颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi对升温和温度波动响应的株间效应

在全球气候变化的背景下,极端天气频发,海洋生物也将受到环境异质性的影响,即环境条件基于平均水平的震荡变化。为研究温度波动变化对海洋碳循环中的重要种群颗石藻的影响,采用半连续培养的方式对海洋颗石藻优势种赫氏颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)的非钙化株系与钙化株系分别进行模拟培养实验,探究颗石藻在低(20℃)和高(25℃)平均温度下对升温及温度波动变化的响应。结果表明,升温与温度波动对两株E.huxleyi的生长均起到了抑制作用,而升温和温度波动变化对两株E.huxleyi的生长速率以及胞内碳水化合物含量、非钙化株系的颗粒有机碳含量及钙化株系的蛋白质和颗粒物无机碳含量、碳氮比及沉降速率产生了显著的交互效应,温度的波动变化在一定程度上增强了颗石藻应对升温的适应性。通过对两株系的生理响应结果进行对比分析,发现非钙化株系各生理参数对升温和温度波动变化更为敏感,表明颗石藻的钙化作用可能对其应对环境波动下的极端环境条件起缓冲保护作用。升温和温度波动变化显著削弱了颗石藻的沉降速率,可能会对颗石藻相关的海洋碳沉降与输出产生显著的削弱效应。因此,为了更准确地预测海洋颗石藻对气候变化的响应,未来相关研究需要考虑叠加在升温基础上的温度波动变化对颗石藻的生理生态学效应。     

环境因子对海洋浮游植物吸收磷酸盐速率的影响

本文研究了培养条件下,介质中PO₄-P浓度、砷酸盐浓度、温度及光照强度对海洋浮游植物吸收磷酸盐速率的影响。结果表明:在低磷介质中,随PO₁-P浓度的升高,浮游植物对磷酸盐的吸收速率增大;砷酸盐只在短期内抑制浮游植物对磷酸盐的吸收;温度升高也使吸收速率增大;光照强度对吸收速率的影响因种类而异。     

基于海洋命运共同体理念的深海战略新疆域建设

为加快我国深海事业的发展,促进全球海洋命运共同体的构建,文章基于海洋命运共同体理念,分析深海战略新疆域的内涵、地位及其与海洋命运共同体的关系,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：深海是保障经济社会可持续发展的潜在战略基地和全人类共有的资源宝库,是开展科技创新和推动科技进步的新场所,是保障国家安全和维护国际海洋秩序的重要领域,是深度参与全球治理和构建海洋命运共同体的新领域;我国应充分履行勘探合同承包者的义务、持续开展深海科技创新、加强深海支撑保障能力建设和系统开展深海战略问题研究。     

深海多金属硫化物采矿研究进展及其前景探讨

随着陆地金属矿产资源的日渐枯竭,深海多金属硫化物逐渐成为海洋矿产资源勘探的新趋势。文章介绍了全球主要海底多金属硫化物矿床的成因及分布特点,阐述了多个国际矿业公司和国际海洋组织对西南太平洋、大西洋和印度洋海底块状多金属硫化物勘探活动的最新进展。从海底多金属硫化物的金属品质、深海采矿的法律政策和环境保护等方面对海底多金属硫化物的开发前景进行探讨,并提出积极投身国际海底资源开发规章制定,进一步细化国内法律制度,为深海采矿提供良好的法律制度环境;提升深海治理能力,增强我国在深海领域的话语权;完善深海技术装备体系,提高深海开发创新能力等建议。     

90年代深潜器技术最新进展

深潜器技术是海洋高新技术。利用深潜器可以在海洋深处直接进行海洋生物、物理、化学和地质等科学考察活动,并可勘探深海地形地貌,采集海底样品,支持海洋开发利用。近年来的新发展是:无人遥控潜器逐渐代替有人潜器,无人无缆潜器向大深度发展,并出现了智能型潜器和仿生学潜器。 1 大深度无人潜器 日本继“深海6500”载人潜器下水之后,又     

海洋生物分布有规可循

海洋生物资源十分丰富,但由于海洋自然环境的制约,人类对海洋生物资源分布规律的了解很不充分。因此,探索海洋生物资源的分布规律是十分必要的。整个海洋水体环境比陆地环境更具有立体性,因而海洋生物的分布亦比陆生生物更具垂直分布的洋带性特点。海洋水体在200米深以下,海水温度、盐度等比较稳定,太阳光透射不到这个深度,也几乎不受气候环境的影响。从洋面到洋底,海平面以下200米这个区域是海洋生物最丰富的洋带,从200～1000米为海洋中层,主要有深海浮游动     

