我国飞机观测气温和常规高空观测气温的对比分析

对2006年1月至2009年12月的飞机观测气温资料进行了质量控制,在此基础上通过其和常规高空气温资料的对比分析对飞机观测气温的可用性进行了评估.我国绝大部分飞机观测资料由B737-800和B737-700型飞机观测而得.统计结果表明:两种型号飞机的观测气温和常规高空观测气温的差值分布存在一定差异;差值呈准对称分布,64%的差值分布在-1℃至1℃;不同高度层上的差值不同.相对于常规高空观测气温,飞机观测气温值在700 hPa及以下偏低,在500 hPa及以上偏高.飞机观测气温和常规高空观测气温的差值大小和飞机型号及飞行状态有关.以北京地区的资料为例,利用北京首都机场上空飞机观测气温统计得到的月值和北京探空站常规高空观测气温月值没有显著性差异,各层次、时次的月值差异基本维持在-1℃至0.5℃之间.     

自动气象观测与人工观测气温差异分析

利用陕西省96个气象站2004--2007年自动与人工平行观测的气温资料,分析陕西全省和不同自然区人工与自动观测气温的差异及引起差异的原因。结果表明：自动观测比人工观测的日平均气温平均偏高0．03℃,标准差为0．26℃。78．6％的样本月平均气温对比差值在0．2℃之内,在不同自然区自动与人工观测气温对比差值在0．2。c之间的百分率基本相同。气温对比差值的日、月变化规律明显,自动与人工观测时间不同步对定时值有一定影响。但对气候分析没有影响,自动观测仪器性能不稳定会造成较大的数据偏差。     

自动站与人工站气温观测资料分析

通过对河南省65个自动站在2年平行观测期间人工站与自动站气温（平均、最高、最低）观测资料的差值平均值、差值标准差进行综合分析,得出以下结论：自动站观测值比人工站观测值整体偏低,但差值集中在-0．4～0．4之间。所以自动观测代替人工观测后,对河南省气温长期观测资料的序列没有太大的影响。排除引起数据变化异常的主、客观原因后,自动站与人工站气温观测资料一致性良好。     

我国飞机观测气象资料概况及质量分析

为全面了解我国飞机观测气象资料的时空分布特征和质量状况,该文介绍了AMDAR(Aircraft MeteorologicalData Relay)计划的发展及我国通过AMDAR计划实施获取的飞机观测气象资料(又称AMDAR资料)的时空分布特征,分析了起飞和降落阶段飞机观测所获廓线资料的可用性,并分别对全球AMDAR资料和我国AMDAR资料进行极值检查、空间位置检验和时间一致性检验,对我国AMDAR资料错误率的月值变化和垂直分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:我国三分之二的AMDAR资料集中在飞机的起飞和降落阶段,并主要集中在我国中东部地区;利用我国AMDAR资料制作的廓线垂直分辨率大部分高于10 hPa。我国AMDAR资料的气温错误率低于全球水平,但风速错误率高于全球水平,错误资料主要集中在近地面层。从2008年开始,我国AMDAR资料的质量状况较往年有了明显改善,风速错误率一直维持在1.3%以下,气温错误率维持在0.2%以下。总体来说,我国AMDAR资料已成为我国高空气象观测资料的重要组成部分,资料质量稳定,具有较高的应用价值。     

AMDAR观测资料分析及质量控制

随着中国气象局与民航总局AMDAR(Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay)合作项目的开展,气象部门获得的AMDAR观测资料逐渐增加.为获取高质量的AMDAR观测资料和充分合理地使用这些观测资料,必须对AMDAR观测资料时空分布、飞行状态信息、观测资料质量等信息进行充分调研分析,并开发设计出具有实际运用价值和能力的质量控制(QC)技术,使AMDAR观测资料在数值预报业务模式系统中发挥更大作用.AMDAR QC方案在参考国际先进AMDAR QC方案的基础上,根据AMDAR资料的特点和数值天气预报模式对AMDAR资料应用的要求而设计,其目的是解决AMDAR观测资料在数值预报中应用的质量问题.文中方案采用多种质量控制技术,其中包括气候极值检查、要素间一致性检查、时间一致性检查、持续性检查、背景场一致性检查、空间一致性检查、综合决策算法、自动统计评估反馈技术,并将该方案应用于2007年6-8月的实际观测资料.试验结果表明:该方案能有效地识别观测资料中存在明显错误的资料,有效地为AMDAR资料在数值模式中的应用提供客观质量依据.     

