北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及精度分析

实时GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)技术必须使用实时的高精度卫星精密轨道和钟差。本文研究了精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及策略,并利用滤波算法实现了北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合估计算法。仿真实时试验结果显示:获得的北斗/GPS实时钟差与GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差(GBM)的标准差在0.15 ns左右;使用该钟差进行GPS动态PPP试验,收敛后水平精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于10 cm;使用仿真实时钟差进行的北斗动态PPP与使用GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差开展的试验相比精度相当,可实现分米级定位。     

融合SISRE的卫星高度角定权模型及PPP应用性能分析

在GNSS高精度定位中,观测量定权方式的选择影响着定位的性能,特别是对于实时精密单点定位,由于各个卫星实时轨道及钟差改正数的精度不同,PPP的定位解算性能会受到不同的影响.据此采用融合SISRE的方式将不同卫星轨道及钟差精度信息加入到卫星高度角定权模型中,通过对56个测站单天观测数据进行仿实时PPP实验可以发现,融合S...     

GPS/BeiDou/Galileo/GLONASS实时精密卫星钟差估计

基于GNSS(global navigation satellite system)非差观测量,利用双线程钟差加密的方法,本文实现了导航卫星实时钟差的逐秒更新。通过选取全球均匀分布的76个参考站对四系统钟差进行联合估计,并从实时轨道精度,解算效率,钟差精度和精密单点定位(precision point positioning,PPP)定位结果对该系统进行分析和评估。结果表明,GPS预报轨道径向精度为2.3 cm,GLONASS和Galileo预报轨道径向精度为3 cm和3.5 cm,北斗GEO、IGSO、MEO卫星预报轨道径向精度分别为31 cm,17 cm和5.3 cm;钟差统计结果表明,GPS实时钟差精度优于0.2 ns,GLONASS钟差精度优于0.4 ns,Galileo钟差精度优于0.3 ns,受轨道影响,北斗GEO实时钟差精度为0.6～1.0 ns,IGSO钟差精度为0.4～0.7 ns,MEO钟差精度为0.3～0.4 ns;PPP定位结果表明,解算钟差定位精度与事后钟差定位结果相当,平面精度在3 cm以下,高程精度在5 cm以下。     

基于RT-PPP的低轨卫星实时高精度时间同步方法

实现低轨导航增强的关键前提是实现低轨星座的整网时间同步,本文针对低轨导航增强系统,提出了一种基于实时精密单点定位(RT-PPP)的低轨卫星高精度时间同步方法,以解决低轨星座实时高精度时间同步的问题. 本文分析了在处理过程中存在的各类误差,介绍了低轨卫星采用状态空间(SSR)改正信息通过精密单点定位(PPP)实现实时高精度时间同步方法的处理流程,将此方法应用于气象、电离层与气候星座观测系统(COSMIC)卫星实测数据的处理,并将该方法与采用广播星历伪距的方法以及事后精密星历的方法进行了比较分析. 结果表明:采用SSR改正信息PPP的方式对2颗COSMIC卫星进行GPS双频观测值的解算,得到的轨道误差的标准差在分米级,钟差误差标准差分别在2.4 ns和2.3 ns左右,可以达到纳秒级. 通过对不同方法解算的结果进行比较可以看出,采用SSR改正信息PPP的方法明显优于采用广播星历伪距方法的解算精度,且与事后精密星历PPP的方法解算精度相当.      

BDS-3实时精密单点定位精度分析

基于武汉大学自主研发的GNSS高精度数据处理软件PANDA,本文采用MGEX网测站BDS-2/BDS-3连续一周的观测数据,通过仿实时处理BDS-3精密轨道与钟差产品进行BDS-3卫星实时精密轨道产品重叠弧段评估,实时轨道径向精度优于10 cm,实时钟差STD优于0.3 ns。在此基础上验证分析了BDS-2、BDS-3及BDS-2+BDS-3融合的实时静态PPP与实时动态PPP定位。试验结果表明：BDS-3静态PPP定位精度水平优于2 cm,高程优于4 cm;BDS-2+BDS-3联合实时动态PPP收敛时间相较BDS-2分别提升了约38.2%、75.0%、49.7%;收敛后E方向精度优于3 cm,N方向精度优于2 cm,平均提升了38.2%,高程方向精度优于6 cm,平均提升了64%。     

