Differences between Marine and Terrestrial Shale Gas Accumulation: Taking Longmaxi Shale Sichuan Basin and Yanchang Shale Ordos Basin as Examples

<正>1 Introduction With the rapid development of theory and practice,shale gas has gradually become an important part in diversified energy structure.Though a lot of research have been done mainly for shale gas exploration prospects,geological conditions and shale gas accumulation have been analyzed and summarized,prospective resources have been preliminarily predicted,and favorable exploration and     

福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩气藏特征及启示

福特沃斯盆地Newark East页岩气田是美国第一大页岩气田,代表了一个集烃源岩、储层和盖层等成藏体系所有关键要素存在于同一套页岩层的非常规天然气藏--页岩气藏.根据研究资料,对福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩气藏的特征进行了分析,包括页岩厚度、有机质类型及丰度、成熟度、孔渗和裂缝特征以及含气量等指标,重点研究了Newark East页岩气田的特征,该气田具有页岩层相对较厚、有机质丰度高、热成熟度高和被致密碳酸盐岩包围的特征.最后得出Newark East气田Barnett页岩气藏的气藏模式,并认为该页岩气藏的特征、模式在马拉松-沃希托、阿巴拉契亚逆冲褶皱带前缘的前陆盆地中具有普遍意义.     

油页岩开采模式

随着世界石油市场高油价时代来临,原来高成本的油页岩生产变得经济,油页岩已成为非常重要的替代能源。由于受诸多因素限制,常规油页岩开采方法成本较高。基于我国油页岩埋藏条件及其物理力学性质,分析国内外非常规油页岩开采以及相关的试验,提出了2种开采模式——油页岩原位开采与钻孔水力开采。     

Research Progress in Shale Nanopores

With the rise of shale oil and gas exploration and great success of North American shale oil and gas development in recent years, the study of gas shale reservoir pores gets more and more attention. The pore diameters of shale reservoirs are mainly in nano-scale which are different from conventional reservoirs, and they can not be evaluated by conventional methods. On the basis of the research on the classification of shale pore types and nanopore characterization techniques, qualitative and quantitative nanopore characterization methods were classified and summarized. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods as well as application scopes were summarized. Qualitative characterization methods can obtain the morphologic information, connectivity and filling conditions of shale pores directly by focused ion beam milling scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, broad ion beam scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and Nano-CT. Quantitative characterization methods can measure pore diameters, pore distribution and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption experiments, carbon dioxide adsorption experiments, mercury injection experiments, small-angle neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The factors that control nanopore developments and the effects of nanopore on shale gas accumulation were discussed. The nanopore developments are related to total organic carbon content, clay minerals content, carbonate content and thermal maturity. Nanopores have influences on shale gas storage capacity, occurrences of shale gas and seepage mechanisms. Frontier research and development directions were proposed. In the aspect of nanopore characterization techniques of shales, the accuracy and efficiency of the experiments and three dimensional imaging technology should be improved constantly. Qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques should be combined. As to the evaluation of shale nanopore reservoirs, the factors that control nanopore developments, shale gas storing and producing and nanopores characterization and evaluation of continental heterogeneous shale are the key issues for further research.     

黑色页岩与土壤重金属污染

本文利用ICP—MS等技术分析了湘中地区黑色页岩及其相应土壤的重金属含量,在对分析结果进行统计分析的基础上,探讨了黑色页岩与土壤重金属污染的关系。研究表明,黑色页岩是富集多种重金属元素的特殊岩石。以黑色页岩岩系为母岩的土壤,不仅明显富集Cu、Cd、Cr、Co、Pb、Zn、Mo、Ni、V、U、Sn、Sb、T1、Th等多种重金属元素,而且受到Mo、Sb、Cd、U、Tl、Cu、V、Sn、Th等重金属的污染,其中以Mo、Cd、Sb、U、Tl等的污染尤为严重。黑色页岩土壤重金属污染在一些地方已产生明显的负面环境效应,值得关注。     

