海岛统计报表制度研究与实践

按照《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》相关要求,开展了海岛统计报表制度的研究和建立工作,统计内容包括海岛生态保护、海岛开发利用、海岛人居环境、特殊用途海岛保护和海岛管理5个方面,共15张表,386个统计指标。该制度具有依法设置报表指标、充分考虑跨部门数据获取的可行性、历史数据与变化数据有机衔接、分级填报、逐级汇总等特点。通过对海岛保护法条文的研究以及报表制度分析和实践验证,该报表内容丰富全面,指标设置科学合理,将为国家各级海洋管理部门实施科学有效的海岛保护与管理提供基础数据支撑。     

中国海岛保护与管理工作进展及发展思路

自2010年《海岛保护法》颁布实施以来,各级海洋主管部门依法履责,严格实行海岛保护规划制度、科学开展海岛整治修复工程、不断提升海岛管理业务水平,取得显著的工作成效,初步形成了生态健康、景色优美、人岛和谐的海岛保护思路,基本确立了有序、有偿、有度的海岛开发利用格局。今后,应继续落实《海岛保护法》和《全国海岛保护规划》,以生态立岛为本,推进实施以生态系统为基础的海岛综合管理,研究构建海岛生态指数,稳步实施"生态岛礁"工程,加强海岛生态保护、优化海岛功能定位、促进海岛经济发展。     

基于用岛类型和方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系构建思考

对申请海岛使用权的无居民海岛开发利用活动进行分类,是制定无居民海岛使用金最低标准定价的基础。2010年《无居民海岛使用金征收使用管理办法》中的海岛分类体系存在与国家和地方分类体系衔接不够、用岛类型与用岛方式概念混杂、对生态用岛引导作用不明显等问题。本文对无居民海岛各类分类体系现状及关联性进行了梳理,分析其存在的主要问题,在继承《全国海岛保护规划》关于适度开发利用海岛的主导用途分类的基础上,充分体现资源有价、生态有价的原则,将原有的10类无居民用岛类型通过合并、新增、保留,调整为9类。根据用岛活动对海岛自然岸线、表面积、岛体和植被等的改变程度,将无居民海岛用岛方式划分为6种。初步构建了基于用岛类型和用岛方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系,为无居民海岛使用金最低价标准调整、分类施策和精细化管理提供依据。     

建立海岛保护名录制度的必要性研究

《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》明确了我国海岛保护的主要内容。从海岛保护规制视角,我国已建立规划、调查评估、生态系统保护和海岛分类保护等制度。在我国大力推进海洋生态文明建设的背景下,文章提出包括海岛生态保护在内的海岛保护管理工作存在诸多方面的挑战,无法有效与我国生态文明相关制度相衔接。我国海岛数量众多、情况各异,有必要实施海岛名录化管理,建立海岛保护名录制度,通过分析其在推动海洋生态文明制度建设等方面的重要意义,主张其为完善我国海岛保护制度的重要可行路径。     

广西海岛及周边海域填海红线研究

为协调海岛开发利用需求与海岛生态环境保护之间的矛盾,做好广西海岛开发长远发展的战略规划,本研究将单个海岛及周边海域作为一个整体,在宏观尺度上,以海洋生态红线理论为指导,综合考虑广西海岛及周边海域生态环境现状及围填需求,研究划定填海红线。经综合研究分析得到,近期可能有围填需求的海岛共128个,其中北海市6个,防城港市55个,钦州市67个。填海红线海岛共163个,其中禁止填海海岛152个,限制填海海岛11个,163个海岛中海洋保护区内海岛4个,重要滨海旅游区海岛16个,特殊保护海岛4个,重要河口区海岛107个,红树林区海岛32个。本研究可为海岛管理部门提供审批决策依据,为海岛的有序、科学、合理开发保驾护航。但对于单个海岛周边具体海域的围填海适宜性,还需综合各方面因素进行深入研究。     

