基于GIS和Voellmy模型的泥石流运动堆积过程模拟

泥石流流体具有速度快、破坏力强的特征,严重威胁着山区城镇的发展建设、群众生命财产安全。如何针对泥石流运动堆积过程进行模拟一直是泥石流研究的热点和难点。本文基于GIS技术以及近似Voellmy解的连续介质理论,建立了泥石流动力模型,采用数值模拟仿真的方法,以一典型泥石流沟为研究实例进行分析,通过模拟泥石流运动、堆积的动力过程,分析其最大速度、压力、过流量、堆积高度以及堆积面积,为后期泥石流危险性评价区划及防治提供有力支撑。     

泥石流堆积运动特征分析

以云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积区为研究对象, 根据深沟可能爆发泥石流灾害的区域范围、规模、性质和介质特征, 按爆发20年一遇(频率5%)和100年一遇(频率1%)的泥石流灾害预测规模, 运用数值模拟方法模拟了泥石流爆发历时过程的堆积运动特征及空间分布形态; 分析了不同规模泥石流堆积运动过程中, 泥石流堆积厚度及堆积运动速度在空间上和时间上的变化发展趋势.      

基于FLOW-3D的泥石流龙头运动过程模拟研究

由于2020年10月3日四川省阿坝州理县米亚罗镇突发暴雨,二经里沟暴发了泥石流,损坏沟口的高速公路,并堵塞河道。为了探索泥石流龙头运动特征,选取二经里沟为研究对象,通过调查分析得到泥石流物源分布及规模、沟道形态等特征,采用FLOW-3D数值模拟方法对该泥石流的运动特征进行分析。依据泥石流运动过程的不同特征,将全过程划分为物源汇集、运动特征突变、持续发展、泥沙堆积4个阶段,经验证模拟精度达88.98%。结合泥石流流动速度和堆积深度计算其强度指数,将其划分为4个等级并绘制强度分布图,其中极高强度区占2.4%,高强度区占5.1%,中强度区占13.6%,低强度区占78.9%。并通过三维建模在沟道拟设拦挡坝,模拟分析其对泥石流的减灾效果,为今后防治工程的修建提供科学依据。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于FLO-2D的矿山泥石流运动特征及危险性评价——以甘肃省岷县簸箕沟矿山泥石流为例

岷县簸箕沟金矿因人类开采活动引发了矿山泥石流灾害.采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析了降雨强度重现期50 a及100 a条件下的簸箕沟泥石流运动特征,进行危险性评价和分区,并结合实际发生情况做了精度验证.结果表明：簸箕沟泥石流的堆积扇范围、堆积深度以及平均流速等运动特征参数随着降雨重现周期的变长而增大,堆积扇中部的堆积深度及流速明显大于两翼及前端.泥石流的危险区集中分布于泥石流沟道以及沟口一定范围内.随着降雨重现周期的变长,高危险区面积比例由48%升高至54.0%.通过精度验证得出模拟结果与实际情况基本相符,可信度较高.     

粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力学研究的问题与展望

粘性泥石流入汇主河极大地改变了入汇区的河床堆积地貌，其动力学实质是非牛顿流体与牛顿流体的交互作用，合理描述粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程对于划定粘性泥石流风险区范围和认知流域地貌演化具有重大意义。粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积体时空演化过程有别于粘性泥石流在地表的纯堆积过程，通过回顾国内外学者在泥石流入汇区堆积动力学方面的研究成果，可以发现在粘性泥石流入汇区内堆积现象复杂，存在"阵性"输移、"元堆积"和龙头"水滑"等特殊现象。但目前的研究对泥石流和水流交互机制都进行了简化，一是将粘性泥石流视为挟沙水流，直接采用异重流方法；二是将粘性泥石流视为"半固态"，只考虑水流的输沙特征，研究认为基于这样的简化不足以描述粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和特殊现象，也低估了粘性泥石流交汇区冲击速度和堆积范围。同时，根据粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程的研究现状，结合粘性泥石流入汇的特殊运动过程，提出未来可开展的工作:一是粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和其交互机制的合理简化；二是普适性高的粘性泥石流-水流堆积动力学模型的建立。      

云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积动态模拟及减灾效益评估

笔者以云南省东川市深沟泥石流为研究对象，根据质量守恒和动量守恒原理，建立了泥石流堆积过程数学模型，运用数值方法的有限差分原理求解，并针对泥石流运动的实际特征，模拟其堆积动态过程。以此结果为基础，分析评价了深沟泥石流灾害的危险范围和程度，结合分类统计评价危险区的各类资产价值，分析评估了在2％频率条件下可能造成的灾害损失，对比防灾工程措施及其造价进行效益分析，提出了有关对策建议。     

基于FLO-2D的都江堰市龙池镇黄央沟泥石流数值模拟

利用HEC-HMS软件结合ArcGIS技术模拟都江堰市龙池镇黄央沟2010年8月13日泥石流的清水流量过程线,然后生成的清水过程线输入到FLO-2D软件中模拟了黄央沟泥石流的运动和堆积过程,计算了堆积的深度和分布范围。文中分析比较了模拟结果与实际调查结果,误差较小。可见基于FLO-2D的泥石流规模预测具有一定的应用意义,预测结果可以为泥石流的防治和预警提供依据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861