Interrelations between socio-economic development and environmental quality: a simulation integrating system dynamics models with GIS

System dynamics (SD) theory has long been deployed in modeling complex non-linear interrelationships but, so far it has not been common to do the kind of modeling in support of bringing environmental sustainability policies to practice. This is largely because the challenge of including spatial data has not yet been well met. Potential for adoption of SD and GIS methods in combination is exemplified with the results of a decision-support exercise designed for simulation and prediction of the dynamic inter-relationships between socio-economic development and environmental quality for the “Wen, Pi, Du” county in Sichuan province, southwestern China.     

区域可持续发展评价系统研制

区域可持续发展是指区域自然环境容量可以不断满足人类生活质量保障的社会发展状态,要实现这种可持续发展,就必须评价区域的可持续性,EIS／RSD是在windows NT环境下开发的一个以遥感专题信息作为重要信息来源,具有综合分析和空间制图显示能力的区域可持续发展评价息系统,该文阐述了EIS／RSD的系统目标,技术路线,概念模型,系统功能,使用方法和结果表达方式。     

Channels of synthesis forty years on: integrated analysis of spatial economic systems

Isards vision of integrated modeling that was laid out in the 1960s book Methods of Regional Science provided a road map for the development of more sophisticated analysis of spatial economic systems. Some forty years later, we look back at this vision and trace developments in a sample of three areas – demographic-econometric integrated modeling, spatial interaction modeling, and environmental-economic modeling. Attention will be focused on methodological advances and their motivation by new developments in theory as well as innovations in the applications of these models to address new policy challenges. Underlying the discussion will be an evaluation of the way in which spatial issues have been addressed, ranging from concerns with regionalization to issues of spillovers and spatial correlation.     

URTK: undifferenced network RTK positioning

Standard network RTK has been widely used since it was proposed in the mid-1990s. Rovers can obtain high-precision estimates of position by resolving double-differenced (DD) ambiguities. The focus of this study is a new undifferenced network RTK method, abbreviated as URTK hereafter, based on undifferenced (UD) observation corrections whose single-differenced (SD) ambiguities between satellites can be resolved in several seconds. The tools for studying the real-time realization of the new method are our developments of logical schemes that have the capability for the real-time modeling of a reference network and the instantaneous resolution of SD ionosphere-free (IF) ambiguities at a single station. This research demonstrates the validity of modeling regional UD-unmodeled errors on the ground and examines the maximum differences when compared to modeling the errors using ionospheric pierce points (IPP). With data collected at 48 stations from a CORS network in Shanxi Province (SXCORS) in China through May 21, 2010, the efficiency of the presented real-time strategies is validated using IGS final products in a postprocessing mode. The results verify that more than 83 % of SD wide-lane (WL) ambiguity can be fixed with 5 s of observation data, and the average resolution time of all the WL tests is 4.96 s. More than 80 % of SD L1 ambiguity can be fixed within 5 s, and the average resolution time is only 6.66 s. Rovers could gain rapidly centimeter-level absolute positioning service, comparable to standard network RTK. In addition, the URTK method transforms the fixed DD-ambiguities of the reference network into UD-ambiguities, and it does not need to set the base station and base satellite. Since the UD-corrections are modeled for each common visible satellite, it breaks down the connections between stations and satellites of the DD-corrections in the current network RTK. The UD-corrections can be broadcast by the base station and automatically selected and optimized by a rover during the real-time kinematic processing, thus avoiding ambiguity in reinitialization due to the change of reference, so it should be very flexible and useful for a wide range of applications.     

土地利用变化模拟模型及应用研究进展

元胞自动机CA(Cellular Automata)和多智能体ABM(Agent-Based Model)模型是土地利用格局和演化模拟的主流方法,两者在模拟自然因素影响和人文驱动机制方面具有突出优势,为LUCC研究提供了重要的工具。当前,ABM无论在模型构建还是应用研究方面,CA和ABM均取得了显著进展。论文从数据基础、模拟尺度、CA转换规则挖掘、ABM行为规则定义、CA和ABM的耦合4个方面梳理土地利用模拟模型和方法的研究进展。并总结这些模型在虚拟城市模拟与理论验证、真实城市模拟与规划预测以及多类用地模拟与辅助决策等方面的应用。最后,总结土地利用模拟模型在精细模拟和全球变化研究方面存在的局限性,认为未来发展将主要集中于解决从2维模型向3维模型发展、大数据与规则精细挖掘以及大尺度模拟与知识迁移等问题。     

Modeling SAR Images by Using a Pathway Model

Statistical modeling of SAR images is one of the important problems in SAR image interpretation. Several types of theoretical models have been used for modeling various SAR data, most of them being highly effective for some particular land-cover typologies. The K-distribution has been used as a flexible tool for the modeling of SAR data over the non-homogeneous areas. In this paper, we examine a q-analogue of the gamma model. The new parameter q makes the density function very flexible for modeling purposes. This q-analogue also produces an extension of the K-distribution. The performance of the extended K model is tested on high-resolution X-band SAR image and compared the result with respect to the K-distribution.     

