identification of groundwater contamination sources in Dindugal district of Tamil Nadu,India using GIS and multivariate statistical analyses

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the groundwater quality in Dindugal district of Tamil Nadu based on the water quality index by geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis. This area consists of 80 functional tanneries around Dindigul town with a capacity to process about 200 Mt of hides and skins as leather. In 13 villages, as many as 1090 houses were damaged by tannery contamination. A total of 66 groundwater samples were collected to identify the geochemical sources and contamination. The order of major cations is Na > Ca > Mg > K, while that of anions is Cl > SO₄ > HCO₃ > F > PO₄. CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and (CaHCO₃)₂ types suggested that the mixing of high-salinity water was caused by irrigation return flow, domestic wastewater, and septic tank effluents, with existing water followed by ion exchange reactions. Moreover, Gibbs plots indicated that groundwater contamination was derived from the weathering of granitic gneisses as well as the leaching of evaporated and crystallized ions from agricultural and industrial effluents. The water quality index (WQI) exhibited 8 % of the groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking purpose. The GIS maps showed that the poor water quality decreased toward the southern part of the study area. WQI of TDS, fluoride, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate were high in groundwater. Multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA)) suggested that the groundwater chemistry was changed by the weathering of source rocks ion exchange and leaching of inorganic components and addition from anthropogenic effluents. Finally, it is thought that the monitoring and assessment works are very useful to understand the degree and sources of groundwater contamination.     

基于GIS的煤矿地质测量信息分类编码技术

综合煤矿地质测量信息的专业特性及信息表示的几何特征(主要包括点、线、面等),按专题图层对煤矿地质测量的实体对象进行分类与编码,形成了一套基于GIS的煤矿地质测量信息分类编码体系。该体系具有遵循矿山基础信息的相关国家标准,兼顾数字绘图和空间分析原则,便于面向对象的程序设计等特点。     

河流污水非饱和入渗对沿岸地下水质的影响

在分析河流污水非饱和入渗过程和输移机理的基础上,建立了河流污水非饱和入渗对沿岸土壤及地下水质影响的预测预报模型。该模型将水力传导率分离为饱和水力传导率项和相对水力传导率项,并运用全隐式差分和时间中心差分格式分别离散,计算过程中根据土壤饱和度调用不同格式,克服真解波动和耗散现象。取得了良好效果。以江苏省徐州市奎河的徐村和黄桥河段污水中的保守性污染因子Cl-和非保守性污染因子氮为例,研究非饱和入渗污染物在土壤及地下水中迁移转化过程的模拟模型参数,运用所率定的参数进行预测计算,计算值与相关的实测值进行对比分析,结果表明,两者吻合良好。