利用非差观测量估计北斗卫星实时精密钟差

研究并实现了基于非差观测量的北斗卫星实时钟差估计算法,利用全球53个多模全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)实验跟踪网(multi-GNSS experiment,MGEX)站的北斗与全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)观测数据进行实时钟差估计,分析了实时钟差产品的精度与定位性能。多天统计结果表明,本文生成的GPS实时钟差与事后钟差符合较好,精度优于0.07ns,略低于事后钟差产品,验证了基于非差观测量的实时钟差估计软件的处理精度。本文解算的北斗实时钟差的精度为0.1~0.15ns,略低于GPS卫星。基于实时钟差进行模拟动态精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)实验,北斗与GPS在水平方向的定位精度为0.041m和0.058m,高程方向的精度为0.069m和0.037m,定位结果分别与事后钟差解算的结果符合较好,表明实时钟差与事后钟差差异不大。     

广域实时精密定位与时间服务系统

广域实时精密定位与时间服务已成为GNSS应用领域研究热点,目前国内外学者围绕其模型算法已展开大量的研究。本文重点论述广域实时精密定位与时间服务数据的处理方法和服务系统,给出了基于不同基准约束的卫星钟差解算数学模型,提出通过引入外接原子钟测站、标准时间源(UTC/BDT)等不同时间基准,构建卫星拟稳基准、外接原子钟跟踪站拟稳基准及标准时间源等约束下的钟差解算模型,分析了时间基准对精密单点定位和精密单点授时的影响。本文采用实时卫星轨道、钟差、相位偏差、电离层延迟等服务产品及跟踪站实时数据,验证了系统产品可靠性及终端定位与时间服务性能。实测结果表明:GPS轨道径向精度1.8 cm,钟差STD精度约0.05 ns;BDS-3轨道径向精度6.7 cm,钟差STD精度优于0.1 ns;GPS和BDS-2电离层改正精度分别为0.74 TECU与1.03 TECU。基于该产品实现了用户端PPP、PPP-RTK及PPT、PPT-RTK服务,满足了用户实时厘米级定位和优于0.5 ns的单站时间传递服务,当采用GPS+BDS-2 PPP-RTK解算时,平面收敛至5 cm约需要12 min。     

北斗卫星钟差近实时估计模型及其实现

为更快地获取高可靠性、高精度的天顶对流层延迟,提出了选择历元间差分与非差组合模型为函数模型,对BDS/GPS钟差参数采用近实时方式进行估计。为此,从全球范围内均匀选取45个MGEX跟踪站,使用GFZ的超快速轨道产品为钟差估计提供初始轨道信息,并以事后产品为参考值。试验结果表明,GPS实时钟差的精度优于0.06 ns,略低于事后钟差估计精度,三类BDS卫星的实时钟差估计精度均在0.04~0.08 ns,其中GEO卫星的准实时钟差精度略低于IGSO和MEO卫星,满足近实时天顶对流层延迟估计的需求。     

基于非差观测量的BDS+GPS近实时钟差估计

卫星钟差的难预测性是影响实时高精度定位的重要因素之一。为快速获得高精度位置或对流层等信息,在非差观测模型的基础上,本文提出了一种延迟量约1 h的近实时钟差估计策略,该策略主要包含超快速轨道解算和钟差估计两部分。经验证,预报部分第2~5 h的GPS轨道三维平均精度为3.85 cm,BDS GEO和IGSO+MEO轨道三维平均精度分别为81.4和21.74 cm。基于超快速轨道可获得近实时钟差精度GPS为0.054 ns,BDS为0.12 ns。最后通过BDS+GPS静态PPP试验验证了轨道和钟差的可用性。     