富有机质的黑色页岩和油页岩的有机岩石学特征与生、排烃意义

用近代有机岩石学与有机地球化学分析相结合的方法，对比研究了我国四川盆地等下古生界富有机质沉积的海相黑色页岩,和渤海湾盆地下第三系湖相油页岩的显微有机组成特征与热演化生烃、排烃作用的关系。观测分析结果表明:黑色页岩热演化程度很高，目前热解烃含量很低，但残余有机碳含量达1％～3％，黑色页岩中保存了早期生油阶段由无定型有机质生油作用转化而形成的微粒体有机质，和未排出的石油演变而来的残余沥青，表明其为原始生烃性能很好的烃源岩。根据黑色页岩中微粒体和残余沥青的含量，可用来了解已生—排烃量和再沉降埋深过程中古油藏储层沥青、微粒体和残余沥青再生气对古生界碳酸盐气藏的贡献。富有机质沉积的下第三系湖相油页岩热演化程度不高，游离烃（S1为0.2～1.4 mg/g）和热解烃（S2为8～44 mg/g），有机碳含量达2.4％～8％，是生油性能很好的烃源岩，油页岩中不仅存在强荧光的藻和无定型有机质，而且油页岩的纹层中广泛存在富有机质的荧光沥青，反映了有利于排烃运移的信息，表明是本区生油贡献最大的烃源岩。富有机质黑色页岩和油页岩的沉积结构构造特征、有机质的赋存形式、热演化中变化过程的对比观察结果表明:其生烃、排烃作用既有很多相似性，又有一定差别。     

延安周边地区页岩地球化学特征及页岩油潜力评价

延安周边地区长7泥页岩地层中获得工业油流,使得针对该地区的勘探工作开始审视页岩油目标。基于此,开展了系统化的烃源岩品质评价工作以及页岩油气潜力分析工作,以期为深入的页岩油勘探提供参考。研究表明,研究区页岩有机质丰度整体较高,平均总有机碳含量4.05%;有机质类型主体为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ₁型及Ⅱ₂型;整体进入了生油窗,处于成熟生油的热演化阶段。页岩的物质来源为陆地与湖泊的混合来源,其整体上沉积于弱还原弱氧化环境。三类有机质中,有机质含量越高,则其生烃能力也越强;Ⅰ型有机质的生烃能力最大、Ⅱ₁型有机质次之,Ⅱ₂型有机质相对最小。Ⅰ型有机质、Ⅱ₁型有机质及Ⅱ₂型有机质,页岩油含量即总游离烃量分别为10.30 mg/g、8.99 mg/g、8.14 mg/g。页岩油相态以游离态为主,吸附态相对较少。可动用性方面,页岩油的可动用资源集中于Ⅰ型有机质,Ⅱ₁型有机质可动用较差,Ⅱ₂型有机质可动用性极差。在综合勘探潜力方面,最适于进行页岩油勘探的对象是Ⅰ型有机质,其次为Ⅱ₁型有机质。Ⅱ₂型有机质基本无页岩油勘探潜力。     

海相高过成熟页岩芳烃特征及页岩气意义

为了合理评价我国南方下古生界页岩有机质热演化程度,研究其与页岩含气性关系;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对中扬子地区6口调查井、3个露头剖面的20件页岩样品的芳烃馏分进行了分析,并对代表不同区域的6件样品进行显微激光拉曼测试.分析结果显示拉曼D、G峰参数可以很好地计算过成熟至球粒石墨阶段高演化样品的有机质成熟度;拉曼D峰的子峰包含有芳烃含量的重要信息,随着有机质热演化程度的增加,与芳烃含量有关的D₄子峰强度不断降低.芳烃中菲系列化合物和二苯并噻吩系列化合物在_RmcR_o=2.73%~4.67%范围内的演化具有明显规律性;虽然甲基菲成熟度公式在该阶段已经不适用,但表征3-MP+2-MP相对含量的参数F1仍是很好的有机质成熟度指标;在有机质过成熟演化阶段,F1先随成熟度增加逐渐增加至0.74附近（R_o=3%附近）,之后随成熟度增加逐渐减小.二苯并噻吩化合物参数2,4-/1,4-DMDBT和4,6-/1,4-DMDBT在过成熟阶段随成熟度增加而增大,两值分别增至2和4.5时对应页岩等效镜质体反射率为4%.页岩芳烃系列化合物在过成熟阶段随有机质热演化程度增加而发生的异构化作用和脱甲基作用与有机质的比表面积变化有较好的耦合作用,与页岩气调查井的气显情况也有较好的相关性;页岩芳烃特征对过成熟阶段页岩气的生成具有重要的指示意义,可以作为我国南方下古生界有机质过成熟地区页岩气勘探的有效指标.      

