塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地下水质的应用评价

长期利用高矿化度地下水灌溉造成沙质土壤的次生盐渍化是塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地建立人工生态系统的主导限制因素之一。据１９９２年与１９９４年在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地满参与中三点２年的试验研究结果认为：在灌溉水的适宜应用条件下，利用矿化度为４ｇ／Ｌ～５ｇ／Ｌ的地下水灌溉种植瓜果蔬菜和固沙植物是能够成功的；生长季内土壤含盐量＜０．１％。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的气候表现

通过塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地满参、肖塘两地气候观测数据和北缘山前绿洲轮台的气象站资料进行对比分析，结果表明：从沙漠外缘至腹地温度呈升高超势，气温日较差和年较差最大值在位于外缘和腹地之间的肖塘；降水表现为外缘多于内部，某一时期内部降水又明显多于外缘，并且年降水量决定于某一次降水过程；愈深入沙漠内部，湿度越低、蒸发越大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地散射辐射特征

本文利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2010年总辐射、散射辐射、直接辐射观测资料分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的散射辐射变化特征和散射辐射与晴空指数、大气质量的关系。结果表明:散射辐射年曝辐量为3 628.5 MJ·m-2,占年总辐射曝辐量的59.5%,高于全国平均值;散射辐射夏季大（468.3 MJ·m-2）、冬季小（120 MJ·m-2）,日最高值基本出现在正午,夏季最高辐照度达719.2 W·m-2。与晴空指数大于0.7时相比,晴空指数小于0.7时,秋、冬季散射辐射增加。晴空指数>0.3时,散射辐射与总辐射的比值随晴空指数的增加而呈线性递减;晴空指数<0.3时,散射辐射与天文辐射的比值随晴空指数的增加基本呈直线增加。散射辐射随太阳高度角的增大呈指数递增。散射辐射的变化主要集中在大气质量小于5的范围内且随大气质量的增加而迅速降低。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地降水特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站与周边3个气象站2000—2014年的气象观测资料,分析沙漠腹地近15 a降水量的年、季、月分布及变化特征,并与同期沙漠周边地区资料进行对比分析。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近15 a年平均降水量为26.0 mm,比周边同期平均少37.3%,但降水稳定性高于周边各站;塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地降水的年、季、月分布与沙漠周边各站基本保持一致,夏季降水占总降水量的69.3%,且逐年有所增加,对全年降水量的变化贡献最大;沙漠腹地月降水量分布极不均匀,6月降水量最大,占全年降水的41.6%,2月和3月降水量最少,仅占全年的0.7%,降水最多月是最少月近60倍;水汽压在沙漠腹地相对不稳定,但相对湿度相对较稳定;沙漠腹地最长连续降水日年平均2.9 d,最长无降水日数年平均96 d,最长连续无降水日数呈逐年上升趋势。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地天然植被调查研究

调查研究表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地非河流影响区域,天然植物隶属于9科、12属、12种。生长型以多年生草本为主,占50%。建群种植物区系以塔里木特有种为主。绝大多数植物为风媒植物,根蘖能力很强。植物群落分为4个群系、9个群丛。多年生草本群落常由纯种群构成单优群落,灌木群落结构松散。随着沙丘的移动与掩埋,植物群落周而复始的生存于丘间地。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度特征初探

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度因不同部位、不同时段差异很大。作者通过冬、夏典型时段的观测数据,对沙丘各个部位表层的温度分布特征做了初步的探讨和分析,主要结论有:①沙丘表面的日最高温度出现在落沙坡,落沙坡与沙丘其他部位的温度差以冬季沙丘右翼为最大。②沙丘表面日较差最大的部位是落沙坡,夏季大于冬季;日较差最小的部位冬季发生在右翼,而夏季则发生在顶部。③沙丘各部位浅层地温,也以落沙坡为最高。④沙丘不同部位表层导温率也有很大的差别。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠膜地地下水质的应用评价

长期利用高矿化度地下水灌溉造成沙质土壤的次生盐渍化是塔克拉玛干沙膜腹地建立人工生态系统的主导限制因素之一。据１９９２年与１９９４年塔克拉玛干沙膜地满参与中三点２年的试验研究结果认为：在灌溉水的适宜应用条件下，利用矿化度为４ｇ／Ｌ－５ｇ／Ｌ的地下水灌溉种植瓜果蔬菜和固沙植物是能够成功的；生长季风土壤含盐量＜０．１％。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤热通量变化特征