矿山巷道3维建模算法研究及实现

叙述巷道3维建模算法,分别给出巷道断面建模算法、巷道交叉处建模以及拐弯处平滑处理算法.最后利用面向对象的程序设计与编程方法结合OpenGL技术开发"3维巷道漫游系统",验证巷道建模算法的可行性.实践证明,该系统能解决巷道内部漫游时存在的"视线偏离"问题,并且在井巷工程的设计及安全生产等方面具有一定的实用意义.     

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统的研究与开发

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统将GIS技术与环境模型相结合集成应用于大气污染扩散评价中,不仅发挥了GIS在大气污染扩散评价中强大的空间信息可视化管理和分析功能,还能将环境模型的分析预测功能直观应用于对各类污染源的宏观与微观模拟表达,实现了对大气污染综合决策分析,为工程决策者和管理人员提供了一种强有力的决策支持方案.系...     

海洋渔业遥感地理信息系统应用服务技术和方法

全面概要地介绍具有自主知识产权、可业务化运行的海洋渔业遥感、地理信息系统技术应用服务系统的研制技术方法和功能特点。     

基于WebGIS的环境监管云平台设计与建设

针对环保空间信息平台用户的需求,设计实现了基于WebGIS的环保监管云系统平台。该平台的建设以贵州省委、省政府制定的大数据产业战略,面向贵州经济社会跨越式发展的需求,以贵州省"环境监管"云平台为核心内容,综合运用大数据技术、并行云计算技术、WebGIS技术和高效网络传输技术等当前先进的信息化技术手段,整合和迁移各类地理信息资源和环境保护业务资源,建立统一的环境信息资源数据库,统一的地理信息数据应用标准规范,建成依托贵州省基础地理空间数据库,结合贵州省环境数据中心及其他环境业务信息系统,创新构建全国领先的环境保护工作,实现政府监管、企业自律、公众参与的社会管理"贵州模式",为贵州省环境管理工作提供强大且完备的技术支撑。     

环境遥感的学科地位

地理科学对地理环境系统的研究是以地理信息获取的研究为基础的,后者制约着地理科学研究方法的进步,并影响了整个地理科学的发展水平。现代遥感技术辅之以系统科学等一系列先进的科学理论和技术,在地理环境系统研究中的成功应用,形成遥感技术的一个重要应用分支学科——环境遥感,其作为地理科学研究技术工具学科的地位逐渐确立。 环境遥感研究的实质表现为三个方面:(1)地理环境系统中电磁相互作用关系的充分利用;(2)遥感信息机制研究支持下的地理环境信息处理系统的结构优化;(3)地理环境系统综合分析过程标准化的实现。 环境遥感的学科地位体现为双重特征,即重要的遥感应用分支和现代地理科学研究新的技术方法。由于横跨信息科学和地理科学两大领域,环境遥感充分体现出其综合性、交叉性的学科特点。环境遥感和常规的地理研究方法,分别着重于对地理环境系统中能量信息系统或物质信息系统的考察,两者在某些方面,至少在今天看来是不能互相取代的。但是,环境遥感依靠其技术系统的不断完善、综合分析功能的加强以及对一系列非能量信息的参照和相关分析(如信息复合技术)而在地理环境系统研究的很多领域显示出独特的优越性。 同时,由于科学认识和科学技术水平的整体制约,以及学科本身的固有特性,环境遥感研究仍     

国家环境遥感监测体系研究与实现

随着国家空间基础设施的建设和发展,中国遥感监测体系研究与建设取得了重大突破,从无到有形成了国家环境遥感监测能力,并业务化实现了主要环境遥感监测要素产品的生产与服务,为新时期环境管理工作提供了有力支撑。在分析国内外环境遥感发展及中国环境遥感监测需求的基础上,阐述了中国环境监测体系建设的必要性,研究了国家环境遥感监测体系的建立与业务化运行,提出了中国环境遥感监测体系发展思路与下一步重点任务。     

