曼谷湾河口区百年来沉积物重金属变化趋势及污染来源

2015年7月在泰国曼谷湾邦巴功河河口采集了1根1.5m长的沉积物柱样,分析了样品中重金属元素(Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn)含量,进行了粒度和~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs活度测试,使用地累积指数、元素污染指数和潜在生态风险参数对重金属污染情况进行评级,并结合实际情况对污染来源进行了推断。结果表明:沉积柱状样210 Pb、137 Cs活度测试结果计算获得的沉积速率约为2.3cm/a,沉积物柱状样记录了1948—2015年的沉积情况。7种重金属元素含量均值分别为0.11、29.60、19.78、44.18、28.99、80.93、99.01mg/kg。重金属含量较20世纪都有所增长,Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr在整段沉积时间框架内增长明显。元素富集程度顺序为CdZnPbCrCuNiCo,Cd元素污染程度最为严重,Pb、Cu和Zn为偏中度污染,Cr、Ni和Co为轻度污染。单一重金属生态风险系数Eir评级顺序为CdPbCuNiCoCrZn。其中Cd为很强至极强生态危害,Pb为轻微至中等生态危害。Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb元素没有超出泰国沉积物环境质量基准规定的效应区间低值,Ni超出效应区间低值,但没有超过效应区间中值。重金属元素与Al较差的相关性表明重金属元素主要是非自然来源,Cd、Cu、Zn可能源于金属冶炼和交通,此外,Cd还可能存在其他未知工业污染来源,受人类活动影响较大。Cr可能源于纺织业发展。1990年之后较1990年之前重金属元素之间的相关性更差,指示1990年之后相比1990年之前重金属污染来源更复杂。     

胶州湾西北部沉积物中重金属元素分布特征及评价

研究了胶州湾西部大沽河口附近沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属元素含量在平面和垂向上的分布特征。研究表明,表层沉积物化学要素性质与沉积环境密切相关,重金属元素高值区主要分布在三角洲侧缘、前三角洲等泥质发育区,而低值区主要在分流河道、河口沙坝发育区。重金属元素的垂向变化特征表明沉积物环境质量总体上变化不大,仅Hg元素有逐渐富集规律,但在某一事件沉积过程中沉积物的环境质量有较大的变化。从平面分布特征分析,大沽河对胶州湾沉积物中重金属元素的贡献不及湾东部主要的排污河流,但在不同区域的不同沉积环境中重金属含量有相应的变化,在对全区进行含量对比以及污染源的分析时应考虑沉积环境和沉积相的影响。用地质累积指数对表层沉积物环境质量进行评价,结果显示沉积物主要受到Pb,Zn的污染,但污染程度较轻,沉积物环境质量总体较好。     

广利河口北潮滩重金属分布特征及评价

基于广利河口北潮滩45个表层沉物和2个岩心柱样重金属、粒度、TOC数据,分析了广利河口北潮滩沉积物重金属分布规律及其来源,采用内梅罗综合指数法进行质量评价。结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As 7种元素含量低于国家一类标准;在空间分布特征上,距岸一定范围内数值相对较高,主要受沿岸余流作用的影响;就来源而言,Cr元素明显为广利河注入,表层、Z1和Z2沉积物粒度对重金属的控制作用有明显差异;研究区内Cr和As污染指数最高,Cu污染指数变化最大,综合污染指数呈"哑铃状"分布,靠近现代黄河口和广利河口各高值相对较高。目前广利河口北潮滩重金属含量没有到达污染的程度,但有向轻度污染发展的趋势。     

南黄海西部中陆架区近50年来沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征

以南黄海西部中陆架区SYS-0701钻孔顶部102.5 cm岩心为研究对象,通过对岩心沉积物的210Pb、137Cs同位素测年和重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Cd)含量分析,研究了该孔0～102.5 cm岩心的沉积速率及其重金属元素地球化学特征.结果表明,岩心沉积物的平均沉积速率为2.16 cm/a;重金属含量在1961-1970年含量较低,1970-2004年呈上升趋势,随后开始减少,这与人类活动密切相关.SYS-0701孔顶部102.5 cm岩心未明显受重金属污染,且与黄渤海其他海域相比重金属含量偏低,其原因可解释为该钻孔岩心沉积物主要为老黄河沉积物(1128-1855年)在1855年之后被海流侵蚀并搬运而来,来自苏北岸外的现代沉积含量较低.     

辽东湾西部海域表层沉积物重金属的含量分布与污染评价

对2009年春、秋两季辽东湾西部海域共25个采样站位4种重金属含量的分布特征进行了研究,并利用潜在生态风险指数法和地质累积指数法对其污染状况进行了评价.结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd平均含量范围分别为8.0~32.1、4.3~56.9、20.0~102.6、0.12~0.34 mg/kg;Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量平均值均高于渤海重金属背景值.在该海域表层沉积物重金属单元素平均含量的潜在生态风险指数中,Cd的风险等级已经达到"中等",Cu、Pb和Zn的潜在生态风险等级"较低";各重金属元素综合潜在生态风险等级属于"中等",近岸及河口等海域的生态风险等级相对较高.重金属地质累积指数评价结果显示,Cu和Zn属于0级污染,Pb和Cd属于"轻度"污染.因此,作者建议应控制该海域近岸养殖区密度和减少养殖污染.表层沉积物中重金属和TOC含量相关性分析表明:该海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb和Zn具有一定的同源性,TOC含量对重金属分布具有一定的影响.     