南海东北部深海盆末次冰盛期以来陆源碎屑粒度特征及影响因素*

南海东北部深海盆底流演变受多种因素控制, 但目前对末次冰盛期以来底流的敏感指标、演变过程及其控制因素还缺乏深入认识。本文选取南海东北部深水区16ZBS11岩心开展陆源碎屑粒度测试和年龄测定, 通过粒级-标准偏差法提取环境敏感因子, 并计算底流强度及搬运能力。研究结果表明, 研究区陆源碎屑主要由粉砂和粘土组成, 砂组分仅在部分层位出现。南海东北部深海沉积环境经历了3个演化阶段, 第Ⅰ阶段为22.39~16.02ka BP, 第Ⅱ阶段为16.02~9.58ka BP, 第Ⅲ阶段为9.58ka BP至今, 各阶段粘土和粉砂组分均呈反相演变过程。海平面变化是深海沉积和海洋过程的重要影响因素, 末次冰盛期以来南海东北部深海盆底流强度和搬运能力逐渐减弱并呈同步变化, 16ka BP、11.5ka BP后南海分别与印度洋、台湾海峡连通, 影响了南海北部的海洋过程。特别是9.58ka BP以来南海北部海洋混合方式和强度的改变, 深刻影响着深海陆源碎屑的输运及沉积演化。本文研究结果为深入认识南海北部底流活动演变和南海深海过程提供了新证据。     

光照时间、强度和温度对角毛藻增殖率的影响

海洋单细胞藻是海产动物幼体必需的食料,也是进行生理和遗传研究的好材料。在藻类培养中,光照时间、强度和温度是影响藻类增殖速度的重要因素。有关藻类生长和光照强度、温度之间的关系已有不少报道。但是光照时间、强度和温度对同一种藻类增殖率影响的报道是不多的。     

JSA2—1型超高压试验设备简介

一、引言随着我国海洋事业的发展,提供深海环境模拟的试验手段是非常必要的。这些环境包括在海洋中可能迂到的压力、温度、海水腐蚀、海水污染以及它们间的各种组合。为提供海洋仪器及装置的整机及另部件进行耐压水密试验的设备,我们于1981年开始研制100MPa 深水超高压试验设备,该设备的研制成功,不仅为我单位科研提供了一个重要设备,而且也为海洋开发事业增添了一个有力的手段。     

不同环境因子对毛颚动物的影响和毛颚动物生态研究综述

毛颚动物又称箭虫,是海洋中的次级生产力代表之一。毛颚动物的呼吸受温度影响较大,因此其丰度会受到水温的调节作用。盐度>25时,毛颚动物种类多丰度低,但也有一些耐高盐的种类可在高盐环境中有高丰度。许多研究表明,海流和海洋锋对毛颚动物分布产生显著影响,海流可将毛颚动物携至不同水层甚至不同气候带。毛颚动物有迁移现象并呈垂直分布,这与捕食相联系,不同毛颚动物之间遵循空间、时间、食物型分离的生态规则,以减少种间竞争。毛颚动物对其捕食对象的摄食压力较大,此外,还产生可快速下沉的粪粒,在有机物向下输送过程有一定作用。     

Contribution of trimethylamine N-oxide on the growth and pressure tolerance of deep-sea bacteria

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO) is widely dispersed in marine environments and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. Diverse marine bacteria utilize TMAO as carbon and nitrogen sources or as electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. Alteration of respiratory component according to the pressure is a common trait of deep-sea bacteria. Deep-sea bacteria from dif ferent genera harbor high hydrostatic pressure(HHP) inducible TMAO reductases that are assumed to be constitutively expressed in the deep-sea piezosphere and facilitating quick reaction to TMAO released from ?sh which is a potential nutrient for bacterial growth. However, whether deep-sea bacteria universally employ this strategy remains unknown. In this study, 237 bacterial strains affliated to 23 genera of Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were isolated from seawater, sediment or amphipods collected at dif ferent depths. The pressure tolerance and the utilization of TMAO were examined in 74 strains. The results demonstrated no apparent correlation between the depth where the bacteria inhabit and their pressure tolerance, regarding to our samples. Several deep-sea strains from the genera of Alteromonas, Halomonas,Marinobacter, Photobacterium, and Vibrio showed capacity of TMAO utilization, but none of the isolated Acinebacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Muricauda, Novosphingobium, Rheinheimera, Sphingobium and Stenotrophomonas did, indicating the utilization of TMAO is a species-speci?c feature. Furthermore, we noticed that the ability of TMAO utilization varied among strains of the same species. TMAO has greater impact on the growth of deep-sea isolates of Vibrio neocaledonicus than shallow-water isolates. Taken together, the results describe for the ?rst time the TMAO utilization in deep-sea bacterial strains, and expand our understanding of the physiological characteristic of marine bacteria.     

