塔里木灌区膜下滴灌的棉田土壤水盐分布特征

通过膜下滴灌田间试验,研究了塔里木灌区棉田土壤盐分运移特征。结果表明:膜下滴灌的棉田土壤盐分呈Y状垂直分布,膜下土壤盐分含量小于膜间,膜间土壤盐分从表层到深层呈逐渐增减的趋势。随滴灌量增加,膜下土壤盐分峰值位置下移。滴灌量从2 618 m3/hm2增大到4 265m3/hm2,湿润峰位置从40 cm下移至100 cm,盐分峰值位置从30 cm下移至60 cm。滴灌结束后,膜下0~60 cm及0~100 cm土壤平均含盐量均减小。脱盐程度随滴灌量增大而增加,0~60 cm土层脱盐率从6.0%增加到34.8%;而膜间土壤呈积盐状态,积盐程度随滴灌量减小而增大。随滴灌年限增加,0~60 cm的土层平均含盐量逐年增加,从2005年到2007年,4 265、3 926、3 600、3 271m3/hm2灌溉定额下的土壤平均含盐量年均增加了0.4、0.6、1.1、1.1 g/kg。研究结果指出了塔里木灌区现行棉花膜下滴灌制度存在的积盐问题,成果对完善干旱区膜下滴灌灌溉制度具有一定得指导意义。     

田间滴灌入渗与蒸发条件下土壤水盐分布特征

2006年在新疆阿克苏阿瓦提丰收灌区通过田间试验,研究了滴灌入渗和蒸发条件下土壤水盐分布规律。结果表明:滴头流量增加时水平方向含水量增加,纵向含水量减小;滴头下方土壤含盐量与滴头流量成负相关关系,随着滴头流量的增加,盐分累积的深度依次减小;土壤盐分的淋洗效率和压盐深度均与灌水历时成正比;覆膜不仅对表层土壤含水量减小具有显著抑制作用,而且对表层土壤盐分累积有较好的抑制作用,不覆膜处理在0～10 cm深度处土壤盐分增加值最大,覆膜处理盐分增加值的最大值出现在20～30 cm深度处。     

塔里木河下游地区滴灌沙枣防护林地土壤盐分分布特征

为了研究不同滴灌措施对极端干旱区防护林土壤盐分的淋洗作用,以沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia）防护林作为研究对象,对塔里木河下游喀拉米吉绿洲沙枣防护林开展了灌溉与不灌溉、不同滴头距离、不同滴灌年限处理的试验。结果表明：①不灌溉林地土壤盐分含量与流动沙丘相似,流动沙丘土壤盐分分布的空间异质性大于不灌溉林地。滴灌林地土壤含盐量低于不灌溉林地。②1.5 m滴头距离处理与其他处理相比压盐碱效果显著（P<0.01）。1.5 m与3 m滴头距离处理在50 cm土体中含盐量差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,前者比流动沙丘低30.5%～32.7%、后者比流动沙丘高17.1%～13.3%。与3 m滴头距离处理相比,1.5 m滴头距离处理产生水盐运移的“互作”影响,盐峰下移。③滴灌后的第1、2、3年,林地的土壤盐分分别下降至30 cm、50 cm和70 cm以下,基本对沙枣根系生长没有影响。随着滴灌次数增加,根系生物量逐渐增大,根系附近土壤盐分逐渐减少。滴灌能使防护林的根系分布上移,大部分在10～65 cm土层内,土层越深,林木的根系越少。④灌水季节末期,不同林龄的防护林在120 cm土体的含盐量表现为：1 a林＞2 a林＞6 a林,说明滴灌对林龄大的防护林淋洗效果更为明显;非灌溉季节里,防护林的林龄越大,其土壤盐分表聚现象越明显。     

膜下滴灌湿润体交汇区土壤水盐运移特征田间实验研究

膜下滴灌是一种既能高效节水,又能适时调控土壤水盐运移的灌水技术.滴灌湿润体交汇区土壤水盐分布特征是影响密植作物正常生长的重要因素.在田间情况下,研究滴头流量、滴头间距、灌水量对滴灌湿润体交汇区的土壤水盐运移的影响.实验结果表明:滴头流量越大,湿润体交汇区土壤含水率越高,土壤盐分淋洗效果越好,在滴头流量1.38 L/h和...     

