Effect of Shale Reservoir Characteristics on Shale Oil Movability in the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag

To reveal the effect of shale reservoir characteristics on the movability of shale oil and its action mechanism in the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation(Es3l), samples with different features were selected and analyzed using N2 adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), high-speed centrifugation, and displacement image techniques. The results show that shale pore structure characteristics control shale oil movability directly. Movable oil saturation has a positive relationship with pore volume for radius > 2 μm, as larger pores often have higher movable oil saturation, indicating that movable oil is present in relatively larger pores. The main reasons for this are as follows. The relatively smaller pores often have oil-wetting properties because of organic matter, which has an unfavorable effect on the flow of oil, while the relatively larger pores are often wetted by water, which is helpful to shale oil movability. The rich surface provided by the relatively smaller pores is beneficial to the adsorption of immovable oil. Meanwhile, the relatively larger pores create significant pore volume for movable oil. Moreover, the larger pores often have good pore connectivity. Pores and fractures are interconnected to form a complex fracture network, which provides a good permeability channel for shale oil flow. The smaller pores are mostly distributed separately;thus, they are not conducive to the flow of shale oil. The mineral composition and fabric macroscopically affect the movability of shale oil. Calcite plays an active role in shale oil movability by increasing the brittleness of shale and is more likely to form micro-cracks under the same stress background. Clay does not utilize shale oil flow because of its large specific surface area and its block effect. The bedding structure increases the large-scale storage space and improves the connectivity of pores at different scales, which is conducive to the movability of shale oil.     

东营凹陷页岩油储层特征

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新统—渐新统沙河街组第三段下亚段(E_(2-3)s~(3-x))和沙河街组第四段上亚段(E_(2-3)s~(4-s))泥页岩分布面积广、累计厚度大、有机质丰度高、有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,具有良好的页岩油勘探潜力。泥页岩主要发育层状和纹层状构造,主要矿物组成为粘土矿物、碳酸盐矿物、石英和长石。宏观观察下,泥页岩发育的裂缝主要有成岩裂缝和构造裂缝,孔隙主要为溶蚀孔、结晶孔及生物孔隙。微观观察下,主要发育的孔隙有粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔和溶蚀孔等,在不同的有机质丰度、类型及热演化程度下孔隙发育特征差异明显。小角X射线散射能够得到样品介孔(2~50 nm)的分布特征,结合抽提实验,对比处理前后孔隙分布特征表明细介孔(2~10nm)是有效的页岩油储集空间,也是影响孔隙结构复杂化的主要贡献者。核磁共振冷孔计法(NMRC)能测量泥页岩纳米级(2~500 nm)开孔孔隙的分布特征,定量表征孔隙率,弥补其它表征方法的不足。东营凹陷地区泥页岩中广泛发育的纳米级粒间孔是页岩油主要的赋存空间。     

中国油页岩资源现状

2004～2006年我国首次开展了全国性油页岩资源评价工作。为了更好地揭示我国油页岩的分布规律及特征,按不同地区、不同层系、不同含油率、不同埋深和不同地理环境进行了归类汇总。评价结果表明,我国油页岩资源丰富,分布范围广,分布在20个省和自治区、47个盆地,共有80个含矿区。全国油页岩资源为7 199.37 亿t,页岩油资源为476.44 亿t,页岩油可回收资源为119.79 亿t。全国油页岩主要集中分布在东部区和中部区,东部区油页岩资源为3 442.48 亿t,中部区油页岩资源为1 609.64 亿t,青藏区油页岩资源为1 203.20 亿t,西部区油页岩资源为749.94 亿t,南方区油页岩资源为194.61 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的48％、22％、17％、10％和3％。全国油页岩主要集中分布在中、新生界,其中,中生界油页岩资源为5 597.92 亿t,新生界油页岩资源为1 052.31 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的77.76％和14.62％,油页岩形成时代从西北至东南方向逐渐变新。我国油页岩含油率中等偏好,其中含油率＞5％～10％的油页岩资源为2 664.35 亿t,含油率＞10％的油页岩资源为1 266.94 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的37％和18％。我国油页岩埋藏深度较浅,埋深在0～500 m之间的油页岩资源为4 663.51 亿t,埋深在500～1 000 m之间的油页岩资源为2 535.86 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的64.78％和35.22％。我国油页岩主要分布在平原和黄土塬地区,分布在平原地区的油页岩资源为3 256.53 亿t,分布于黄土塬地区的油页岩资源为1 562.86 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的45％和21％。油页岩资源巨大的盆地有:松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、准噶尔盆地,占全国油页岩资源的76.79％。     