新时代我国海岛的生态保护和开发利用

为促进我国海岛的生态保护和开发利用,实现新时代海岛的可持续发展,文章概述海岛生态系统的特性以及我国相关立法过程和管理措施;重点围绕我国海岛生态保护和开发利用实践,以南麂列岛、獐子岛和舟山群岛为例,分别分析保护修复、生态利用和绿色开发3种海岛生态发展模式。研究结果表明:保护修复型以保护区建设和管理、生物资源及其生境修复为主,生态利用型以坚持生态理念、提升产业科技含量、重视环境保护和生态建设以及科学规划和管理为主,绿色开发型以制定规划、构建合理产业体系、发展循环经济以及加强基础设施和人才建设为主;3种模式的共同点为海岛资源的优化配置,可交叉选择和综合应用。在此基础上,提出海岛生态发展的6点建议,即完善法律制度体系、发展绿色能源技术、加强动态监视监测和大数据整合、建立全链条标准化体系、培养和引进专业人才以及推动应对全球挑战的国际合作。     

北海区海岛保护现状研究

海岛是壮大海洋经济的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,北海区海岛对于北方地区经济发展和生态保护具有重要的意义。文章在对北海区海岛概况进行介绍的基础上,研究了北海区三省一市各级海岛管理部门在保护海岛生态环境、规范海岛开发秩序、改善海岛人居环境以及增强特殊用途海岛保护力度等海岛保护方面取得的进展,同时还分析了在北海区海岛保护中存在着海岛保护规范和制度不够健全、海岛管理业务化技术支撑体系建设进程缓慢、海岛及其周边生态系统相关研究不足、海岛保护与开发经费投入不足、公众海岛保护意识薄弱等问题。最后根据北海区海岛保护中存在的问题,提出了北海区海岛保护的改进建议。     

海岛海岸线保护规划初探——以青岛市海岛海岸线保护规划为例

海岛保护规划制度是《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》确立的基本制度之一,海岛岸线资源是海岛的重要资源,也是海岛保护规划的重要内容。文章在分析海岛海岸线保护规划目标的基础上,提出基于功能用途和开发与保护程度的海岛海岸线规划类型及其含义,阐述科学规划海岛海岸线的技术流程,并以青岛市海岛海岸线为例进行海岛海岸线保护规划的初步探索,可为相关规划和管理提供参考。     

无居民海岛林权历史遗留问题及解决路径探析

《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》的出台标志着我国海岛管理工作正式进入法制化和规范化的阶段,但法前历史遗留问题的妥善处理是横亘在我国海岛管理工作面前的重要课题,其中无居民海岛林权历史遗留问题的处理是关键和难点。无居民海岛林权问题的解决难点表现在：法律依据不足;无居民海岛属于国家所有与岛上集体所有林权的矛盾,以及无居民海岛集体所有林权与海岛使用权的权属重叠矛盾;无居民海岛纳入林地用途管制问题。文章通过分析和总结地方管理部门对无居民海岛林权问题的处理经验,发现仍然存在诸多问题,包括政府征收集体林地法律依据不足、林地补偿成本偏高、不动产权利类型登记不明确、用地类型变更不适用于无居民海岛、林权问题对用岛项目影响较大等。针对以上问题,通过构建无居民海岛林权问题处理路径,以期完善我国的无居民海岛管理制度。从法律层面,针对无居民海岛的特殊性,修订完善法律法规;从管理层面,建立无居民海岛开发利用项目占用林地预审制度和无居民海岛集体林地征收制度,确定合理的征收补偿标准和补偿方式,并将无居民海岛林地使用权按无居民海岛使用权处理,加强无居民海岛开发利用项目的全过程监管,构建无居民海岛森林资源数据库和管理信息系统;从技术层面,做好无居民海岛本底调查,在单岛规划中开展无居民海岛生态适宜性评价,加强无居民海岛主导用途和用岛类型分类研究。     

基于B/S架构的广东省海岛保护管理信息平台建设

为满足广东省海岛保护管理业务需求以及提高广东省海岛保护管理信息化水平,文章在现有海岛调查数据的基础上,运用数据库管理和“一张图”集成展示技术,采用B/S架构模式,搭建集海岛属性、空间和时间数据以及多比例数据于一体的区域性海岛保护管理信息平台;该平台的建设对于全面掌握广东省海岛的数据情况、基本特点、保护管理情况和存在的突出问题发挥积极作用,同时以信息化管理技术手段加强广东省海岛保护管理,推进海岛资源合理开发利用,促进海洋经济发展。     

Etiologies, observations and reporting of estuarine finfish lesions.

Lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of organisms including parasites and bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious agents. In addition, trauma, suboptimal water quality, and other abiotic stress factors may result in the loss of homeostasis. We have observed solitary ulcerative lesions on menhaden sampled from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, the Pimlico River, North Carolina, and the St. Johns River, Florida. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate and granulomas in response to fungal hyphae throughout large areas of exposed necrotic muscle. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria were also observed in the lesions, a common finding in ulcers of aquatic organisms. Similar observations in menhaden and other species have been described previously in the literature as ulcerative mycosis, mycotic granulomatosis, red spot disease, and epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Despite the many different known causes of fish lesions, the popular press and the scientific literature have recently emphasized Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates (and their bioactive compounds) as the primary causative agent for finfish lesions, particularly mycotic granulomatous ulcers in Atlantic menhaden. While some laboratory data suggest that Pfiesteria may play a role in field-observed lesions, much more cause-and-effect evidence is needed to determine the importance of other risk factors, both alone or and in combination with Pfiesteria. In order to better understand the etiology of lesion initiation and progression in estuarine finfish, accurate assessments of environmental conditions collected on appropriate temporal and spatial scales, and fish morphological indicators consistent with gross and histological pathologic terminology, should be used for reporting fish lesion observations and kills. Further, this outlook will help to avoid bias and may foster a broader perspective for examining the health of estuarine systems in general.     

A reporting compliance of national Fisheries Authority of Papua New Guinea

Through textual analysis, this paper takes into account documentary evidence of the Auditor-General׳s audit commentaries of the reporting compliance of the National Fisheries Authority of Papua New Guinea for the period 2006–2012. The results of the analysis show that the National Fisheries Authority׳s financial statements are late, unprepared or qualified. The study suggests ways the authority might improve its reporting compliance at relatively little cost, and how using national reporting compliance instruments may enhance national fisheries policy. The findings are of critical importance for fishing authority local managers, policy-makers and practitioners interested in providing compliant financial and operational reporting to meet the decision needs of its key stakeholders.     

Murky waters: Media reporting of marine protected areas in South Australia

Given the public's limited knowledge of marine environments, informing the public about marine protection presents a unique challenge. Studies have shown a well-informed public is more likely to support environmental issues and that newspapers, in particular, are considered a credible media source. This research investigates media representations of current South Australian efforts to establish a marine protected area (MPA). Articles from five newspapers between 1999 and 2006 were examined for content in the following areas: local marine ecology, the policy process of MPA establishment and stakeholder views. The research found that newspapers concentrated their reporting on opposing stakeholders, opinions and were largely ineffective in conveying the significance of the local marine ecology, the economic benefits of the MPA, and the delayed establishment process. These information gaps have left the public poorly informed, and therefore, there is unlikely to be significant pressure to overcome the continued delays in the establishment process.     

Developing a long-term outlook for the Great Barrier Reef,Australia: A framework for adaptive management reporting underpinning an ecosystem-based management approach

The Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 was the first produced in response to a newly legislated requirement for five-yearly reports on the status of and outlook for the Great Barrier Reef. It adopted an ecosystem approach, assessing all habitats and species, ecosystem processes and major uses. By then considering the factors affecting the ecosystem, coupled with an assessment of management effectiveness, it provided a risk-based forward-looking projection for the ecosystem. Rarely has such a comprehensive, ecosystem-based report been produced to guide government action. With no pre-determined path to follow for interpreting the legislative requirements, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) developed a repeatable structure and method for Great Barrier Reef Outlook Reports that impartially and consistently considers the evidence and clearly presents the findings. The GBRMPA worked closely with relevant Australian and Queensland Government agencies as well as researchers, industry representatives and the community while developing the report. That such a report must be produced every five years allows an overview of the effectiveness of management responses to be regularly assessed. It also provides a transparent means of highlighting and tracking emerging risks facing the Great Barrier Reef.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.