不同含盐基质对膜下滴灌玉米根系生长及根区水盐含量的影响

针对干旱灌区水资源紧张、土壤次生盐渍化现象严重的现实,在相同灌溉定额下设计不同的盐分梯度,进行干旱灌区膜下滴灌对玉米根系生长及根区盐分运移的影响试验研究,其结果表明：当膜下滴灌灌水量为0.2776 m3\5m-2时,对土壤电导率在1.575 ds\5m-1以内的盐碱地均可进行玉米生产;膜下滴灌可有效抑制土壤盐分上移,在0—40 cm土层内盐分下移明显,QY1、QY2、QY3三个处理平均比对照含盐量减少7.0%、9.5%和23 %,在40—60 cm内盐分积累最高;膜下滴灌可使0—40 cm土层内形成淡化脱盐区,这有利于玉米根系的发育,54%~91%的玉米根系分布在此范围内;膜下滴灌比大水漫灌节水67%,且技术体系成熟,材料国产化,成本降低,完全可以在干旱灌区大面积推广应用。     

绿洲防护林不同滴灌水量下土壤水盐运移初探

为了探明滴灌滴头流量一致条件下,不同灌水量处理对绿洲防护林地土壤水盐随时间分布的影响,采用30L·株-1·次-1(处理I)、40 L·株-1·次-1(处理Ⅱ)、50 L·株-1·次-1(处理Ⅲ)不同处理对比试验,在塔里木河下游喀拉米吉镇绿洲人工栽培的防护林地进行了野外滴灌监测.结果表明:①处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的剖面平均含水量分别达6.68％、8.99％、9.92％,土壤湿润锋运移的水平距离分别为58、62、74 cm,垂直深度分别为40、50、67 cm,表明灌水量决定土壤含水量的高低,灌水量增加有利于水分在水平和垂直方向的渗透.②处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的盐分锋值水平方向位置为40、52、63 cm,垂直方向为41、45、55 cm,脱盐率分别为62.2％、67.0％、76.5％,灌水量的增加有利于土壤的脱盐.③随着时间的推移,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ土壤0～60 cm主要根系分布层分别在第5天、第11天、第15天土壤贮水亏缺度达到23.91％～59.25％,33.38％～51.75％,39.69％～56.53％,表层积盐同时达到最大.本研究认为防护林地滴灌水量40～50 L·株-1·次-1、滴灌周期以11～15 d比较适宜,可为极端干旱区防护林的合理灌溉和防治土壤次生盐渍化提供科学依据,具有一定的现实意义.     

极度干旱区不同灌水量下沙枣防护林根系分布特征

研究滴灌条件下极端干旱区防护林的根系生长, 对研究制定科学的防护林灌溉制度和维护绿洲防护林稳定性有重要意义。以塔里木河下游尾闾绿洲--喀拉米吉绿洲滴灌沙枣防护林体系为研究对象, 设置了3 个滴灌量梯度(18 L、30 L、48 L), 分析了极端干旱区沙枣防护林在不同灌水量处理下的根系分布特征。结果表明:①长期采用滴灌后, 沙枣根系大部分分布在较浅的土层(以地下0～40 cm为主), 越往下分枝能力越小, 沙枣根系生物量在0～60 cm土层中累计百分比达86%。②灌水量梯度不断增加后, 导致了根系总生物量随之增加, 但不会导致深层土壤根系持续增加, 因此, 即使用48 L的灌水量形成更深的土壤湿润层, 林木根系下扎能力与深度没有表现出随之增加的趋势。48 L滴灌量处理下, 土层根系含量20～40cm/0～20cm的比值较小(仅为0.6), 生物量主要集中在表层;30 L处理下, 土层根系含量20～40cm/0～20cm的比值较大(0.75)。③粗根(φ≥5 mm)数量随着滴灌量的增大而增多, 30 L滴灌量处理下, 5 mm>φ>2 mm的根最多;18 L滴灌量处理下, φ≥5 mm的根与φ≤2 mm的根系数量均最少。建议大规模防护林的灌溉中应采取多样化的灌溉制度, 才可达到极端干旱区防护林体系的可持续发展:棉林争水季节(5-7 月)适当亏缺灌溉, 8月以后可增加灌水量或1～2 次灌水。     