马朗凹陷低熟页岩油地球化学特征及成烃机理

勘探实践和研究表明,马朗凹陷二叠系芦草沟组源内油气为页岩油,该原油C₂₉甾烷立体异构化参数w(20S)/w(20S+20R)、w(ββ)/w(αα+ββ)均为0.2~0.4,为典型低熟原油。通过对芦草沟组烃源岩地球化学和有机岩石学特征的综合研究,发现低熟页岩油的生烃母质为原生的富氢无定形体,这些无定形体在沉积早期经历过细菌的改造作用,致使其具有特殊的生烃演化模式,即低熟-成熟阶段早期（R_o为0.55%~0.75%）处于生油高峰,对应埋深为1 800~2 900 m,埋深大于或小于该主峰带,烃源岩生烃能力急剧降低。泥岩生烃模拟实验、热解、抽提等实验数据表明:芦草沟组低熟页岩油正是位于该主生带的源岩所生,处于生烃带的源岩区即为马朗凹陷低熟页岩油富集的有利地区。     

Lower Limits and Grading Evaluation Criteria of Source Rocks and Reservoirs of Tight Oil and Gas

<正>1 Introduction The importance of the unconventional petroleum is increasingly prominent,with the rising demand of oil and gas in the economic and social development and the gradual consumption and depletion of conventional oil and gas resources.Compared with the shale and coal-bed gas reservoir,tight reservoir has better fracturing capability.So     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油储层岩相划分与类型评价

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油藏是继吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油藏之后的又一重大发现,风城组沉积期玛湖凹陷具有近陆源供给、火山活动频发、气候干旱炎热的特点,为独具特色的盐碱化湖泊沉积环境创造了条件,也是风城组岩性复杂多变的重要原因。火山岩、内源岩、陆源碎屑岩以及多源混积岩纵向频繁叠置,形成米级到厘米级页岩油储层。结合岩性变化特征,以构造样式作为突破口,厘米级尺度岩心观察为基础,高频沉积构造分析为辅助,利用亚离子抛光电镜、能谱测试、荧光分析等多种技术手段对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油储层进行岩性岩相分析,认为玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油储层可划分为4大类（砂砾岩类、火山岩类、混积岩类与内源岩类）、8小类储层。4大类储层储集性能逐渐减弱,其中混积岩类储层因其构造与成分差异可进一步划分为混积页岩、纹层–似纹层状混积泥岩、树根状–网状混积泥岩、雪花–星点状混积泥岩;页理发育情况、云质含量以及其产出样式成为混积岩类储层储集物性差异的重要控制因素。     

沾化凹陷罗家地区沙三下段泥页岩储层特征

沾化凹陷罗家地区古近系沙河街组沙三下段发育100~300 m厚的暗色泥页岩,具有较大的油气资源量和勘探潜力.研究表明,罗家地区的这套泥页岩为盐度较高、强还原性的深湖-半深湖沉积,岩石类型以泥岩、灰岩及之间的过渡岩性为主,碳酸盐矿物含量一般高于50%.根据泥页岩纹层厚度、组合方式、比例和稳定性,将深水泥页岩划分为6种类型,其中以薄层状泥质灰岩为主.泥页岩储层孔隙度为2%~8%,平均5.3%;渗透率变化较大,一般为(1~10)×10-3 μm2,平均为7.5×10-3 μm2,为低孔低渗的非常规储层.储集空间类型多,储层发育的裂缝包括构造裂缝、层间微裂缝和成岩缝,孔隙包括矿物晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔等.储层质量受矿物组成和岩相、成岩作用、有机质含量等因素共同控制,其中有机质含量是控制该套泥页岩储层物性的主要内在因素.     