非差导航卫星实时/事后精密钟差估计

研究了导航卫星精密钟差的估计算法,实现了基于非差载波相位观测值的实时和事后精密卫星钟差的解算,并与IGS分析中心提供的精密钟差产品进行了比较。结果表明,采用自编软件解算的事后精密卫星钟差与IGS最终精密钟差产品具有较好的一致性,其互差仅为0.05ns左右;实时估计结果与CODE提供的事后钟差产品符合较好,二者差异为0.1ns左右。     

基于GNSS精密单点定位的高精度云平台授时

采用GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)技术和时钟驯服技术,构建了基于PPP的云平台高精度授时方案,研制了搭载多系统GNSS接收机板卡、恒温晶振(OCXO)和数字信号处理器(DSP)的授时原理样机。利用协同精密定位平台分析中心(武汉)提供的5 s间隔卫星轨道和钟差产品,采用PPP技术实时解算授时终端坐标和钟差,通过驯服恒温晶振输出亚纳秒精度的1 PPS,实现了长时间高精度的授时能力。本文通过短基线比较和与UTC绝对时间基准比较,验证了精密单点授时精度(RMS)优于1 ns。     

A reference station-based GNSS computing mode to support unified precise point positioning and real-time kinematic services

Currently, the GNSS computing modes are of two classes: network-based data processing and user receiver-based processing. A GNSS reference receiver station essentially contributes raw measurement data in either the RINEX file format or as real-time data streams in the RTCM format. Very little computation is carried out by the reference station. The existing network-based processing modes, regardless of whether they are executed in real-time or post-processed modes, are centralised or sequential. This paper describes a distributed GNSS computing framework that incorporates three GNSS modes: reference station-based, user receiver-based and network-based data processing. Raw data streams from each GNSS reference receiver station are processed in a distributed manner, i.e., either at the station itself or at a hosting data server/processor, to generate station-based solutions, or reference receiver-specific parameters. These may include precise receiver clock, zenith tropospheric delay, differential code biases, ambiguity parameters, ionospheric delays, as well as line-of-sight information such as azimuth and elevation angles. Covariance information for estimated parameters may also be optionally provided. In such a mode the nearby precise point positioning (PPP) or real-time kinematic (RTK) users can directly use the corrections from all or some of the stations for real-time precise positioning via a data server. At the user receiver, PPP and RTK techniques are unified under the same observation models, and the distinction is how the user receiver software deals with corrections from the reference station solutions and the ambiguity estimation in the observation equations. Numerical tests demonstrate good convergence behaviour for differential code bias and ambiguity estimates derived individually with single reference stations. With station-based solutions from three reference stations within distances of 22–103 km the user receiver positioning results, with various schemes, show an accuracy improvement of the proposed station-augmented PPP and ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions with respect to the standard float PPP solutions without station augmentation and ambiguity resolutions. Overall, the proposed reference station-based GNSS computing mode can support PPP and RTK positioning services as a simpler alternative to the existing network-based RTK or regionally augmented PPP systems.     

