Organoporosity Evaluation of Shale: A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in Southeast Chongqing

<正>1 Introduction Petrological characteristics(such as brittle mineral content),micro-nanoscale porosity,total organic carbon and organic matter maturity of shale play important roles in the accumulation and exploration of shale gas.The nanometre pores in shale are mostly organopores(pores within organic matters in shale)created from hydrocarbon     

渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩储集层成岩作用及其对孔隙发育的影响*

以重庆綦江、南川和涪陵地区的下志留统龙马溪组下部页岩样品为例,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜、TOC测试、R_O测试、高压压汞和低温氮吸附等手段,对研究区龙马溪组下部页岩储集层的矿物成分、有机组分、孔隙特征及成岩作用进行研究。实验结果表明,龙马溪组页岩成岩作用类型主要包括机械压实作用、化学压实作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用、破裂作用及矿物转化等,演化阶段介于晚成岩作用与极低级变质作用之间;成岩作用对页岩储集层的孔渗特征、孔隙成因类型、非均质性和形貌特征均有显著影响。对成岩作用与孔隙演化进行了匹配,认为机械/化学压实作用、溶蚀作用及过程中的有机生烃、矿物转化对孔隙发育影响最为显著,并将储集层成岩作用划分为溶蚀作用等建设性成岩作用与压实作用等破坏性成岩作用。     

滇黔北坳陷及邻区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层特征

基于8口钻井、2个剖面点的岩样观察和测试分析,滇黔北坳陷及邻区下志留统龙马溪组下段是富有机质泥页岩发育的层段,有机质演化达到过成熟阶段。X衍射全岩分析表明,龙马溪组泥页岩由黏土矿物、石英、碳酸盐、长石、黄铁矿等矿物组成,黏土矿物则以伊利石为主。泥页岩的平均脆性指数56.11%~73.21%,压裂时易于形成网络裂缝;常规物性测试,孔隙度、渗透率很低,扫描电镜观察,纳米级孔隙和裂缝发育。     

Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing,China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Py1 in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%–6.14%, 0.08%–2.52% and 1.41%–4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.     

湘西北下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件及有利区分析

湘西北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育富含有机质页岩。通过野外露头地质剖面、钻井及有机地球化学等资料分析,认为泥页岩厚度较大,有机质类型较好、有机碳含量较高、热演化程度适中、储层物性好、埋深适宜及保存条件相对较好,满足页岩气成藏要求。根据页岩气资源潜力评价方法与有利区优选标准,选定桑植-石门复向斜一带为页岩气的有利勘探区域。     

渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩有机质孔隙发育特征:基于聚焦离子束氦离子显微镜(FIB-HIM)技术

页岩中的有机质孔隙对烃类气体的赋存至关重要。为了明确渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质孔隙发育特征,使用聚焦离子束氦离子显微镜(FIB-HIM)技术进行观察。FIB-HIM具有极高的分辨率,分辨精度可达到亚纳米级,能够有效识别直径为0~20 nm的孔隙。结果表明:龙马溪组页岩的焦沥青内部发育大量的有机质孔隙,孔隙直径大,连通性好,大量较小直径的孔隙嵌套在直径较大的有机质孔隙中,增加了页岩有机质孔隙系统的比表面积和孔隙连通性,有利于烃类气体在页岩有机质孔隙内的赋存及有效渗流。龙马溪组页岩的固体干酪根内部有机质孔隙的发育特征与焦沥青相比存在较大差别,固体干酪根内部发育的有机质孔隙数量少,孔隙直径小,连通性差,孔隙多呈孤立状存在于固体干酪根内部。     

渝东南及黔西北地区龙马溪组页岩气储层微观孔隙表征

以渝东南地区渝页1井和黔西北地区习页1井、桐页1井的下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩心样品为研究对象,使用场发射扫描电镜观察孔隙的微观形态,并通过X射线微米CT扫描提取孔隙的空间结构参数,力求从二维、三维层面分别对页岩的孔隙进行特征定性。由扫描电镜观察知,研究区页岩气储层发育粒间孔、粒内孔、有机质孔及微裂缝等多种类型,孔隙多为宏孔(50 nm)及中孔(2~50 nm)。粒间孔中,矿物晶粒间孔发育较广泛;粒内孔以矿物集合体内孔为主,如"草莓状"黄铁矿结核内的晶间孔隙;有机质孔多为圆形、椭圆形的宏孔及中孔。通过CT扫描和孔隙模型的三维重建可知,孔隙多呈孤立状、条带状分布,连通性较差。     