新疆铁干里克绿洲水文过程对土壤盐渍化的影响

在对塔里木河下游绿洲地表灌溉水和地下水水质特征及土壤盐分实测分析的基础上,探讨了地表水、地下水过程及其对土壤盐渍化的影响。结果显示：塔里木河下游绿洲灌区地表水矿化度与土壤表层0～50cm盐分含量呈显著正相关,与50～100cm土层含盐量相关性不显著;地下水埋深与土壤盐分含量密切相关,0～50cm表层土壤盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而下降,其中0～20cm下降幅度最大。当地下水埋深较浅时,绿洲内土壤含盐量高,呈T型分布,盐分表聚性强,土壤盐分含量随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势;当地下水埋深较深时,绿洲内土壤盐份呈菱形分布,中层土壤盐分高,且地下水矿化度和土壤盐分分布转折点均为6.0m。据此推断,6m是地下水盐分积聚和表层土壤盐分积累停止的临界地下水埋深。     

两种覆盖方式下的土壤溶液盐分含量变化

利用定期取表层土样测定其电导率和在不同深度埋设盐分传感器探头的方法，在作物生长季节内，监测了秸杆覆盖和地膜覆盖农田不同深度的土壤溶液含盐量变化。结果为：（1）土壤表层盐分含量和10cm深土壤溶液含盐量的变化规律为，未灌水期间迅速增加；灌水时急剧降低。秸杆覆盖和覆膜可明显抑制盐分的累积，使整个生育期内土壤盐分含量波动幅度变小。其中覆膜处理抑制土壤盐分累积的作用最大。（2）30cm深土壤溶液含盐量的变化为灌水降低，未灌水时升高。秸杆覆盖处理在灌头水后含盐量虽有波动，但总体上呈下降趋势；覆膜处理在灌头水后一直处于很低的含盐水平。（3）60cm深土壤溶液含盐量变化幅度小于其上土层。秸杆覆盖增强了灌水对60cm土壤溶液含盐量的降低作用，并抑制了后期土壤溶液含盐量增加。覆膜减少了灌水对60cm深土壤溶液含盐量的降低幅度，也抑制了未灌水期间含盐量的增加。     

滴灌条件下盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa）种植年限对盐碱地土壤盐分离子分布的影响

采用时空转化的方法研究了滴灌条件下不同盐地碱蓬种植年限（0 a、1 a、2 a和3 a）对重度盐碱地土壤盐分及盐离子在0~120 cm土壤剖面的分布特征的影响,为盐地碱蓬在盐碱地中的改良利用提供理论依据。试验结果表明：滴灌种植盐地碱蓬后土壤盐分在剖面的分布发生明显变化,根区（0~40 cm）土壤含盐量随种植年限增加而下降,根底（40~120 cm）土壤则先增加后下降;Na⁺和Cl^-因容易被水淋洗和植物选择性吸收多,根区土壤中Na⁺和Cl^-含量随种植年限增加有显著降低,Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-不易随水移动,淋洗程度低,HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺第2 a和第3 a的淋洗效果明显好于第1 a;经过3 a种植后土壤中毒害离子Na⁺与Cl^-和在表层盐分组成中的比例下降,Ca²⁺比例上升,钠吸附比（SAR）值显著降低。     

Evolution of salt structures in the northern Paradox Basin: controls on evaporite deposition,salt wall growth and supra‐salt stratigraphic architecture

