Oil in Chalk

Chalk is not the sort of rock that you would expect to yield oil. Although it has a high porosity when first formed, the permeability is low. Even the porosity is normally much reduced under overburdens of more than 1000 m. Yet in the North Sea there are special conditions that allow major reservoirs in the Chalk beneath thousands of metres of Tertiary sediments.     

Heavy Oil and Oil Sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.     

食用油品质的检测技术进展

食用植物油的质量与安全问题在国内已经长期存在,缺乏有效的检测手段是该现象得以普遍存在的重要原因。本文介绍了劣质食用油的理化指标,包括水分含量、比重、折光率、皂化值、酸值、羰基值、过氧化值、碘值重金属、脂肪酸相对不饱和度、胆固醇、残留检测、氧化产物检测等,分析了现有的常用检测技术的优缺点,包括薄层色谱技术、光谱法、水分含量法、快速检测法、色谱法、电导率法、低磁场核磁共振鉴定法、真菌霉素法和基因鉴定法。这些检测方法缺乏广泛的适用性,或特征指标专一性不强,或检测灵敏度不高,或检测准确性不高,仅能在一定范围内适用特定类型的劣质食用油的检测判定。文章提出了现代质谱技术因能够方便快捷地提供被分析样品的大量结构信息,灵敏度高、检测限低,是检测食用油品质的重要技术,而便携式质谱仪的产生将在食用油脂的快速检测中发挥作用。     

稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期剩余油分布特征及提高采收率方式研究

针对中国浅层及中深层稠油油藏,利用数值模拟研究方法,研究了不同稠油油藏的蒸汽驱开发规律和蒸汽驱中后期的剩余油分布特征,明确了稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期的提高采收率方式。研究结果表明:浅层稠油油藏与中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱的开发规律基本一致。驱替阶段生产效果好、产量高且稳定、油汽比高、含水率低;蒸汽突破后的开发阶段也是蒸汽驱开发的重要阶段,但是该阶段油汽比明显低于驱替阶段,表明该阶段蒸汽热效率明显降低。不同稠油油藏的剩余油分布特征类似,均表现出明显的垂向动用差异特征,即油层上部动用程度高,剩余油饱和度低,油层下部动用程度低,剩余油饱和度高,下部油层是剩余油挖潜的主要对象。从下到上逐层上返开发和多介质辅助是提高蒸汽驱中后期采收率的有效方式。研究结果对同类油藏开发具有重要意义。     

页岩油岩心样品洗油实验效率对比分析

页岩储层中的裂缝和微纳米级孔隙是页岩油的主要赋存空间。岩心样品高效无损洗油是页岩孔隙结构表征和页岩油赋存研究的关键,但是目前的实验方案并不统一。通过调研总结常用的洗油方法,针对现行广泛使用的浸泡抽提法、快速萃取法以及气驱+索氏抽提法对大港油田沧东凹陷孔二段页岩(块样,1 cm×1 cm×1 cm)进行洗油测试,利用Rock-Eval 热解仪和气相色谱仪对洗油前后的样品以及萃取出的可溶有机质进行了实验效果对比和三种方法之间的优劣性分析。研究结果表明,随着实验时间的延长萃取物中重烃含量逐渐增加,且低孔低渗的页岩岩心在常温常压下难以达到理想的洗油效果。升温和增压可以提高洗油效率,但长时间的高温作用会使部分重烃和吸附组分裂解,当裂解的速度大于轻烃组分被萃取的速度时,S₁值会出现随着洗油时间上升的现象;合适的压力条件可以有效促进洗油速率,但如果条件控制不好会造成样品破碎或者内部孔隙被破坏。建议在洗油过程中采用较低的压力、常温或者稍微加温以加快实验速度,驱替法和抽提法结合会有更好的效果。     