利用2009-2011年塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站测得的土壤热通量数据,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤热通量在不同天气条件下的变化特征。结果表明：（1）塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地1 cm处土壤热通量年平均值为1.9 W·m^-2,5、20、40 cm处分别为1.0、0.4、0.4 W·m^-2;1 cm处土壤热通量年最大值为334.1 W·m²,年最小值为-184.2 W·m^-2;土壤热通量基本表现为夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季。（2）各土层土壤热通量具有明显的日变化特征。随着土壤深度的加大,土壤热通量的日变化幅度明显减小,最大值出现的时间有一定的滞后性。土壤热通量5 cm出现最大值的时间比1 cm处延迟3 h,延迟速率为0.75 h·cm^-1,20 cm比5 cm出现最大值的时间晚2 h,延迟速率约为0.13 h·cm^-1。（3）不同天气情况下的土壤热通量日变化特征有一定的差异,晴天较为规则,阴天、雨天、沙尘天则较不规则,且1 cm处土壤热通量受天气影响最显著。晴天1 cm处土壤热通量平均值为9.0 W·m^-2;阴天、雨天、沙尘天1 cm处土壤热通量值平均值分别为5.1、-6.1、-1.9 W·m^-2。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地表辐射收支特征研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站探测的辐射数据,分析了流动沙漠区近地层辐射收支特征以及云和沙尘对其的影响。总辐射在夏季某些特定的天气条件下接近太阳常数。不同天气条件下,辐射收支特征存在较大差异;总辐射受云和沙尘的影响最明显,变幅最大,夏季沙尘暴天气时比晴天减少了80%以上;反射辐射的日变化趋势在各个季节内、各种天气条件下与总辐射非常一致;大气长波辐射所受影响较小,且云和沙尘会使其略微增加;地面长波辐射的变化幅度最小,均在10%以下;净辐射在阴天时略微降低,沙尘天气时明显降低,为负值。观测期间的平均辐射特征与晴天比较接近,平均的总辐射、净辐射与晴天的比值白天基本在0.7左右,说明云和沙尘对塔中的辐射能量有较大的强迫作用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层湍流能谱特征分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层湍流观测资料,计算并分析了不同稳定层结条件的湍流速度谱、温度谱及局地各向同性特征。结果表明,湍流速度谱和温度谱在惯性副区均满足Kolmogorov的-2/3指数规律,且稳定条件的相关系数更高;速度谱满足湍流各向同性的低频限制理论。近中性条件的温度谱和弱不稳定条件的速度谱在高频段有尾部上翘现象;稳定情况下的v谱和近中性条件的u谱、T谱在低频处也有上翘现象。沙漠腹地水平湍流尺度范围介于森林和草地之间,不稳定层结比稳定层结的谱峰更偏向低频端,且峰值尺度更大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地几种植物根系分形特征

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地采用全根挖掘法挖掘河西菊(Hexinia polydichowma(Ostenf.)H.L.Yang)、沙拐枣(Calligonuin roborovskii A.Los.)、罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、阿克苏牛皮消(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)根系.运用分形理论对其分形特征进行研究,分析根系分支状况以及根系分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系.研究发现:(1)在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,四种植物根系具有很好的分形特征,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有较好的相关关系.(2)根丰度是描述根系在土层中扩展能力的有效指标,与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有很好的指数关系分别可以用以下方程表示:y1=2.7 694e1.5496x,y2=0.0369e2.0 267x(其中y1、y2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R2分别为:0.9 353、0.9 832),根丰度直接反映了根系空间占有能力与营养物质的吸收效率.通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分支状况与分形特征的研究表明.分形理论可以很好的反映根系空间占有能力与资源吸收效率,所以说分形理论是对根系几何、功能特征进行定量化研究的有效方法.     

Analysis of atmospheric boundary ozone profiles in winter in hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

In order to reveal the variation characteristics of ozone (O₃) concentration in the atmosphere boundary layer over a desert in winter, an observation experiment was carried out in the Tazhong area by means of a tethered balloon during January 18–25, 2008. The vertical distribution of O₃ concentration and its correlation with temperature and humidity were analyzed based on experimental observation data and related data. Results show that: (1) The concentration of O₃ mainly ranges from 10 to 50 μg/L, with a maximum of 56.1 μg/L, minimum of 2.6 μg/L, and a daily average concentration of 34.4 μg/L. (2) O₃ profiles can be divided into three types: peak, uniform, and growth, where uniform accounts for the majority. (3) Temperature and moisture are influential on O₃ concentrations in atmospheric boundary layer. Temperature inversion and water vapor increase in an atmospheric boundary layer leads to a decrease of O₃. (4) O₃ concentration has an obvious daily change in Tazhong. It is lower at night, begins to increase after sunrise, and reaches a maximum at noon. The maximum appears at 17:00 BJT (Beijing Time), and the minimum appears at 08:00 BJT.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地起伏地形近地层微气象特征