浙江近岸泥质区近140年来重金属元素沉积记录及其对长江流域人类活动的响应

对取自浙江近岸泥质区的柱状样DZ-28沉积物进行了粒度分析、210Pb和137 Cs同位素测年分析以及常量元素和重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn)含量分析,并用综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数评价了近140年来研究区重金属污染程度的变迁。结果表明:柱状样沉积物的平均沉积速率为0.85cm/a;Al、Fe、K、Mn和Mg的含量与中值粒径具有相似的变化趋势,它们在20世纪80年代后含量逐渐增加,而Si和Ca则具有相反的变化趋势,这可能是由长江流域内大坝修建等一系列水利工程建设和上游水土保持工作的广泛开展所引起的;重金属元素含量在1982年前基本保持不变;在1982—2005年间均出现较大幅度增长,表明长江流域的人类活动强度在80年代后显著增加,导致巨量的重金属污染物被释放到长江中并被输送到研究区域,从而导致沉积物中这些元素的绝对含量明显升高;2005年后,Cu、Cr和Zn的增加趋势减缓,表明该时期内我国的环保政策等措施有效地控制了重金属污染物的排放,而Pb含量的增加可能与这一时期三峡大坝蓄水有关;研究区的重金属综合污染程度和潜在生态危害程度均低,表明近140年来研究区所面临的生态风险程度很低。近140年来重金属分布及演化特征与长江流域经济发展和国家环境保护政策等人类活动密切相关。     

东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属元素污染评价

通过对东昌湖水体重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb)及表层沉积物中重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni、Cd)含量的测定,采用基于国家地表水质量标准(GB3838-2002)评价、水体综合污染评价法对东昌湖水体重金属污染状况进行评价,结果表明,水体重金属元素的含量均达到国家Ⅰ类水质标准,水质良好。同全国主要湖泊的表层沉积物重金属含量进行对比,并采用国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-95)、潜在生态风险指数法以及地累积指数法对东昌湖表层沉积物重金属元素的污染状况进行评价,结果表明:东昌湖表层沉积物主要以Cd污染为主。东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属污染状况主要是有关部门对东昌湖的环境治理、东昌湖现有排污情况以及重金属元素自身地球化学特征等几个方面综合作用的结果。     

曹妃甸附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量年际变化及污染评价

根据2008—2015年3个航次对曹妃甸附近海域共51个采样站位的表层沉积物调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中Hg,Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,Zn和As七种重金属的质量分数和年际变化特征,采用超标率统计法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明,研究海域表层沉积物中重金属含量总体处于较低水平,3个航次中仅有1个站位的Cu超标,其他调查站位的重金属含量均符合第一类标准。研究海域表层沉积物中各重金属的年际变化略有差异,Cu,Pb和Zn的含量相对比较稳定;Cr的含量表现为逐年降低的趋势;Cd和As的含量表现为先降低后增大的趋势;而Hg的含量表现为先增大后略降低的趋势。近8a来总体上曹妃甸附近海域表层沉积物中重金属含量的年际变化不显著。采用地累积指数法评价显示,7种重金属元素的Igeo多年平均大小排序为CdPbHgCuCrZnAs,除个别站位Cd受到轻度污染外,其他6种重金属污染程度均为清洁。采用潜在生态风险评价显示,研究海域7种重金属的Eir多年平均大小排序为CdHgAsPbCuCrZn,综合潜在风险指数等级为低生态风险水平。结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法两种评价方法得出的评价结果一致,结果表明Cd是曹妃甸附近海域表层沉积物中主要潜在生态风险因子。     

三亚东部近岸海域表层沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征及环境质量评价

本文对三亚东部近岸海域表层沉积物中7种重金属元素的地球化学特征和空间分布特征进行了研究,并应用地积累指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对各重金属的污染程度进行了评价。研究发现, 三亚东部近岸海域表层沉积物中重金属含量总体较低,符合《海洋沉积物质量》一类标准,大多数重金属元素含量的空间分布主要受元素的“粒度控制律”制约,其物质来源主要为陆源细粒沉积。地积累指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法的评价结果均表明,研究区表层沉积物的重金属未达到污染程度,属清洁状态,环境质量良好。     

珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价及来源分析

基于2017年11月珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物中Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等7种重金属元素的调查结果,应用单因子标准指数和地累积指数法评价了研究海域表层沉积物环境质量,采用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数评价法定量评估沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险,并利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析初步探究了研究海域沉积物中重金属的主要来源。结果表明:研究海域表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物含量均达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准,地累积指数显示研究海域表层沉积物环境整体处于清洁状态,部分站位中的As和Cd属轻度污染。总体来说,研究海域沉积物环境属于低潜在生态风险(综合潜在生态风险系数RI 150)。单项因子潜在生态风险由高到低为Cd Hg As Pb Cu Cr Zn,研究海域西部表层沉积物重金属Cd的潜在生态风险系数均值达到中等潜在生态风险水平。Cr、Cu和Zn元素具有相近来源,主要为工业产生的陆源污染物; Pb、As和Cd元素来源相似,来源于陆源工业和农业污染经大气沉降及海上交通污染;而Hg与其他重金属元素无明显相关。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.