论盆地流体成矿/成烃作用的耦合关系

沉积盆地中的油气聚集和某些金属矿床都是盆地演化过程中盆地流体活动的产物,是同一地质-构造格架内同一自然过程留下的物质表象。油气是被封存起来的、以碳氢化合物为主的盆地有机流体,而固态的金属矿石则大多是以水溶液相为主的盆地流体在适当的部位将所溶解携带的成矿金属组分沉淀卸载的结果。碳氢化合物源干沉积有机质的演化;成矿金属元素则可能是盆地流体从沉积物颗粒通过流-岩反应萃取来的。有机组分在成矿金属元素的活化萃取、迁移、直至沉淀就位的全过程中均起了非常重要的作用。在成岩压实作用阶段(相当干油气的初次析出阶段),油气与粘土水一道从生烃层内被挤出。从这个意义上讲,油气与部分成矿水溶液具有共同的起源。但在往后的运移和聚集就位过程中,由于水和油的物理化学特征不同,二发生了分离。从而造成了金属矿床与油气藏在空间上既相互依赖,又相互分离的复杂关系。     

克拉玛依油田浅层稠油钻井泥浆工艺

针对工区地层特点和工程技术要求，以及现场发生井下复杂情况的原因分析，选择了泥浆体系，制定了相应的工艺技术对策，取得了良好的实效，对存的缺陷提供了解决方案的设想。     

凯里-麻江地区油苗与固体沥青的油源分析

对黔南坳陷典型古油藏、残余油气藏的精细解剖对南方海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探研究具有重要意义。本文运用碳同位素、饱和烃色谱、饱和烃色质及芳烃色质等技术,对黔东南地区二叠系—寒武系油苗与固体沥青进行了地球化学特征研究和油源分析。研究表明,凯里地区虎庄47井原油、洛棉志留系砂岩油苗和麻江地区奥陶系红花园组固体沥青三者同源,主要来自下寒武统牛蹄塘组的优质烃源岩。而麻江地区早二叠世茅口组油苗与虎庄47井原油明显不同,主要源于下二叠统栖霞组的优质烃源岩。     

沁层剩余油分布及预测——以扶余油田为例

确定油田小层剩余油的数量及其分布状况总是开发后期油田急待解决的重要课题。本文针对扶余油田西一、二区北高含水开发的特点，在油层精细描述基础上，以现场动、静资料为依据，以数学地质方法手段，提出了小层剩余油宏观测的研究方法，为高含水开发后期油田预测小层剩余油提供一个较为有效的方法。     

水驱原油稠化对剩余油富集的有利影响

胜利油田虽已进入含水率约99%的特高含水期,但从取心情况来看,岩心含油饱和度主体在60%~80%之间,即岩心 含水饱和度低、水驱采出液高含水、电加热采出液几乎为纯油不含水。为解释这三点看似矛盾的现象,提出了地下原油水 驱后逐渐生物降解稠化的新型解释,认为油田长期开采后,会因为水驱而发生快速的生物降解。实验状态下,生物降解至 6 级以上大约需要8 周时间。由于原油的逐渐稠化,使胜利油田早期出现地表采出液特高含水的情况。地下含油饱和度仍较 高,且主体为难于采出的稠油和沥青,使剩余油富集。水驱的增稠作用虽然对过去的采收率有一定影响,然而就目前而 言,稠化后形成的周边沥青,对剩余油的富集反而起到了有利的保存作用。     

欧佩克石油生产配额制度与油价关系研究

欧佩克(OPEC)是一个国际石油供应组织, 其石油政策的重点是通过实施生产配额制度, 对国际市场的油价进行控制, 以实现其石油收益的最大化。本文依据丰富翔实的历史及现状数据资料, 对欧佩克生产配额制度进行了深入研究后得出三点结论: 首先, 生产配额、产量与油价关系紧密, 欧佩克实施配额制度是其实施卡特尔控制的手段之一, 配额制度在欧佩克发展历史上发挥了重要作用, 尽管当前生产配额制度对油价的控制作用在一定程度上弱化, 但也正在发挥作用, 与此同时也存在一定的问题。其次, 欧佩克生产配额制度对油价的影响具阶段性特征, 本文分别对欧佩克在启动期、活跃期、挫折期、成熟期和彷徨期5个阶段中石油生产配额、产量与油价的关系进行了对比分析与研究, 得出了不同时期欧佩克生产配额、产量与油价的关系, 形成了若干重要认识。第三, 分析预测了未来欧佩克生产配额与油价的关系, 探讨了生产配额制度对世界市场油价走向的影响。     