利用2018年10月8日至2019年1月31日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地起伏地形上高大沙垄高点和低点的温度、相对湿度、风速和大气压同步观测资料,对比分析沙漠起伏地形上秋冬季的微气象特征。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大沙垄造成的地形起伏,使得沙垄高点和沙垄低点气温、比湿和风速日变化差异明显。沙垄高点和沙垄低点气温差异主要体现在夜间,与沙漠腹地夜间存在逆温现象有关,表现出沙垄高点气温明显高于沙垄低点,观测期气温差异平均值为6.6 ℃。沙垄低点气温日较差高于沙垄高点。2018年10、11、12月,气温随高度变化出现逆温现象与沙垄高点气温高于沙垄低点气温在时间上相互对应。两个站点比湿较小,平均比湿分别为0.68 g·kg^-1和0.99 g·kg^-1。比湿日变化趋势随季节发生显著变化,主要与大气稳定度增加、冬季水汽增多及夜间逆湿现象逐渐显著相关。地形位置较高的沙垄高点风速比沙垄低点大,风速差异主要体现在夜间。2018年11月2、14、15、20日和2019年1月30日,沙垄高点风速维持在1.9~4.6 m·s^-1,平均3.2 m·s^-1,沙垄低点风速维持在0.8~4\^5 m·s^-1,平均2.5 m·s^-1。     

Vertical distribution characteristics of dust aerosol mass concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

The different height mass concentrations of dust aerosol data from the atmosphere environment observation station （Ta- zhong Station） was continuously observed by instruments of Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a and TSP from January of 2009 to February of 2010 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland. Results show that： （1） The mass concentration value of 80 m PMl0 was higher, but PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations at 80 m was obviously lower than 4 m PMl0, and the value of 80 m PM1.0 mass concentration was the lowest. （2） The PM mass concentrations gradually decreased from night to sunrise, with the lowest concentration at 08：00, with the mass concentration gradually increased, up to the highest concentration around 18：00, and then decreased again. It was exactly the same with the changes of wind speed. （3） The high monthly average mass concentration of TSP mainly appeared from March to September, and the highest concentration was in April and May, subsequently gradually decreased. Also, March-September was a period with high value area of PM monthly average mass concentration, with the highest monthly average mass concentration of 846.0 p.g/m3 for 4 m PM~0 appeared in May. The concentration of PM10 was much higher than those of PM2.5 and PM1.0 at 80 m. There is a small difference between the concentration of PM2.5 and PM~ 0. Dust weather was the main factor which influenced the concentration content of the different diameter dust aerosol, and the more dust weather days, the higher content of coarse particle, conversely, fine particle was more. （4） The mass concentration of different diameter aerosols had the following sequence during dust weather： clear day 〈 blowing dust 〈 floating and blowing dust 〈 sandstorm. In different dust weather, the value of PM~o/TSP in fine weather was higher than that in floating weather, and much higher than those in blowing dust and sandstorm weather. （5） During the dust weather process, dust aerosol concentration gradually decreased with particle size decreasing. The dust aerosol mass concentration at different heights and diameter would have a peak value area every 3-4 days according to the strengthening process of dust weather.     

The variation characteristics and effect factors of surface ozone concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

Based on automatic continuous surface ozone concentration observation data from June 10, 2010 to March 20, 2012 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland, combined with corresponding meteorological data, the temporal, seasonal and daily variation characteristics of surface ozone concentrations under different weather conditions were analyzed. At the same time, the main fac- tors affecting ozone variation are discussed. Results show that： （1） Daily variation of ozone concentration was characterized by one obvious peak, with gentle changes during the night and dramatic changes during the day. The lowest concentration was at 09：00 and the highest was at 18：00. Compared to urban areas, there was a slight time delay. （2） Ozone concentration variation had a weekend effect phenomenon. Weekly variation of ozone concentration decreased from Monday to Wednesday with the lowest in Wednesday, and increased after Thursday with the highest in Sunday. （3） The highest monthly average concentration was 89.6 I.tg/m3 in June 2010, and the lowest was 32.0 ~g/m3 in January 2012. Ozone concentration reduced month by month from June to December in 2010. （4） Ozone concentration in spring and summer was higher than in autumn and winter. The variation trend agreed with those in other large and medium-sized cities. （5） Under four different types of weather, daily ozone concentration var- ied most dramatically in sunny days, followed by slight variation in rain days, and varied gently in cloudy days. Ozone concentra- tion varied inconspicuously before a sandstorm appearance, and dropped rapidly at the onset of a sandstorm. （6） Daily variation of radiation was also characterized by a single peak, and the variation was significantly earlier than ozone concentration variation. Sun radiation intensity had a direct influence on the photochemical reaction speed, leading to variation of ozone concentration. （7） Daily average ozone concentration in dust weather was higher than in slight rain and clear days. The variation of near surface ozone concentration could also be affected by meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and sunshine hours. Thus, numerous factors working together led to ozone pollution.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两种灌木有效根系密度分布规律的研究