Shale fissility: relation to bioturbation

Fissility in shales appears directly related to the parallel orientation of mineral grains in the rock fabric. In two shale sequences examined, fissility increases along a gradient of decreasing bioturbation. Normal marine mudrocks should be characterized by lack of fissility due to the randomized fabric produced by bioturbation, while azoic marine mudrocks should exhibit good fissility due to the lack of biogenic reworking and the preservation of an originally horizontal particle arrangement.     

泥页岩裂缝研究进展

国内外大量泥岩裂缝油气藏不断发现和近年来北美地区页岩气勘探获得的巨大成功表明,泥页岩裂缝的研究尤为重要.在对国内外泥页岩裂缝研究成果全面系统调研和详细深入分析总结的基础上,认为与其他岩石类型的储层相比,塑性相对较大的泥页岩储层在裂缝类型与成因、裂缝识别方法、裂缝参数估算、裂缝分布预测等方面既有共性也有其特殊性.依据成因...     

页岩气简介

页岩气（ShaleGas）,特指赋存于页岩中的非常规天然气,一种极具开发价值的新能源。页岩气生成于有机成因的各种阶段,常见于泥岩、高碳泥岩、页岩及粉砂质岩类夹层中。其中,以游离相态（约50％）存在于裂缝、孔隙及其他储集空间;以吸附状态（约50％）存在于干酪根、粘土颗粒及空隙表面;极少量则以溶解状态储存于干酪根、沥青质及含油层中,并在源岩层内就近聚集,为典型的原地成藏模式,而与油页岩、油砂、地沥青等差别较大,亦与常规储层气藏不同。     

Quantitative Study on Shale Oil Content

<正>Oil and gas content in shale and mudstone is one of the key factors that influence exploration of shale oil,and how to carry out quantitative study is one of the puzzles to be solved all along.In the last decade,with the progress of exploration practice and improvement of testing method in shale oil,it is possible for researchers to carry out quantitative study on gas content in shale[1-2],and their achievements have widely been applied in shale gas     

Multi-Element Reference Samples of Black Shale

This paper describes the creation of two new reference samples of black shale, SCHS-1 and SLg-1, collected in the Bodaibo Region of Irkutsk District (Siberia, Russia). These samples have been developed as State Standard Samples to meet the requirements of Russia's Normative Documents, so that they can be recognised by the Russian State Certification Agency and included on the State Register of certified reference materials. SCHS-1 was produced from shale of the Khomolkho suite; SLg-1 represents the average composition of the Sukhoy Log gold deposit (within Au mineralisation). The homogeneity was assessed by applying the concept of potential inhomogeneity, and the inhomogeneity uncertainties (σ_inhom) for the indicator elements that were estimated experimentally by silicate XRF analysis. It was found that a majority of the indicator elements was characterised by σ_inhom/Δ_p < 1/8 (Δ_p is the permissible certification uncertainty), and so σ_inhom was neglected for the indicator elements and all other elements that were included in their respective group. The value of σ_inhom calculated for Fe (σ_inhom,Fe/Δ_p > 1 /8) was taken into consideration for the noble metals and their associated elements (e.g., Ag, As, Au, etc.). More than fifty laboratories (thirty-seven from Russia) were involved in the interlaboratory experiment (ILE) to analyse these reference samples. The data obtained from the ILE allowed SCHS-1 and SLg-1 to be certified for, fifty-one and forty-three elements, respectively, as State Standard Samples.     

Microscopic Pore Structure and Heterogeneity Quantitative Characterization of Shale Reservoir-Take in Chongqing Southeast Longmaxi Shale Case

<正>At present,shale gas exploration in China has made a significant progress,and we have established four statelevel shale gas demonstration areas that include the Fuling Jiaoshi dam,Changning—Weiyuan,Zhaotong and Yanchang.Shale gas production in last year has reached 13*108m3,which the yield of Fuling Jiaoshi dam reached the     

几种典型的油页岩干馏技术

介绍了当今世界典型的油页岩干馏技术。对油页岩气体热载体法干馏技术简要介绍了Petrosix技术,Kiviter技术,美国联合油SGR技术,日本Joseco技术和中国抚顺炉技术。重点介绍了固体热载体干馏技术中的Galoter技术,Tosco-Ⅱ技术,LR技术,ATP技术和DG技术。总结出在传统加工路线的基础上开发新工艺是今后的发展方向。在干馏技术选择阶段就应重点考虑有利于环境保护的技术。