济阳坳陷孤南洼陷低熟油成藏特征

孤南洼陷具有丰富的低熟油资源，低熟油中的生物标志物以高伽玛蜡烷含量，植烷优势，低成熟度为特征。下第三系沙一段是低熟油的源岩，其岩性为富含藻类有机质的油页岩，油泥岩，低熟油在平面上环生烃洼陷分布，剖面上层位集中在沙二－沙一段，断层控制了低熟油的运移距离和聚集层位，低熟油的成藏模式有3种，即自源侧向运移聚集成藏，自源断层垂向运聚成茂混合运取成藏模式。孤南洼陷低熟油盆地内部以侧向运移，侧向充注入岩性－断块圈闭为主，形成单源油藏。在断藏带原油是以垂向运移及垂向充注断块圈闭为主，形成混源油藏。     

Oil and gas in Australia

Commercial hydrocarbon production had evaded Australia for a long time. Despite a number of encouraging discoveries during the first half of the century, commercial exploitation was not achieved until 1961, when the Moonie oil field was discovered in eastern Queensland and natural gas delivered for electricity generation to the town of Roma. Additional discoveries followed in quick succession. At the beginning of the 1970ies the basic pattern of oil and gas production had been established but both, adverse political influences and sociological issues severely curtailed exploration and delayed the development of some of the fields by almost 20 years. Discovery rate was reduced but new fields have been found in the Timor Sea, both off- and onshore West Australia, in South Australia and in Queensland.Indigenous oil production amounst to about 80% of domestic requirements. Production potential of natural gas far exceeds domestic consumption. Preparations for export of LNG are well advanced. Indigenous oil production is expected to decline within the next years unless new resources are discovered. More than 50% of the Australian continent is covered by sedimentary basins and the area of offshore basins is equally vast. Potentially petroliferous strata contained within them range from the late Precambrian to the Neogene. Drilling density in these basins is generally low and their potential has barely been assessed. Assuming a favourable exploration climate these basins have sufficient potential to ensure a high level of self sufficiency for the future.     

The Oil Resources of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, the second-largest oil-producing former Soviet republic, accounts for 5 to 6 percent of total Soviet output in recent years. With over 15 billion barrels of proven and probable reserves, it has attracted some capital from major international oil companies and has been in the forefront of their “rush” into the region. Kazakhstan has signed contracts with more than 40 foreign companies from 17 different countries, including several mega-deals. Output has declined over the past two years (by 13.5%, from 26.6 million tons in 1991 to 23.0 million tons in 1993), mainly because of the ongoing economic and political changes set in motion after the demise of the USSR, and principally due to problems involving Kazakhstan's trade relations with Russia. Output continues to be restricted because of the lack of an independent pipeline route to the world market. Kazakhstan's main oil-producing areas are concentrated in the North Caspian Basin. Early production in the area was from suprasalt Permian and Cretaceous rocks, in structural traps originating from salt tectonism. More recently, significant discoveries such as Tengiz and Karachaganak have been made in subsalt upper Paleozoic rocks. The greatest hydrocarbon potential is in the infrasalt Paleozoic deposits; the suprasalt deposits tend to have smaller reserves, and the deeper, lower Paleozoic sediments appear to have the least potential. Other areas of established or potential hydrocarbon accumulation include the older producing areas on the Mangyshlak-Buzachi peninsula, which still account for most of Kazakhstan's hydrocarbon production; the Turgay syneclise, which is the location of the Kumkol field and the unexploited Kushmurun basin; and the Zaysan basin in eastern Kazakhstan.     