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地通过分层分段挖掘法对滴灌条件下多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosis-sima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)幼苗根区有效根长密度和有效根重密度空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:梭梭幼苗平均有效根系密度为多枝柽柳幼苗的3倍左右。在垂直方向上,两种灌木的有效根系密度的变化因树种而异,多枝柽柳幼苗随土层深度的增加呈指数递减,而梭梭幼苗随土层深度的增加呈单峰型曲线。在水平方向上,两种灌木幼苗有效根系密度均随距离植株基径距离的增加呈指数递减。非线性参数拟合分析表明:采用RD=eA BX CZ函数模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下多枝柽柳幼苗的有效根系密度的空间分布。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同矿化度水灌溉造林试验研究

为了开发利用塔里木沙漠公路沿线的地下咸水进行防护林建设,在塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘开展了不同矿化度水灌溉造林试验。在流动风沙十和荒漠林土两种类型的土壤上,各设计6个灌溉水矿化度梯度：2g/L、5g/L、10g/L、15g/L、20g/L、28g/L,选择了4种耐盐植物：梭梭柴、头状沙拐枣、盐穗木、沙枣,研究不同类型土壤上灌溉水矿化度对植物生长的影响。结果表明：(1)随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,植物成活率下降,除2g/L水灌溉的植物生长量略低于5～10g/L外。生长量也基本随灌溉水矿化度的增加而减小：(2)土壤类型对植物的生长也有较大影响,流动风沙土中植物的成活率和生长量总体上高于荒漠林土中植物的成活率和生长量;(3)从四种植物之间的对比来看,梭梭柴适应能力最好,盐穗木和头状沙拐枣次之,沙枣适应能力最差。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区风沙流输沙特征研究

利用多种积沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结论如下:(1)100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的63.1%分布在20 cm高度内,72.4%分布在30 cm高度内,随高度的增加,输沙量呈负指数函数下降;由此可见,该地区的风沙活动主要集中在近地面20～30 cm高度范围内;(2...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大复杂纵向沙垄区沙丘分形特征

为了探讨塔克拉玛干沙漠小尺度风沙地貌形态特征,对沙漠腹地复杂纵向沙垄横断面的上覆沙丘的分形特征进行了研究。沙丘形态野外测量采用RTK(real-time kinematic)技术,并通过南方测绘软件(South Survey)量算形态特征参数。研究结果表明:(1)沙丘形态具有分形特征,饼状沙堆和沙片的分维数是1.292 2,新月形沙丘的分维数是1.286 6,简单线性沙丘的分维数是1.102 5,新月形沙丘链的分维数是1.085;(2)在不同地貌部位之间,分维数差异不大(1.0~1.3),变异系数为0.06,表明复杂纵向沙垄上覆沙丘形态有自相似性;(3)沙丘的各形态特征参数变异系数的空间变化趋势一致,且与分形维数呈显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),表明沙丘形态分形维数能客观反映沙丘形态特征。在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙垄区,沙丘形态分形维数可以作为反映风沙环境特征的定量指标。     

Geomorphology of sand dunes in the Northeast Taklimakan Desert

Three types of sand dunes exist in the Taklimakan Desert, namely compound/complex crescent dunes and crescent chains, compound dome dunes and compound/complex linear dunes. Besides these three compound/complex types, single simple dunes are also distributed throughout the sand sea. The compound/complex linear dunes are developed under acute bimodal wind regimes. Though the ratios of the resultant drift potential (RDP) and the drift potential (DP) are the same as that near the border and adjacent area of the sand sea, the compound/complex crescent and dome dunes are developed, respectively, because of divergence of the sand available, the stress of the sand-moving winds and the time scales of dune formation. The sand supply for the dunes is not from Lopo Nor in the east as previous studies suggested but mainly from local alluvial or lacustrine deposits. The grain size component does not correlate evidently to the morphology parameters of the sand dunes. Analyses of the DP and drift direction suggest that the northeast Taklimakan is an area of low wind energy and the resultant drift direction (RDD) coincides well with the distribution, morphology and scales of the dunes.