Shale Lithofacies and Sedimentary Environment of the Third Member, Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Eastern China

Researches into shale lithofacies, their sedimentary environments and relationship benefit understanding both of sedimentary cycle division and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration in lacustrine basins. Based on a 100~300-m-thick dark shale, mudstone and limestone encountered in the lower third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es3l member) in Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, routine core analysis, thin sectioning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineralogical and geochemical measurements were used to understand detailed facies characterization and paleoclimate in the member. This Es3l shale sediment includes three sedimentary cycles (C3, C2 and C1), from bottom to top, with complex sedimentary characters and spatial distribution. In terms of the composition, texture, bedding and thickness, six lithofacies are recognized in this succession. Some geochemical parameters, such as trace elements (Sr/Ba, Na/Al, V/Ni, V/(V + Ni), U/Th), carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ18O, δ13C), and total organic carbon content (TOC) indicate that the shales were deposited in a deep to semi-deep lake, with the water column being salty, stratified, enclosed and reductive. During cycles C3 and C2 of the middle-lower sections, the climate was arid, and the water was salty and stratified. Laminated and laminar mudstone–limestone was deposited with moderate organic matter (average TOC 1.8%) and good reservoir quality (average porosity 6.5%), which can be regarded as favorable reservoir. During the C1 cycle, a large amount of organic matter was input from outside the basin and this led to high productivity with a more humid climate. Massive calcareous mudstone was deposited, and this is characterized by high TOC (average 3.6%) and moderate porosity (average 4%), and provides favorable source rocks.     

沾化凹陷东部长堤地区下第三系沉积体系研究

综合运用地质、测井、地震及分析化验等资料,对沾化凹陷东部长堤地区下第三系沉积体系进行了较为全面系统的研究,认为长堤地区下第三系发育有水下扇、滨浅湖滩坝、扇三角洲、浊积和辫状河等 5类沉积体系。并阐述了各类沉积体系在本区的亚相、微相类型及其特征,系统分析了早第三纪不同阶段的沉积相类型及其分布特征,探讨了不同时期物源区及古水流流向,总结了垂向上沉积体系的演化等。     

页岩油评价的关键参数及求取方法研究

随着非常规油气勘探的进一步深入,页岩油气逐渐成为现今勘探研究的热点和难点。目前国内针对页岩油的勘探开发没有成功的案例可循,实际工作中一直沿用了国外页岩气的勘探及评价思路。通过研究指出,页岩油自身的特点决定了其勘探不能照搬国外的页岩气评价思路,将研究重点仅仅停留在有机碳含量上无法满足勘探需要,页岩油勘探的核心问题在于地层已生成的游离烃含量的评价。利用胜利油区第一口页岩密闭取芯井分析化验资料为基础,系统研究了孔隙度与单位含油体积以及含水体积之间的关系,发现了烃源岩中孔隙性越好,含油性越好的特点。利用孔隙度、含油饱和度等岩心分析数据推导出了反映泥质页岩游离烃含量的评价模型,并构建了基于实测的深侧向电阻率、孔隙度、有机质成熟度等参数的求取模型。利用页岩地层游离烃中有机碳含量和总有机碳含量对比可以直观反映地层中游离烃含量的垂向变化规律,指示页岩层段的有利油气区段。以胜利油田沾化凹陷罗家地区罗69井实验分析资料为例,对模型的参数求取及效果分析进行了阐述,构建的地层有机质成熟度模型及游离烃中有机碳含量均精度较高,在此基础上,通过游离烃有机碳含量绝对值、以及游离烃中有机碳含量与地层有机碳含量的比值实现了对页岩油地层可动油气富集带的指示,可动油气相对富集的层段即为页岩油地层的勘探目标。该思路可为目前的陆相页岩油勘探提供借鉴和参考。     

山东昌乐凹陷油页岩地球化学特征及成因探讨

山东昌乐凹陷油页岩出产于古近系五图群李家崖组,与济阳拗陷和潍北凹陷孔二段相当。利用有机地球化学方法对昌乐凹陷油页岩品质进行分析,结果显示该区油页岩有机质丰度较高、干酪根类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ₁型,处于未熟低熟阶段,具有较好的勘探开发前景。通过区域构造演化和气候变化分析,昌乐凹陷油页岩形成于郯庐断裂带左旋右旋转换期,构造活动强度较弱加之温暖湿润的气候环境促成了油页岩的发育。油页岩与煤共生于水进体系域和高水位体系域之中,油页岩成矿模式为断陷湖沼型。     