全球重油与油砂资源潜力、分布与勘探方向

基于对全球主要地质时期构造、沉积演化、盆地类型和主要成藏期的地质研究,评价全球重油和油砂资源潜力,进而指出有利勘探方向.据CNPC(2011)评价结果:全球重油地质资源量为42 712亿桶,可采资源量为7 147亿桶,油砂地质资源量为66 945亿桶,可采资源量为7 095亿桶;主要分布在北美、南美、俄罗斯和高加索地区,产区集中于北美和南美.以构造域进行划分,全球重油和油砂主要富集在科迪勒拉褶皱造山带、喜马拉雅阿尔卑斯褶皱造山带、西伯利亚地台周缘山系和乌拉尔山前四个大型构造带,盆地类型以克拉通和前陆为主,以斜坡降解、抬升破坏型两种模式成藏.未来重油和油砂勘探主要集中在3类地区:1)资源落实程度较高、勘探程度高的美洲地区;2)资源潜力大、勘探程度低的俄罗斯东西伯利亚盆地、伏尔加乌拉尔盆地;3)资源潜力大、尚未引起注意的中东地区.     

单个油包裹体组分预测及其在油气成藏研究中的应用

了解单个石油包裹体详细的组分信息不仅有助于微观上定量认识油气充注过程中其成熟度的演化,还对精细刻画油气成藏过程中动力演化具有重要意义.根据石油包裹体热动力学原理,利用10个成熟度依次增大的已知组分的原油在匹配其饱和压力和改进气、液相摩尔体积计算前提下,建立了捕获不同组分原油的包裹体均一温度(Th_oil)与其在室温下(20 ℃)气泡充填度(F_v)关系的标准图版,从而通过对比实测的Th_oil和其室温下F_v与标准Th_oil-F_v图版,反推出油包裹体近似等效流体组分.对东营凹陷北带民丰深层油包裹体进行系统荧光分析、显微测温和包裹体体积3D重构等一系列的测定.结果表明丰8井和丰深1井各发生过两幕油气充注,其中丰8井第一幕油气充注(甲烷摩尔含量位于31%~35%之间)对其油气成藏贡献最大;而丰深1井第二幕充注的油气(甲烷摩尔含量大于60%)控制丰深1井凝析油藏成藏.从而为进一步厘定北带深层油气充注PVTxt史奠定基础.      

尚家地区葡萄花油层成藏模式及主控因素

为了研究尚家地区葡萄花油层油成藏模式及主控因素,利用油源对比首先确定出葡萄花油层油主要来自三肇凹陷青一段源岩,其具有较强的供烃能力;然后利用油分布与源岩空间位置关系、油运移动力和通道特征,确定出该区葡萄花油层油成藏模式为三肇凹陷青一段源岩生成的油在超压作用下通过T₂源断裂向下伏扶杨油层“倒灌”运移,再在浮力作用下通过被断裂沟通砂体侧向运移至尚家地区,最后在浮力作用下通过T₂-T₁₁断裂向葡萄花油层中运移,在断块、断层遮挡和断层-岩性圈闭中聚集成藏。油成藏主要受扶杨油层油分布区、T₂-T₁₁断裂分布和圈闭发育的控制,即扶杨油层油分布区控制着油聚集分布的区域,T₂-T₁₁断裂分布控制着油聚集的具体部位,圈闭发育为油聚集成藏提供了场所。     

Oil occurrences of northeastern Russia

This paper shows that the location of large petroleum and gas hydrate deposits is related to deep ore-controlling fault zones. The large mercury deposits within these zones testify to the high differentiation maturity of the deep and crustal fluids. The mercury mineralization in compound ore assemblages is considered as the main indicator of their maturity (stable duration of development). The petroleum occurrences in Cenozoic sedimentary basins reflect only some partial changes in the location of hydrocarbon deposits with regard to the neotectonics and dynamics of the permafrost rocks.     

油页岩开采模式

随着世界石油市场高油价时代来临,原来高成本的油页岩生产变得经济,油页岩已成为非常重要的替代能源。由于受诸多因素限制,常规油页岩开采方法成本较高。基于我国油页岩埋藏条件及其物理力学性质,分析国内外非常规油页岩开采以及相关的试验,提出了2种开采模式——油页岩原位开采与钻孔水力开采。