Microscopic Pore Structure and Heterogeneity Quantitative Characterization of Shale Reservoir-Take in Chongqing Southeast Longmaxi Shale Case

<正>At present,shale gas exploration in China has made a significant progress,and we have established four statelevel shale gas demonstration areas that include the Fuling Jiaoshi dam,Changning—Weiyuan,Zhaotong and Yanchang.Shale gas production in last year has reached 13*108m3,which the yield of Fuling Jiaoshi dam reached the     

Indicator of Favorable Sedimentary Facies and Shale Enrichment in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction The organic-rich shale in Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation Sichuan Basin is marine sedimentary strata,and it has large thickness and rich resources.Therefore,it is one of the most important parts in unconventional oil and gas reservoir exploration.Eastern Sichuan area is located     

渝东南彭水地区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构特征及吸附性能控制因素

以渝东南彭水地区志留系龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过扫描电镜以及场发射扫描电镜,同时对页岩微观孔隙结构进行定性观察;借助核磁共振与氮气吸附实验,联合定量表征页岩的孔隙结构特征;并通过甲烷等温吸附实验,探讨了页岩孔隙吸附性能的控制因素。研究表明:彭水地区龙马溪组页岩有机质孔和黏土矿物层间孔最为发育;氮气吸附实验和核磁共振共同表征页岩孔径分布曲线特征呈双峰或三峰形态,且左峰明显大于右峰,表明页岩介孔最为发育,约占孔隙的73.5%,同时还发育部分微孔和宏孔,分别占13.4%和13.1%,其中2~5nm的介孔是页岩孔体积的主要贡献者;页岩孔隙结构不规整,多为平行壁的狭缝型孔;孔隙发育主要受有机质含量控制,其次,岩石矿物成分也对页岩孔隙发育有一定影响,其中脆性矿物更有利于微裂缝和宏孔的发育,黏土矿物含量与页岩比表面积和孔体积呈较弱的正相关性;页岩吸附性能受页岩比表面积和孔体积控制,有机质含量是页岩吸附性能的主要控制因素,随着有机质含量增加,页岩的吸附性能提高,其次,页岩吸附性能与黏土矿物含量呈弱正相关性,而与脆性矿物含量呈弱负相关性。     

Implication of Sedimentary Facies and Shale Gas Accumulation in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is the most prolific shale gas producing unit in the Sichuan Basin by the large thickness and rich resources,which also indicate a bright exploration prospect for the unconventional shale gas.Eastern Sichuan region,the relatively active high and steep structural belt between the stable massifs in Sichuan basin(Fig.1),is influenced by the factors of deepburied,intense tectonic reworking and fault development.Previous research is     

川南下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩相表征

页岩岩相表征是页岩气地质评价和选层、选区的基础性研究工作。本文以露头和钻井资料为基础,依据岩矿、薄片、地化和测井资料,建立了海相页岩岩相划分方法,对川南上奥陶统五峰组下志留统龙马溪组主要岩相进行了精细表征,并形成4点认识：(1)应用岩石矿物三端员法+沉积微相划分页岩岩相类型及其组合,是开展海相页岩岩相表征的有效方法;(2)川南五峰组龙马溪组页岩发育6种岩相类型和3种典型岩相组合,其中硅质页岩和钙质硅质混合页岩是(半)深水环境的特有岩相,黏土质页岩和黏土质钙质混合页岩是半深水浅水环境的主要岩相,黏土质硅质混合页岩是浅水深水环境下的共有岩相;(3)随着水体由深变浅和水动力条件逐渐增强以及陆源物质输入量增大,不同成因岩相组合的页岩矿物成分、基质组构、古生物和有机质富集程度、测井响应等基本特征均发生重大变化;(4)受海平面变化控制,主力产层为深水陆棚沉积的硅质页岩、钙质硅质混合页岩和黏土质硅质混合页岩组合,产层顶板为半深水浅水陆棚沉积的黏土质页岩、黏土质硅质混合页岩和黏土质钙质混合页岩组合;前者因富含硅质和有机质,具有良好的脆性和物性,是形成页岩气产层的优质岩相;后者因富含黏土和贫有机质,脆性和渗透性差,是形成页岩气藏区域封盖层的优质岩相;两者自下而上构成良好的自封自储型储盖组合。     

渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩相特征及其对孔隙结构的控制

目前对优势页岩岩相的划分尚缺乏明确的标准.另外,合理连接不同孔隙测试方法的结果,实现页岩的全孔径孔隙结构定量化表征,成为现阶段亟待解决的关键问题.基于页岩的有机质丰度和矿物组分建立了岩相划分方案,查明了渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩发育硅质页岩、混合质页岩和粘土质页岩3类,根据有机质丰度将每类页岩细分为富、含和贫有机质等共计9种岩相,在此基础上开展了低压N₂吸附和高压压汞实验.研究区龙马溪组中富有机质页岩孔径呈现多峰分布特征,主要孔径峰值位于2~3nm、70~90nm和200~300nm,页岩的孔体积主要来源于中孔（2~0nm）和宏孔（>0nm）,比表面积主要来自中孔和微孔（ < 2nm）;对于孔体积贡献,微孔最高可占12%,中孔占3%,宏孔占2%.对于孔面积贡献,微孔最高占47%,中孔占7%,宏孔占11%.随着粘土矿物含量升高,在200~400nm范围内孔体积显著升高.中孔和宏孔贡献了超过90%的孔体积,微孔和中孔贡献了超过90%的比表面积.富有机质硅质页岩微孔比例高,对比表面积贡献高,孔体积和比表面积最大,有利于页岩气富集,是最有利的页岩岩相.      

Geochemistry,Paleoenvironment and Mechanism of Organic-Matter Enrichment in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Sichuan Basin,China

To investigate the mechanism of the organic-matter enrichment in the Lower Longmaxi Formation shale, the geochemistry and total organic carbon(TOC) of the Longmaxi Formation black shales in the Jiaoshiba, Zhaotong, and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin were analyzed. Paleoproductivity proxy parameters(Babio, Siex, and Ni/Al), clastic influx proxies(TiO_2 and Ti/Al), redox indices(V/Cr, Ni/Co, V/(V+Ni), and U/Th), and hydrothermal indicators(Fe, Mn,and Y concentrations; Fe/Ti ratio and a Ni-Zn-Co diagram) were employed to decipher the paleoenvironment of the Lower Longmaxi Formation shales. TiO_2 and Ti/Al indicated low terrigenous detrital influx in all three areas. However, Babio, Siex,and Ni/Al indicated high productivity in the Jiaoshiba area. V/Cr, Ni/Co, and U/Th indicated higher oxygen content with larger fluctuations in the Zhaotong and Weiyuan areas. Fe, Mn, and Y concentrations and the Fe/Ti ratio implied greater active hydrothermal activity in the Weiyuan area. These heterogeneities were considered to be closely related to the paleoenvironment and paleogeography, and the large basement faults that developed during the Chuanzhong paleo-uplift could have provided vents for deep-hydrothermal-fluid upwelling. The redox indices(V/Cr, Ni/Co, and U/Th) and a paleoproductivity proxy(Ni/Al) displayed a significant correlation with the TOC, suggesting that both excellent preservation conditions and high paleoproductivity were the controlling factors for the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation shale. There was no obvious correlation between the clastic influx proxy(Ti/Al) and the TOC due to the extremely low supply of terrigenous debris. The hydrothermal indicator(Fe/Ti) was negatively correlated with the TOC in the Weiyuan area, indicating that hydrothermal activity may have played a negative role in the accumulation of organic matter. This study suggests that the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation marine shale varied according to the paleogeography and sedimentary environment.     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本特征

下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地东南缘最为重要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探层位之一.在岩石学研究的基础上,利用岩石热解、色谱-质谱等分析技术,对研究区龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征进行了系统分析.龙马溪组厚为60 ～ 420 m,主要由8种岩性构成:层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩...     