Effect of the hydrostatic pressure on the vertical distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laminaria saccharina</Emphasis> (L.) lamouroux in the Barents Sea

An experimental study was undertaken to reveal the influence of the hydrostatic pressure on the early developmental stages of Laminaria saccharina, including the motile zoospores, the embryospores, and sprouting spores. The pressure did not affect the moving patterns and sinking rate of the zoospores. The sprouting spores were the most vulnerable among the other types; i.e., a pressure of 3 standard atmospheres (the hydrostatic pressure at the depth of 30 m) delayed or disturbed their development. The light conditions did not limit the vertical distribution of L. saccharina to greater depths. We assume that the hydrostatic pressure may significantly impact the vertical distribution of benthic macrophytes in the sublittoral zone.     

Ecological niches of Arctic deep-sea copepods: Vertical partitioning,dietary preferences and different trophic levels minimize inter-specific competition

The biodiversity of pelagic deep-sea ecosystems has received growing scientific interest in the last decade, especially in the framework of international marine biodiversity initiatives, such as Census of Marine Life (CoML). While a growing number of deep-sea zooplankton species has been identified and genetically characterized, little information is available on the mechanisms minimizing inter-specific competition and thus allowing closely related species to co-occur in the deep-sea pelagic realm. Focussing on the two dominant calanoid copepod families Euchaetidae and Aetideidae in Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean, the present study strives to characterize ecological niches of co-occurring species, with regard to vertical distribution, dietary composition as derived from lipid biomarkers, and trophic level on the basis of stable isotope signatures. Closely related species were usually restricted to different depth layers, resulting in a multi-layered vertical distribution pattern. Thus, vertical partitioning was an important mechanism to avoid inter-specific competition. Species occurring in the same depth strata usually belonged to different genera. They differed in fatty acid composition and trophic level, indicating different food preferences. Herbivorous Calanus represent major prey items for many omnivorous and carnivorous species throughout the water column. The seasonal and ontogenetic vertical migration of Calanus acts as a short-cut in food supply for pelagic deep-sea ecosystems in the Arctic.     

High pressure-high temperature laboratory apparatus for the measurement of deep sea sediment physical properties

Laboratory equipment has been built which will measure the permeability and thermal conductivity of deep-sea sediments at their in-situ conditions of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, and void ratio. The apparatus has the capability of uniaxially consolidating a sediment sample to simulate compaction within the sediment column, while exposing the specimen to hydrostatic pressures ranging from atmospheric to 62 MPa and to temperatures from 22 to 220°C. The equipment includes a hypodermic needle mounted vertically through the base of the pressure vessel from which thermal conductivity is determined by the needle probe method. The system also features a combination of dead-weight testers which produces a small hydraulic gradient across the sample and permits the measurement of sediment permeability at large hydrostatic pressures.The physical property data generated from this apparatus will be important in understanding the mechanisms of heat transfer through the ocean floor and in analysing the coupled flow of heat and pore fluid in the vicinity of a heat source, such as a radioactive waste canister, buried in the seabed.     