利用再分析与探空资料对0℃层高度和地面气温变化特征及其相关性的分析

利用北京多年ERA-Interim再分析资料和探空观测资料分析地面气温及0℃层高度特征,对比再分析资料和探空资料的差异,并利用北京和寿县资料分析0℃层高度与地面气温的相关性,拟合0℃层高度与地面气温的线性关系,另外,利用未参与公式拟合的观测资料进行验证。结果表明:地面气温与0℃层高度存在明显季节变化;与探空观测值相比,无论是全年还是分季节,再分析资料的地面气温和0℃层高度值都偏低,地面气温平均偏低2℃,0℃层高度平均偏低200 m;再分析与探空资料的相关性较好,相关系数都大于0.89;地面气温与0℃层高度的变化趋势一致,再分析资料和观测资料地面气温与0℃层高度的相关系数均大于0.9,20:00大于08:00(北京时),都通过了0.01的显著水平统计检验,且观测资料获得的线性关系优于再分析资料;线性拟合得到的地面气温与0℃层高度的线性关系,可为天气雷达判别0℃层和预报降水等应用提供辅助信息。     

AMDAR温度观测的误差统计特征分析

观测资料的误差结构特征是影响资料同化效果的重要因素之一,在GRAPES资料同化系统中使用的观测资料误差结构特征是借鉴国外的同化系统或参考文献,没有直接使用实际观测资料统计。因为同化系统的差异和观测系统的不断改进,观测资料误差结构特征也应随着改变。现在同化系统中的观测误差结构特征不能满足同化系统的精细化要求,比如飞机的观测误差特征没有按飞机标识、纬度带和飞行状态进行区分。为了提高AMDAR资料的应用效果,本文对AMDAR资料的误差特征进行统计分析。通过对比AMDAR资料和NECP再分析资料,分别对全球不同纬度带、不同飞行状态和不同飞行标识两者的温度差异进行统计。本文使用的AMDAR资料是从国家信息中心实时库获取的,资料时段为2013年5—7月。统计结果显示在北半球中纬度(20°~50°N)AMDAR资料最密集的区域,AMDAR资料的温度偏差最大,约-2~-1℃,标准差约1.2~1.6℃。温度的标准差在不同飞行状态随纬度而异,赤道地区(20°S~20°N)平飞状态最小,约0.8℃,北半球高纬度(50°~90°N)平飞状态最大,约1.5~2℃。通过分析AMDAR资料的误差特征,可以更有针对性地做好AMDAR资料质量控制及偏差订正,改进同化预报效果。     

山西岢岚地区NCEP资料与地面观测资料的年变化对比

利用2000—2014年山西岢岚地区地面观测资料和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,采用线性趋势和相关系数等方法,探讨NCEP再分析资料中2 m地面温度、2 m相对湿度、地面气压及10 m风速在岢岚地区的可信度问题。结果表明:(1)2005年以前,NCEP再分析资料2 m温度偏低,之后开始偏高,且与地面观测资料的偏差有逐年增大趋势,每10 a约增加1.4℃;两者相关性高,多年相关系数平均值达到0.9557;(2)相对湿度均呈减小趋势,2006年以前,NCEP 2 m相对湿度偏大,此后开始偏小,相对湿度的多年平均绝对差为14.5522%,且后9 a(2006—2014)均小于多年平均绝对差;两者相关系数值呈增大趋势,年平均值为0.7167;(3)NCEP地面气压总体偏大,平均绝对差值呈明显减小趋势,最小值0.5889 h Pa出现于2014年,多年平均值为4.2725 h Pa;两者相关系数呈增大趋势,多年平均值达到0.9625;(4)历年NCEP 10 m地面风速均偏大,但与地面观测资料的偏差呈减小趋势,每10 a约减小0.4 m·s~(-1),多年平均绝对差值为1.7996 m·s~(-1),而2005—2014年的平均绝对差值皆小于多年平均值;两者相关系数较小,但逐年呈微弱上升趋势,其多年平均值只有0.4849。     

日平均计算方法对气温统计值的影响

为了弄清不同日平均计算方法对气温统计值的影响,利用陕西6个基准站的定时气温资料分别进行24次观测与4次观测,以及4次与3次观测值计算所得日平均气温计算值的差异分析,并对1961-2010年的3次、4次、24次计算的年平均气温序列进行均一性的惩罚最大F检验(PMFT).结果表明:24次气温定时值计算的日平均气温均值高于4次值,平均差值为0.13℃,标准差为0.39℃,两者差值在秋季较大.4次比3次日平均气温值平均偏低0.14℃,标准差为0.85℃,一年中,夏季差值最大.不同次数的日平均气温计算方法可引起月、年平均气温值0.2℃甚至以上的升降.24次气温值的使用可以使单站的气温增暖速率提高0.03～0.04℃/10a.但日平均气温计算方法的改变不会造成气温序列的非均一.     

四川自动与人工观测气温的差异分析

利用四川135个站自动与人工第2年平行观测气温资料,就自动与人工观测的气温的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明：气温各项目的自动观测比人工观测平均偏高,平均差值基本在0．2℃以内;气温、日最高、日最低的自动与人工观测比较,差值在±0．2℃之间的分别占58．71％、51．58％、62．68％,自动与人工观测值一致的分别占15．07％、12．16％、14．78％;自动与人工观测气温之间的对比差值存在明显的日变化,无明显的季节性和地域性差异;两种观测体制在观测时间上、观测方式上、测温传感器安装位置上,以及感应元件和测温原理的不同、仪器误差、热滞效应,都会造成观测结果出现差异。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.