四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组泥页岩吸附特征及影响因素分析

针对四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩吸附气量大(70%~80%)的特性,对该页岩气区11口井龙马溪组优质页岩段的岩心样品作X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜和等温吸附分析测试,结合大量泥页岩含气量实测数据,统计分析及评价表明:研究区地层因素中,生烃条件如总有机碳含量(0.17%~4.3%)、有机质类型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型)和成熟度(2.4%~3.0%),以及储层条件如矿物成分、孔隙体积(3%~6%)、孔隙结构(中孔为主)和湿度,主要是通过改变页岩气生成量和吸附活性表面的大小而产生影响;外部因素如温度和压力主要是通过改变气体分子的活化能和结合能而对泥页岩吸附能力产生一定的影响。     

四川盆地长芯1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层特征研究

四川盆地东南部地区长宁构造长芯1井下志留统龙马溪组泥(页)岩,厚度约147m.该套泥(页)岩组合以纹层状泥(页)岩、纹层状含灰质泥(页)岩、纹层状粉砂质泥(页)岩为主,见钙质结核及黄铁矿条带.龙马溪组底部30m以富有机质的黑色纹层状泥(页)岩为主,其石英、长石和黄铁矿总量平均51.9％,粘土矿物含量平均24.7％,方解石和白云石含量平均23.4％,与美国典型页岩储层有相似性.总有机碳含量底部为3.9％ ～6.7％,上部为1.0％ ～2.1％.龙马溪组页岩岩心平均孔隙度为5.68％,平均渗透率为5.96×10-3 μm2,与孔隙度成明显正相关.扫描电镜下龙马溪组泥(页)岩微孔隙主要包括矿物晶间(溶)孔、晶间隙、晶内孔,有机质内微孔和微裂缝等.根据压汞分析,泥(页)岩孔喉中值半径最大为33nm,平均为10nm.研究表明,长芯1井龙马溪组海相页岩气储层微孔隙发育的受控因素有岩性、成岩演化程度和有机质发育特征等.富有机质泥(页)岩的物性好于粉砂质泥(页)岩和钙质泥(页)岩;成岩阶段晚期,矿物组合发生变化,蒙脱石向伊利石转变,形成新的微孔隙,增加了储层孔隙度;TOC是控制龙马溪组页岩气储层的主要内在因素,也是提供页岩气储存空间的重要物质.     

A Strain Rate Dependent Constitutive Model for the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Fuling Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin,China

Shale, as a kind of brittle rock, often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior, failure and time-dependent behavior under different strain rates. To capture these features, this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10?6 s?1 to 1×10?3 s?1. The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates. These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth, which is described by a damage parameter. When axial strain is the same, the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate. When strain rate is the same, with an increase of axial strain, the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value (about 0.1 to 0.2), soon reaches its minimum (about 0.1), and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8. Based on the experimental results, taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution, a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed. Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength, a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established. Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.     

黔西北上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气聚集条件分析

根据野外露头地质调查、最新钻井及样品测试等基础资料,以富有机质页岩形成的地质背景及展布特征——页岩气聚集条件—勘探有利区预测为主线,对黔西北地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件进行分析,并采用综合信息叠合法对黔西北地区有利区进行预测。研究发现,页岩气发育的富有机质页岩段主要位于五峰组和龙马溪组底部,具有分布面积广、厚度大、有机质含量高、有机质类型好等特点,且具有充足的储集空间和运移通道。现场解吸实验表明,该套富有机质页岩具有良好的含气性能。总体分析,该区域与北美典型页岩气盆地具有良好的地质对比性,具有良好的页岩气聚集条件,是页岩气勘探研究以及后期页岩气开发的重要领域。     

四川盆地东南缘渝南黔北毗邻地区龙马溪组页岩气有利勘探区预测

利用区域地质调查、野外剖面实测、样品采集及实验测试分析,总结了四川盆地东南缘渝南黔北毗邻地区构造特征及其演化过程,重点分析了龙马溪组页岩的岩石学特征和有机地球化学特征。开展与四川盆地东部盆缘已获高产工业气流的JY1井龙马溪组页岩的对比研究,结果表明研究区龙马溪组页岩与JY1井龙马溪组页岩在岩石特征方面具有极大相似性。由此,选取有效黑色页岩厚度、脆性矿物石英含量、埋藏深度、有机质成熟度(Ro)4个指标,同时参照JY1井龙马溪组页岩与之相对应参数确定指标阈值,结合构造特征、地貌复杂性,圈定龙马溪组页岩气有利勘探区,优选出有利勘探区位于研究区的西北部隔挡式构造带内龙骨溪背斜中段、南段北西翼靠近核部区域。