The near-bottom boundary layer in the black sea: Hydrological structure and modelling

The paper discusses the parameters derived through deep-sea precision CTD-probings, characteristic of the structure of the near-bottom boundaries layer, specifically, the depth of the layer's upper boundary and the mean vertical potential temperature/salinity gradients, as well as the density ratio over the layer of the near-bottom convection. The peculiarities of the parameters' spatial distribution have been identified. The conclusion derived from the analysis of the model implies that the near-bottom boundary layer occurs, aside from the presence of the bottom geothermal heat flux, due to the strong dependence of the Bosphorus salt flux on stratification. The dependence of the Black Sea buoyancy flux and vertical diffusion coefficient on depth has been estimated. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin     

菲律宾海钱洲深海峡谷沉积物中元素的地球化学特征

作者研究了钱洲深海峡谷柱状沉积物中常量元素和微量元素的垂直分布及它们的相关关系。研究表明,大多数化学元素随岩芯深度的垂直分布变化不大,且元素明显的分为两组：Ca,Sr组和Al,Fe,Ti,Mg,Ni,V,Co,Li,Rb组,该区的物质来源为多源的,即生物来源、陆源和火山源。     

The dynamic method of calculating currents and analysis of the vertical kinematic structure

The basic relations of the classical dyamic method have been complemented with the condition allowing for the non-monotonicity of the vertical kinematic structure. The elements of the multi-layered system of geostrophic currents have been found to correlate over depth with seawater density and hydrostatic pressure distribution. An example of the analysis of the vertical structure of currents, involving specific hydrological data, is given. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

基于GAM和GWR模型分析环境因子对鱼类分布的影响

多鳞鱚（Sillago sihama）是山东近海重要的渔业种类之一。本研究根据2016年秋季（10月）在山东近海开展渔业资源底拖网调查取得的数据,分析该海域多鳞鱚的空间分布特征,并运用广义可加模型（GAM）和地理加权回归（GWR）模型探究影响其分布的因素及其与环境因子的非线性和空间非平稳性关系。GAM拟合结果显示,影响秋季多鳞鱚分布的环境因子主要有水深、底层水温和底层盐度,水深的偏差解释率最大,为23.50%。GWR模型拟合结果显示,多鳞鱚分布与水深和底层水温之间存在空间非平稳性关系。水深与多鳞鱚相对资源量呈负相关关系,底层水温与多鳞鱚相对资源量呈正相关关系。赤池信息准则和决定系数（R2）指标对比结果显示,GWR模型的表现优于GAM,在渔业生态数据分析中表现出较好的发展潜力。本研究为今后开展渔业生物空间分布提供了一种新的方法。     

深海综合观测浮标研制及其在热带西太平洋的应用

目前尽管国内近海浮标实现了产品化,但深远海尚无定型可靠的深海综合观测浮标系统,基于此,中国科学院海洋研究所设计制作了深海综合观测浮标系统,其浮标体为柱台型结构,采用单点锚泊系留。整个系统主要由浮标体、系留子系统、观测子系统、数据采集处理控制子系统、通信子系统、供电子系统、检测子系统、安全报警子系统和岸基数据接收处理子系统等9部分组成。浮标系统通过搭载不同类型的传感器,实现对风速/风向、气温、相对湿度、气压、能见度、雨量、波浪、表层水温、表层盐度、表层溶解氧、表层叶绿素、表层浊度、剖面流速流向、剖面温盐深（最大深度可达1 000 m）、方位及浮标位置等要素进行实时观测,从而完成对海洋气象、水文和水质等要素的长期、连续、自动监测,并支持铱星和北斗等卫星通信方式,将观测数据实时的传输到岸基数据接收处理系统。近年来,深海综合观测浮标系统在热带西太平洋海域连续进行了4次海上应用,每次应用时间长达1 a。它提供了第一手的大洋上层和海气界面长时间序列的实时连续观测资料,促进了关于气候变化和深海大洋的研究工作。所研制的深海浮标达到目前国际同类产品（美国ATLAS浮标、日本TRITON浮标）的先进水平,并且在水下感应耦合传输等方面进行了创新,形成了自有特色。     

Vertical Distribution of Gelatinous Macroplankton in the North Pacific Observed by Manned Submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2

The vertical distribution of several medusa species in the Kurile-Kamtchatka region of the Pacific Ocean is described. Animals were observed in the light cone from deep-sea submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 throughout the water column, from the surface to 5000–6000 m at four different sites. Bathy- and abyssopelagic species are noted along with the species living in an extremely wide depth range. A faunistic border is revealed at a depth of 3000 m. The contribution of gelatinous animals (medusae, siphonophores, salps) to the total deep-sea plankton biomass was estimated using a wire reference cube during nine dives in the highly productive areas of the northwest Pacific, eastern Pacific (California, Costa-Rica Dome), and subtropical oligotrophic areas. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.