PPP网解UPD模糊度固定的无基站差分大型CORS站整网快速精密解算

本文利用“国家基准一期工程”和上千全国部分省市CORS站的GNSS观测资料,基于PPP网解UPD模糊度固定技术实现了区域内无基站差分毫米级定位以及上千全国CORS站整网一次快速精密解算,这对于保障国家应急测绘快速响应、实现灾区基准快速建立以及快速获取和恢复国家统一坐标框架基准站坐标等具有重要的实用价值意义。首先,选取2015年8月1—31日198个国家GNSS连续运行基准站计算卫星端的宽巷、窄巷UPD,采用PPP网解UPD模糊度固定技术,对这些GNSS测站的载波相位进行模糊度固定:宽巷模糊度31 d固定率平均值在80%以上的测站共有193个;窄巷模糊度31 d固定率平均值在60%以上的测站共有165个。其次,对PPP整网一次快速解算定位结果进行统计分析,结果表明:31 d整网解算在NEU 3个方向的RMS分别为2.8、3.9、5.3 mm;标准差分别为2.1、3.2、6.7 mm。再者,使用中国区域内5个IGS观测站进行无基站差分精密定位,与SOPAC单天解ITRF2008框架下历元坐标的对比分析表明,31 d单日解外符合精度水平及高程方向均相差在毫米量级。最后,利用上述GNSS基准站解算出来的卫星端的宽、窄巷UPD(31 d),依次对2015年8月1—31日全国及部分省市1195个CORS站观测数据进行载波相位模糊度固定,得到无模糊度的精确相位观测值,从而使法方程中待估模糊度参数减少,克服了基准站网规模和测站个数的限制,实现了上千CORS站整网一次快速解算,对31 d月平均解与国际知名软件GAMIT/GLOBK的双差月解结果(2015年国家基础测绘任务成果)进行比较,结果显示,NEU 3个方向上差异在1 cm以内的测站分别为99.92%、99.33%、79.83%,其中U方向相差在1.5 cm为93.22%。综上所述,PPP网解UPD模糊度固定技术的方法,确保了区域内无基站精密定位、大网快速解算的精度和效率,能够满足灾区及国家坐标框架基准站坐标快速解算与恢复的迫切需求。     

A grid-based tropospheric product for China using a GNSS network

Tropospheric delay accounts for one source of error in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). To better characterize the tropospheric delays in the temporal and spatial domain and facilitate the safety-critical use of GNSS across China, a method is proposed to generate a grid-based tropospheric product (GTP) using the GNSS network with an empirical tropospheric model, known as IGGtrop. The prototype system generates the GTPs in post-processing and real-time modes and is based on the undifferenced and uncombined precise point positioning (UU-PPP) technique. GTPs are constructed for a grid form (\(2.0{^{\circ }}\times 2.5{^{\circ }}\) latitude–longitude) over China with a time resolution of 5 min. The real-time GTP messages are encoded in a self-defined RTCM3 format and broadcast to users using NTRIP (networked transport of RTCM via internet protocol), which enables efficient and safe transmission to real-time users. Our approach for GTP generation consists of three sequential steps. In the first step, GNSS-derived zenith tropospheric delays (ZTDs) for a network of GNSS stations are estimated using UU-PPP. In the second step, vertical adjustments for the GNSS-derived ZTDs are applied to address the height differences between the GNSS stations and grid points. The ZTD height corrections are provided by the IGGtrop model. Finally, an inverse distance weighting method is used to interpolate the GNSS-derived ZTDs from the surrounding GNSS stations to the location of the grid point. A total of 210 global positioning system (GPS) stations from the crustal movement observation network of China are used to generate the GTPs in both post-processing and real-time modes. The accuracies of the GTPs are assessed against with ERA-Interim-derived ZTDs and the GPS-derived ZTDs at 12 test GPS stations, respectively. The results show that the post-processing and real-time GTPs can provide the ZTDs with accuracies of 1.4 and 1.8 cm, respectively. We also apply the GTPs in real-time kinematic GPS PPP, and the results show that the convergence time of the PPP solutions is shortened. These results confirm that the GTPs can act as an efficient information source to augment GNSS positioning over China.     

Resolution of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with daily observations

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in geodetic and geodynamic applications. Although its accuracy is almost comparable with network solutions, the east component of the PPP results is still to be improved by integer ambiguity fixing, which is, up to now, prevented by the presence of the uncalibrated phase delays (UPD) originating in the receivers and satellites. In this paper, it is shown that UPDs are rather stable in time and space, and can be estimated with high accuracy and reliability through a statistical analysis of the ambiguities estimated from a reference network. An approach is implemented to estimate the fractional parts of the single-difference (SD) UPDs between satellites in wide- and narrow-lane from a global reference network. By applying the obtained SD-UPDs as corrections to the SD-ambiguities at a single station, the corrected SD-ambiguities have a naturally integer feature and can therefore be fixed to integer values as usually done for the double-difference ones in the network mode. With data collected at 450 stations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) through days 106 to 119 in 2006, the efficiency of the presented ambiguity-fixing strategy is validated using IGS Final products. On average, more than 80% of the independent ambiguities could be fixed reliably, which leads to an improvement of about 27% in the repeatability and 30% in the agreement with the IGS weekly solutions for the east component of station coordinates, compared with the real-valued solutions. An erratum to this article can be found at     

