利用MODIS/EVI数据分析干旱对西南地区植被的影响(英文)

2009年9月至2010年3月我国西南地区出现了有气象记录以来最严重的干旱,给当地的自然环境和生产、生活带来严重影响。本文利用多年MODIS/EVI数据求取距平植被指数来反映干旱对西南地区植被的影响。在此基础上,分析了西南地区植被受旱的时空格局及其可能影响因素。结果表明,我国西南地区植被受干旱影响的范围很大,超过地区总面积的50%,植被受旱程度时空差异显著。这种显著的差异除了受降水等气象因素影响外,还与不同植被类型对干旱的响应差异有很大关系。在西南地区三种主要的植被类型中,作物是最易受干旱影响的植被类型,草地次之,林地的抗旱能力最强。此外,植被干旱的空间分布与气象干旱也存在很大的差异,进一步证明了降水以外的其他因素对干旱程度的调节作用。研究证明与气象干旱指数相比,植被指数更能反映干旱的实际情况。但在使用植被指数衡量干旱影响时也要考虑到植被指数本身的局限性。     

2004—2005年宁夏特大干旱事件的诊断分析

通过对2004年9月至2005年11月宁夏全区24个站连续15个月气温和降水资料进行分析,对干旱事件的气候特征、干旱环流特征以及造成干旱的成因进行初步诊断,其结果表明:宁夏2004—2005年特大干旱事件是在全球气候变暖的条件下发生的,贝加尔湖阻高以及500 hPa正高度距平持续维持是造成宁夏特大干旱事件发生的根本原因;同时,西太平洋副高与常年相比较弱也是其重要原因之一。     

新疆托什干河“95.5”春季特大洪水分析

新疆托什干河１９９５年５月９日零点到２点，发生了５０年一遇的特大洪水，对该河春季洪水进行了频率计算，查得此次特大洪水为１８０年一遇的春洪，这次特大洪水是典型的融雪洪流，在新疆河流春洪中具有代表性。     

基于植被供水指数法的上蔡县农业春旱遥感监测

利用2006年4月7日的Landsat5 TM影像、2013年4月2日Landsat7 ETM+影像和2014年4月5日Landsat7 ETM+影像,采用植被供水指数法对河南省上蔡县进行农业春旱监测,并将归一化植被指数(单一植被指数)法的结果与植被供水指数法的结果进行对比。结果表明:(1)上蔡县历年春季普遍发生农业干旱,程度有所不同。研究区2006年至2014年干旱程度逐年减轻,干旱发生区域逐年减少,干旱治理成效较为明显。(2)植被供水指数法与单一植被指数(归一化植被指数)法的监测结果一致,且数据易于获得,可操作性强,有助于提高监测精度和效率,可用于该研究区以及与其地形和覆被等情况一致区域的农业干旱监测。     

2001-2013年川西高原旱情监测及其地形分异

利用2001-2013年EOS-MODIS归一化植被指数产品数据,应用距平植被指数法（AVI）对川西高原进行了干旱监测,并分析年平均干旱发生频率与海拔高度、坡度和坡向地形因子的关系,进一步结合研究区土地利用数据,分析了不同地形因子干旱频率差异的原因。研究表明：（1）受积雪覆盖的影响,川西地区干旱监测只在一定区域内适用,该适宜区为川西海拔4 300 m以下区域。（2）川西高原干旱发生频率同各地形因子都具有较强的相关性,其中,高程影响最为复杂,与不同高度带地表覆被类型的差异性有关;坡向影响非常明确,主要受稳定水汽来源输入的影响;坡度的影响具有较强的局域性,与不同坡度的保水蓄水能力及覆被类型有关。     