The northern Paradox Basin evolved during the Late Pennsylvanian–Permian as an immobile foreland basin, the result of flexural subsidence in the footwall of the growing Uncompahgre Ancestral Rocky Mountain thick‐skinned uplift. During the Atokan‐Desmoinesian (～313–306 Ma) fluctuating glacio‐eustatic sea levels deposited an ～2500 m thick sequence of evaporites (Paradox Formation) in the foreland basin, interfingering with coarse clastics in the foredeep and carbonates around the basin margins. The cyclic deposition of the evaporites produced a repetitive sequence of primarily halite, with minor clastics, organic shales and anhydrite. Sediment loading of the evaporites subsequently produced a series of salt walls and minibasins, through the process of passive diapirism or downbuilding. Faults at the top Mississippian level localised the development of linear salt walls (up to 4500 m high) along a NW–SE trend. A crosscutting NE–SW structural trend was also important in controlling the evaporite facies and the abrupt termination of the salt walls. Seismic, well and field data define the proximal Cutler Group (Permian) as a basinward prograding sequence derived from the growing Uncompahgre uplift that drove salt basinwards (towards the southwest), triggering the growth of the salt walls. Sequential structural restorations indicate that the most proximal salt walls evolved earlier than the more distal ones. The successive development of salt‐withdrawal minibasins associated with each growing salt wall implies that parts of the Cutler Group in one minibasin may have no chronostratigraphic equivalent in other minibasins. Localised changes in along‐strike salt wall growth and evolution were critical in the development of facies and thickness variations in the late Pennsylvanian to Triassic stratigraphic sequences in the flanking minibasins. Salt was probably at or very close to the surface during the downbuilding process leading to localised thinning, deposition of diapir‐derived detritus and rapid facies changes in sequences adjacent to the salt wall structures.     

盐湖水文地质研究进展

盐湖水文地质学是揭示盐湖成因演化、资源开发利用及保护中不可缺少的一门学科。本文利用水文地质学的内容归纳国内外盐湖水文地质学的研究进展,并对我国盐湖水文地质研究提出扼要的展望。     

Enzymological classification of salt lakes in Romania

Sediments of 56 salt lakes from Romania were studied enzymologically. The following 7 enzymatic and nonenzymatic catalytic activities have been measured: phosphatase, H₂O₂-splitting in nonautoclaved (catalase) and autoclaved samples, TTC reduction in nonautoclaved (dehydrogenase) and autoclaved samples, without or with glucose addition. A formula is proposed for the evaluation of the enzymatic potential of salt lake sediments or other habitats. A hierarchy of the studied lakes has been established on the basis of the enzymatic potential of their sediments expressed as enzymatic indicator.     

Geology and tectonics of Neoproterozoic salt diapirs and salt sheets in the eastern Willouran Ranges,South Australia

Allochthonous salt structures and associated primary and secondary minibasins are exposed in Neoproterozoic strata of the eastern Willouran Ranges, South Australia. Detailed geologic mapping using high‐quality airborne hyperspectral remote‐sensing data and satellite imagery, combined with a qualitative structural restoration, are used to elucidate the evolution of this complex, long‐lived (>250 Myr) salt system. Field observations and interpretations at a resolution unobtainable from seismic or well data provide a means to test published models of allochthonous salt emplacement and associated salt‐sediment interaction derived from subsurface data in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Salt diapirs and sheets are represented by megabreccias of nonevaporite lithologies that were originally interbedded with evaporites that have been dissolved and/or altered. Passive diapirism began shortly after deposition of the Callanna Group layered evaporite sequence. A primary basin containing an expulsion‐rollover structure and megaflap is flanked by two vertical diapirs. Salt flowed laterally from the diapirs to form a complex, multi‐level canopy, now partly welded, containing an encapsulated minibasin and capped by suprasalt basins. Salt and minibasin geometries were modified during the Late Cambrian–Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny (ca. 500 Ma). Small‐scale structures such as subsalt shear zones, fractured or mixed ‘rubble zones’ and thrust imbricates are absent beneath allochthonous salt and welds in the eastern Willouran Ranges. Instead, either undeformed strata or halokinetic drape folds that include preserved diapir roof strata are found directly below the transition from steep diapirs to salt sheets. Allochthonous salt first broke through the diapir roofs and then flowed laterally, resulting in variable preservation of the subsalt drape folds. Lateral salt emplacement was presumably on roof‐edge thrusts or, because of the shallow depositional environment, via open‐toed advance or extrusive advance, but without associated subsalt deformation.     

Invertebrates in salt lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano

Based upon a short reconnaissance (March 1991), the chemicalnature and principal invertebrate fauna of seven saline lakes on the Altiplano of southern Bolivia are discussed (Lago de Uru-uru, Pastos Grandes, Lago Ramiditas, Lago Hedionda, Lago Cañapa, Laguna Colorado, pool at L. Colorado). Salinities ranged between 4.4 and 156 g L^–1. The fauna was depauperate. Except at the lowest salinities (<5 gL^–1), rotifers were absent. At high salinities (>50 g L^–1), onlyArtemia, Boeckella poopoensis, ephydrids and a dolichopodid were present.     

Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes

Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what salinity means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter.     

Hydrobiology of some solar salt works in India

The hydrobiology of two Indian solar salt works was investigated. A salient feature was variability in physico-chemical and biological characteristics. The filamentous cyanophyceansLyngbya majuscula andOscillatoria salina and the chlorophyceanXenococcus aceervatus were the major primary producers. Significant fauna were protozoans, rotifers and copepods.Artemia was present in only one set of solar salt pans, where it was dominant. The study illustrates the importance ofArtemia in the biological management of solar salt works. This paper is dedicated to Thiru. K. Ayyaru Vandayar, Member, Governing body, A.V.V.M. Sri Pshpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, on his sixtieth birthday     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖沉积特征及其盐类资源评价

昆特依盐湖位于柴达木盆地西北部,是一个相对独立的沉积盆地,可反映盆地西北部的演化历史,对研究盆地内盐湖演化有重要意义。基于研究区已有的研究成果,总结和评价了昆特依盐湖沉积与盐类矿产资源,并得到以下结论:1)昆特依湖自1 925～774 ka期间以暖湿型气候为主,其后呈干冷与暖湿气候交替出现,最早成盐期为1150 ka,最终于30.6 ka成为干盐湖。昆特依盆地早期沉积的细碎屑沉积物沉积速率(0.22 mm/a)慢于晚期沉积的石盐层(0.33 mm/a);2)昆特依盐湖液体KCl储量为1.32×10~8 t,MgCl储量为2.79×10~8 t,NaCl储量为24.15×10~8 t;3)估算出赋存于昆特依盐湖石盐矿中的锂资源量达39×10~4 t,同时估算出液体中的锂资源量约有74×10~4 t,二者总量达百万吨;4)昆特依矿田的成因属典型的内陆湖相沉积,成矿控制因素以构造作用为主,其次为气候及物质来源。关于昆特依盐湖沉积特征与盐类矿产资源特征的研究,有利于对本地区地质演化更全面的认识,对合理开发利用盐类资源有重要意义。     

Temporal salinity variation in salt evaporation basins in south-eastern Australia

Salt evaporation basins in south-eastern Australia, in contrast with natural saline lakes in this region, were not highly saline and exhibited little seasonal pattern in water depth and salinity over a 2-year sampling period. Lack of seasonality arose from either constant inflow (from continuous groundwater pumping) or erratic inflow (from unpredictable irrigation demands). Differences in zooplankton species composition between the salt evaporation basins and natural saline lakes might reflect the differences in temporal salinity patterns. Some typical saline lake zooplankton were not found in the evaporation basins. Salt evaporation basins therefore may represent additions to the inland water habitats of semi-arid Australia.     

Sedimentation rates in the Wanggang salt marshes, Jiangsu

Coastal salt-marshes represent an important coastal wetland system. The total area of coastal wetlands exceeds 5000 km2 in Jiangsu Province, China, but it is decreasing rapidly in response to the intense reclamation activities and coastal erosion along a part of the coastline. Hence, two types of plants, Spartina angelica and Spartina alterniflora, were introduced successively into the Jiangsu coastal areas, in order to protect the coastline from erosion and to increase the accumulation rate. Pb-210 and Cs-137 analyses were carried out for sediment samples from the salt-marshes of Wanggang to determine the sedimentation rate, on the basis of an evaluation of the background activity values and the factors affecting the enrichment of Pb-210. Analysis of a typical sediment column of the tidal flat shows that there is weak absorption of Pb-210 in the silt-dominated sediment. Because of the influences of factors such as storm events, bioturbation, material sources and analytical error, some abnormal data points appear in the Pb-210 record. After ignoring these data the calculated sedimentation rate was 3.3 cm yr-1 on average. Based upon analysis of the Cs-137 dating, the rate since 1963 was 3.1 cm yr-1 on average, similar to the data by Pb-210 dating and the previous studies. The dating results show that there were three stages of sedimentation, with the most rapid accretion being taking place after Spartina angelica was introduced into the area. The study also shows that at the stage of Spartina alterniflora growth, the accretion rate was higher than on the flat surface with the same elevation without the cover of this plant.