Resources Potential Evaluation of Movable Shale Oil in the E2S4 Enrichment Segment of Damintun

<正>Has been recognized that oil and gas is common in the mud shale and oil volume is mainly influenced by geochemical characteristics of source rock(the abundance,type and maturity),workability mainly influenced by reconstructive fracturing of rock.Now the ministry of land and resources strategic research center and the main oil and     

Quantitative Study on Shale Oil Content

<正>Oil and gas content in shale and mudstone is one of the key factors that influence exploration of shale oil,and how to carry out quantitative study is one of the puzzles to be solved all along.In the last decade,with the progress of exploration practice and improvement of testing method in shale oil,it is possible for researchers to carry out quantitative study on gas content in shale[1-2],and their achievements have widely been applied in shale gas     

松辽盆地北部油页岩资源潜力评价

为评价松辽盆地北部油页岩资源潜力,开展了14口地质井的钻探、2 100多口老井的复查和多项油页岩的样品分析测试工作。根据油页岩分析测试资料,结合录井、测井、地震、沉积等研究成果,总结了油页岩主要特征,并用体积丰度法初步估算了埋深小于1 km的油页岩和页岩油潜在资源量。结果表明:松辽盆地北部油页岩主要发育在青山口组一段和嫩江组一、二段沉积时期的湖相沉积中,是盆地两次最大湖泛期的产物;嫩江组和青山口组油页岩平均岩石密度分别为2.20和2.18 t/m³,平均含油率分别为5.55%和5.39%;油页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ₁型,处于未成熟低成熟阶段,有机质丰度极高,是最好的生油岩。松辽盆地北部油页岩分布广泛、层位稳定、资源潜力巨大,初步估算埋深小于1 km的油页岩潜在资源量为6 008.40×10⁸ t,页岩油潜在资源量为297.50×10⁸ t。油页岩可以成为未来大庆油田常规油气的重要补充或接替资源。     

马朗凹陷芦草沟组泥页岩储层含油性特征与评价

通过泥页岩常规岩芯与密闭取芯的地球化学分析、物性分析、压汞实验分析等,评价马朗凹陷二叠系芦草沟组泥页岩储层的含油性,结合试油情况,研究其富油机制以及有利储层分布特征。结果表明,芦草沟组泥页岩储层含油性受有机质丰度和孔隙度影响,有利层段总有机碳要大于4%,孔隙度大于3%。体积含油率比含油饱和度更能准确表征泥页岩的含油性,油层要求含油率大于1%。压汞分析显示,泥页岩的储层富油机制与常规砂岩不同,包括未运移烃类的就地滞留富集和经历短距离初次运移在与优质源岩临近的次源岩层系中富集两个过程。芦草沟组页岩油的富集受岩性组合类型的影响,以泥岩为主,夹（薄层）泥质灰岩、泥质白云岩或者以灰质泥岩、白云质泥岩为主,为该区最有利岩性组合,含油性最好,对应于深湖-半深湖的沉积环境。     

黑龙江省油页岩资源分布及勘探开发布局

黑龙江省自侏罗纪以来,受太平洋板块及欧亚大陆板块的相互作用,形成了具有一定规模的盆岭构造系统,呈现出北北东向展布的三隆三坳。受此构造控制,在黑龙江省发育着大小不一的凹陷含煤盆地,并共生或伴生着大量的油页岩等矿产资源。通过对全省东、中、西部盆地群14含油页岩盆地的分析,预测全省油页岩资源储量可达1612亿t,折合页岩油资源量约161亿t,相当于4个大庆的油气资源储量。为了全面掌握黑龙江省油页岩资源状况,计划利用三年时间在全省区域内按西部、中部及东部13个区块（14个主要盆地）开展油页岩调查工作,总面积达137192.93km2。     

Assessment on Tight Oil Resources in Fuyu Oil Layer in the Sanzhao Sag and Relevant Parameters

<正>1 Introduction The oil reservoir formed by Quan3 and Quan4 tight sandstones,also called Fuyu oil layer,in the Sanzhao sag,northern Songliao Basin,contains"sub-source"tight oil,which sourced from the overlying Qing1 lacustrine mudstone that acts as the caprock of the Fuyu oil layer,with the Quan3 and Quan4 tight sand bodies of fluvial-     

内蒙古自治区页岩气资源远景探讨

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