蒙古国植被对干旱响应的敏感性研究

本文分析了蒙古国不同区域、不同土地覆被类型区的植被生长状况对干旱响应的敏感性特征,并探讨了成因。研究表明：① 2001—2019年,蒙古国虽然发生了3次较为严重的干旱事件,但整体上干旱程度呈轻微降低趋势,SPEI出现轻微上升,总体增速为0.001%/a;植被生长状况出现了好转,植被指数也呈上升趋势,总体增速为0.15%/a。② 蒙古国大部分区域植被生长受干旱影响较强,各植被指数与干旱指数呈较明显的正相关关系,在NDVI与SPEI-12的相关性分析中,正相关面积占比达76.36%;而在杭爱山脉和肯特山脉以北降水量丰沛的区域和阿尔泰山脉以南荒漠化严重和植被极为稀少区域,植被生长受干旱影响较弱,植被指数与SPEI相关性较小。③ 不同类型植被对干旱响应的敏感性也有差异,其中草地敏感性最强（0.22）,而森林敏感性最弱（-0.04）。④ 干旱持续时间长短,对植被生长影响有较大差异,蒙古国大部分区域的植被对延续3个月至半年的干旱最为敏感,而年内以7月份干旱对植被影响最强。⑤ 植被对干旱响应的敏感性实质是区域水分平衡的植被影响,对同种植被而言多年平均气温越高或降水量越少,植被对干旱响应的敏感性越强,反之则越弱。本文的研究结果对蒙古国因地制宜开展荒漠化防治具有重要参考价值。     

2006年重庆大旱的历史透视

对过去1千年重庆干旱记录分析表明:2006年在重庆及其周边地区所发生的"特大干旱"事件在历史上曾经多次出现,并非历史仅见。这样极端气候事件的发生仅仅是气候波动中一个正常的自然现象,无论是干旱的持续时间、严重程度,还是发生的范围都可能并未超出气候波动的正常幅度。     

基于遥感的安顺夜郎湖植被干旱响应特征

根据多年的气象资料和K干旱指数,分析了夜郎湖区域气候变化特征及其干旱背景,运用干旱年份（2009年11月—2010年3月）的4景Landsat卫星遥感数据计算了区域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和修正的归一化水体指数（MNDWI）,重点分析了夜郎湖植被对干旱事件的响应特征,并探讨了极端干旱事件对湖泊生态系统的影响。结果表明：（1）夜郎湖水库及其周边地区表现出变冷变干的气候特征,1995—2012年间气温呈显著变冷的趋势（R²=0.54,P<0.05）,而年降水量表现出波动下降的趋势（R²=0.42,P<0.05）。2009年是夜郎湖自1995年以来降水相对稀少,同时也是干旱最为严重的年份（K<0.6）。（2）当水库的K干旱指数小于0.4（特旱）时,NDVI和植被面积呈显著下降的趋势即表现出大范围的缺水性死亡,干旱开始时水库对周边植被具有一定的调节作用,基本维持原有水平,之后水库调节能力下降,植被生长受到极度抑制,出现大范围的死亡。而水库水面因受到蒸发量增大与降水量减少的影响,水分逐渐丧失,面积呈逐渐递减的特征。（3）湖泊生态系统在面对特大干旱时植被的应对能力相对较差,地表水极其缺乏,植物根系无法获得维持其生存的水分,随着干旱程度的加深而大面积死亡。     

基于VSWI和SPI的2000—2016年河南省干旱特征研究

干旱是一种常见且严重的自然灾害,极大地影响着我国的农业生产。以河南省为例,利用MODIS产品植被指数和地表温度数据,构建表征区域干旱特征的植被供水指数（VSWI_N、VSWI_E）,并与河南省16个国家级气象站点数据计算的2000-2016年不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）进行对比分析。结果表明：VSWI_E比VSWI_N更适用于河南省干旱的研究;3个月和12个月尺度的SPI值与VSWI的相关性较高;从时间上看,河南省发生干旱频率较高,春旱和夏旱发生频率分别为0.33和0.30,总体干旱趋势更加明显,其中春旱最严重的是2000年,夏旱最严重的是2014年;从空间上来看,豫北和豫西地区比豫南干旱程度严重。     

4种干旱监测方法在云南省的对比应用

面对多种多样的干旱监测方法,如何进行选取是目前遥感干旱应用所面临的主要难题。基于MODIS数据和云南省96个气象站2010年2月与2012年2月的气象资料,利用条件植被指数(VCI)、温度植被指数(TVDI)、云参数法以及标准降水指数(SPI)方法监测云南省干旱,并将4种方法监测结果与云南省干旱监测系统监测结果进行对比分析其在云南省的适用状况。结果表明:在该区,VCI监测干旱程度偏轻且干旱程度空间分布连续性差。云参数方法监测结果与实际干旱分布存在差异。由于没有考虑到前期降水等因素,SPI对该区干旱监测还有待进一步的探索。4种方法中,TVDI法既考虑了温度因素又考虑了地表植被状态,监测结果与实际干旱状况吻合度最好。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,