Fuzzy Logic System for Road Identification Using Ikonos Images

Research into both extraction of man-made objects and automatic change detection from aerial and satellite images has made significant progress in recent years. This paper presents an approach, based on a fuzzy logic system, for the identification of suburban roads in Ikonos images. The linguistic variables are the mean and standard deviation (SD) of different objects with Gaussian membership function. After the roads have been identified provisionally and their skeleton extracted, the skeleton can be vectorised and then used as direct input to a GIS for further analysis. The method was tested on an Ikonos "Geo" image covering Bilesavar in north-western Iran. For the suburban area of Bilesavar, the results showed that grey scale values ranged from 20 to 190 for non-roads and 226 to 228 for roads, the optimum width of the Gaussian kernel function was 3 and the SD was 0.4. It was also found that about 91% of main roads with a width of 6 to 12 pixels could be extracted from high resolution satellite imagery by the algorithm. The computer program for this study has been developed in visual C++ based on Windows 98     

Integrating the system dynamic and cellular automata models to predict land use and land cover change

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a widely researched topic in related studies. A number of models have been established to simulate LULCC patterns. However, the integration of the system dynamic (SD) and the cellular automata (CA) model have been rarely employed in LULCC simulations, although it allows for combining the advantages of each approach and therefore improving the simulation accuracy. In this study, we integrated an SD model and a CA model to predict LULCC under three future development scenarios in Northern Shanxi province of China, a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone. The results indicated that our integrated approach represented the impacts of natural and socioeconomic factors on LULCC well, and could accurately simulate the magnitude and spatial pattern of LULCC. The modeling scenarios illustrated that different development pathways would lead to various LULCC patterns. This study demonstrated the advantages of the integration approach for simulating LULCC and suggests that LULCC is affected to a large degree by natural and socioeconomic factors.     

激光扫描点云图像背景交互式滤除

激光扫描系统获取的数据中包含了大量背景信息,给信息提取和表面重建工作带来严重影响,需要有效滤除。依据空间点与平面的位置关系,提出了针对车载激光扫描点云图像背景信息滤除的有效方法,并以OpenGL为工具,开发了一系列点云数据处理工具,能快速、直观、准确地滤除无用背景信息,完整地保留有用的前景信息,从而为大规模三维场景快速重建提供保障。     

一种新的实用土地利用/覆盖图生成方法

详细阐述了应用全国1km土地利用/覆盖25层分层栅格数据合并生成单层土地利用/覆盖图的方法。通过对初始合成结果的归类、合并和空间平滑,有效减少了图像上像元分布零散的情况,突出了土地利用的空间总体分布格局。具体应用表明,这种处理方法得到的土地利用/覆盖图能够满足水文、地学分析的要求。     

基于GIS-SD的大连湾水污染时空模拟与调控策略研究

大连泫可持续发展的矛盾是一个动态现象,同时这些矛盾也涉及到空间因子（例如,污染物浓度分布与环境功能区划等）。为了探讨和模拟各种发展方案（不同的经济增长和城市化）的矛盾机理,将系统动力学（ＳＤ）方法和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）方法结合起来,提出了一个新的可操作的ＧＩＳ－ＳＤ结合的概念框架,建立了大连湾水污染与控制系统模型,并进行了时空模拟和调控策略研究,模拟了该区域的不同增长计划（方案）对海域环境环境质     

平面随机线元等概率密度误差模型边界包络线

线状实体误差模型包络线既是GIS位置不确定性研究的重要内容,又是GIS可视化研究的关键指标.为了充分利用计算机技术求解符合GIS精度要求的误差模型包络线,基于文献[1,2]中探讨过的等概率密度误差模型建模机理和数值算法,研究了平面随机线元等概率密度误差模型边界包络线的确定原理和计算方法,并通过实例辅以可视化分析,验证了原理的正确性和可操作性.     

曲面边坡建模及展开的方法

工程边坡作为水利水电、矿山运输等工程中最为常见的地质形态,是地质编录中主要的处理对象。现今的地质编录对于平面边坡已经能够很好地解决并生成正射影像,但对曲面边坡的建模与展示研究还比较少。本文给出一种基于斜轴圆柱曲面边坡建模的方法,并将影像投射到展示平面上生成正射影像。实践表明,建模方法实用、快捷,模型展开方法较简单,精度符合地质编录要求。