利用GNSS数据分析大港验潮站地壳沉降

青岛大港验潮站的地壳沉降关系到该站平均海平面的绝对变化,因而也就关系到我国高程基准面的变化。本文利用青岛GNSS基准站约10年的观测数据对该站的地壳沉降变化进行分析。首先将青岛GNSS基准站纳入由50个国际IGS站和43个国内陆态网络基准站组成的全球网中,进行单日松弛解和单日约束解解算,获得该站坐标时间序列。然后对该站垂向坐标时间序列进行分析,利用粗差探测、偏差探测、趋势项分析、频谱分析等方法对粗差、偏差、趋势项和周期项进行探测、分析,并通过时间序列模型估计获得时间序列中的周期项振幅和偏差估值。分析表明青岛GNSS基准站垂直方向近一段时间未发现存在显著性的地壳沉降变化,但受到比较明显的周年和半周年周期变化影响。结合青岛大港验潮站验潮数据分析结果得出结论:青岛大港验潮站平均海平面的绝对上升速率是1.62mm/a。     

高性能原子钟钟差建模及其在精密单点定位中的应用

鉴于当前许多IGS跟踪站均配置有高性能原子钟的现状,本文首先采用修正Allan方差法分析了不同IGS跟踪站的接收机钟随机噪声的时域特性,进而评估了不同类型接收机的短期稳定度及钟差建模的可行性,然后利用IGS站配有氢原子钟的观测数据,在精密单点定位算法中,通过对钟差参数进行短时建模约束接收机钟差的随机变化,进而改进精密单点定位(PPP)的定位性能。试验结果表明钟差建模方法显著降低了高程分量参数、天顶对流层延迟参数与接收机钟差参数之间的相关性,GNSS高程分量的精度可提高50%。该方法对于提升PPP技术在地壳形变监测、低轨卫星定轨、水汽监测及预报等高精度GNSS地学领域的应用水平具有一定意义。     

区域CORS网坐标时间序列周期特征分析

通过精密单点定位的方法获取了区域CORS网各基准站的坐标时间序列,并利用最大似然估计法和频谱分析法对其32个基准站坐标时间序列的周期特征进行了分析,获取了各基准站年周期、半年周期的振幅和相位值,以及各基准站的周期功率谱图。结果表明:GNSS基准站坐标时间序列不仅存在线性变化,还存在周期性变化,其中以U方向表征最为明显,与双差定位获得的坐标时间序列周期特性分析结果一致,说明以精密单点定位获取的GNSS基准站坐标时间序列是可靠的,可以用来分析基准站的变化特征。     

精密单点定位用户自主式完备性监测算法

精密单点定位PPP是当前GNSS高精度定位中的关键技术之一,使用的PPP采用扩展卡尔曼滤波估计,未知参数包括站点坐标,接收机钟差,对流层延迟以及虚拟未知数。在QR奇偶检校法的基础上,重点考察设计矩阵向量间的相关距离,将其作为粗差探测和识别的研究对象。通过向量相关距离时间序列,可以区分单个粗差和多个粗差的粗差集。提出精密单点定位的RAIM算法,解决了精密单点定位中的质量控制问题,使得多个粗差的识别更加清晰和快捷。     

西龙池上水库GPS变形监测系统研究及实现

为了实现对西龙池上水库变形的连续、自动化监测,研制了GPS变形监测软件DDMS,建立了西龙池上水库连续运行监测系统。1a的运行表明,系统具有较高的稳定性,DDMS在观测数据无缺失的情况下,提供有效解的概率高于98%。该软件2h时段解在N、E、U方向的重复性分别为1.2mm、0.9mm、2.2mm,4h时段解算N、E、U方向的重复性为0.8mm、0.7mm、1.5mm。利用本文实现的GPS监测系统可进行高效率的实时、自动化、高精度大坝变形监测。