柽柳属(Tamarix)植物生境适应机制与资源价值研究进展

柽柳属(Tamarix)植物起源于第三纪古地中海地区,具有耐盐碱、抗干旱和抗沙埋等特点,适应性强,是沙荒地和盐碱地的建群种。从植物生理生态和分子机理上阐述了柽柳属植物适应广泛生境的机制,包括种群特征、个体形态结构、种子繁殖特性、群体遗传结构以及植株在干旱和盐碱胁迫下生理生化和分子响应等,综述了其在生态和药用方面的价值,并提出可深入研究的问题和方向。     

哈尔滨阿勒锦岛国家湿地公园野生种子植物多样性

在哈尔滨市阿勒锦岛国家湿地公园,采用样线和样方调查法,对野生种子植物进行了野外调查,研究该湿地公园野生种子植物的多样性和区系特征.在该湿地公园共记录野生种子植物58科170属272种(包括2亚种和2变种),都为被子植物.其中,物种数较多的科有禾本科(Gramineae)(48种)、菊科(Compositae)(37种)...     

准噶尔盆地南缘柽柳属植物种群及群落分布格局的分形特征

应用分形理论中的计盒维数,分别研究了准噶尔盆地南缘天然生长的柽柳属植物种群及群落的分布格局.结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘不同类型柽柳种群与所有柽柳属植物种群构成的群落的分布格局,均具有明显的分形特征.以该研究区植物群落主要优势种多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、长穗柽柳和所有柽柳属植物群落为研究对象,分析了其计盒维数,它们的计盒维数分别为1.196、0.850、0.953和1.821;其值域为0多枝柽柳种群(1.196)>长穗柽柳种群(0.953)>刚毛柽柳种群(0.850).     

科尔沁沙地124种天然植物粘液繁殖体的甄别

用粘沙法对科尔沁沙地西部124种天然植物进行了粘液繁殖体甄别。结果表明:(1)在124种植物中,有13种植物包括冷蒿(Artemisiafrigida)、万年蒿(A.gmelinii)、差不嘎蒿(A.halodendron)、野艾蒿(A.lavan-dulaefolia)、大籽蒿(A.sieversiana)、黄蒿(A.scoparia)、乌丹蒿(A.wudanica)、画眉(Eragrostispilosa)、小画眉(E.poaeoides)、百里香(Thymusmongolicus)、平车前(Plantagodepressa)、盐生车前(Plantagomaritima)、野亚麻(Linumstelleroides)的种子分泌粘液,占所有被测植物的10.5%;(2)综合浇水2mm和水浸20min两种处理结果发现,盐生车前、平车前、乌丹蒿、冷蒿、百里香粘液(粘沙)繁殖体比例很高,万年蒿、黄蒿、野艾蒿粘液繁殖体比例相对低;(3)综合浇水2mm和水浸20min处理结果发现,分泌粘液粘沙后重量变化较大的植物包括画眉、小画眉、盐生车前、乌丹蒿、万年蒿;(4)将水浸20min与浇水20mm处理的结果进行平均,得到的粘沙种子总粘沙量由小到大的顺序是:黄蒿 < 野艾蒿 < 万年蒿 < 小画眉 < 画眉 < 冷蒿 < 差不嘎蒿 < 大籽蒿 < 百里香 < 野亚麻 < 平车前 < 乌丹蒿 < 盐生车前;(5)全部13种有粘液繁殖体植物的种子均小,单粒重小于1mg;(6)无论对水浸20min,还是浇水20mm处理,粘沙种子粘沙量与未粘沙种子重量正相关,即种子越大,粘沙量越大;(7)蒿属植物占具有粘液繁殖体植物的比例较大,供试的7种植物均有种子分泌粘液,但在粘沙种子重量增加量、粘沙种子对未粘沙种子的重量倍数、粘沙种子百分数等方面表现物种间差异;(8)蒿属植物分泌粘液是其适应流沙的属性之一。     

简评《柽柳属植物综合研究及大面积推广》

《柽柳属植物综合研究及大面积推广》是中国在柽柳属植物研究方面第一本系统的科学专著,是由中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所刘铭庭研究员主编。由兰州大学出版社于１９９５年９月出版。全书分为１６章,每章分为若干小节。从柽柳属植物的研究史开始,以分类特征、检索及种的描述,根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子特征、抗旱分水生理,茎叶形态解剖,花粉形态、染色体、育苗及不同立地条件下的造林技术、群落结构,固沙性能、效益、大面积推广技术及柽柳属植物的广泛用途等方面进行了综合研究及实践应用。填补了我国柽柳属研究领域的许多空白。…     

水盐梯度下湿地柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)光合响应特征和水分利用效率

光合响应特征与水分利用效率研究对深入理解柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)对水盐胁迫的适应性机制十分必要,可为荒漠绿洲湿地盐渍化的改善和治理提供科学指导。以荒漠绿洲湿地柽柳为研究对象,利用Li-6400光合仪测定水盐梯度下柽柳的光合参数及其对光强的响应,探讨水盐梯度对荒漠绿洲湿地植物光合作用和水分利用效率的影响机制。结果表明:荒漠绿洲湿地柽柳的净光合速率(P_n)呈不对称双峰型日变化趋势,河岸灌木、盐沼和绿洲草地湿地的次峰较主峰分别下降19%、8.5%和11.2%;蒸腾速率(T_r)表现为单峰型。在同一水盐环境下,柽柳的Pn和水分利用效率(WUE)随光合有效辐射(PAR)的增强先快速升高后渐趋平缓。Tr对PAR的增强表现均不敏感。盐沼湿地柽柳的最大净光合速率、光饱和点与表观量子效率均最大,光补偿点最小。柽柳光饱和点512.67~1 790μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光补偿点16.28~19.23μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。适度的水盐含量会促进光合作用,水盐含量过高或过低均会抑制光合速率。盐分含量越低,荒漠绿洲湿地柽柳适应光强的范围越广。适度的水分含量下降可促进水分利用效率的提高。     

不同生境下三种荒漠植物叶片及土壤C、N、P的化学计量特征

以新疆地区三种典型荒漠植物梭梭、多枝柽柳和沙拐枣为研究对象,分别研究其不同生境(塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中植物园—植物园,古尔班通古特沙漠明渠免灌林—免灌林,以及各自的原生生境—原始生境)下三种植物叶片和土壤的生态化学计量特征,每个处理5个重复。研究结果显示:土壤C、N、P含量在不同生境中的分布趋势相似,均表现为柽柳原生地和植物园较高,其他三者相对较低(P0.05)。然而C∶N和C∶P在柽柳原生地中最大,植物园、免灌林和梭梭原生地次之,而沙拐枣原生地最小。N∶P在不同生境中不存在显著差异(P0.05),这说明N和P含量在不同生境中的变化是一致的,即干旱区土壤保持了相对较为稳定的N∶P。三种植物叶片C含量存在一定差异,总体表现为沙拐枣最高,其次为柽柳,梭梭相对较小(P0.05),然而,植物叶片的N、P含量主要受物种影响,生境对植物叶片N、P含量影响不显著,叶片N∶P均值为15.91±0.68,介于14和16之间,说明该区三种植物生长受N和P共同限制,然而N∶P在不同生境及不同物种的协同作用下不存在显著差异(P0.05),说明干旱区的这三种植物叶片在不同生境中具有相对较为恒定的N∶P。这也进一步说明了这三种植物叶片的N∶P不随生境土壤N、P含量的变化而变化,即就是这三种漠植物具有相对较高的内稳性机制,进而使其具备了较强的适应极端环境(干旱,贫瘠,盐碱)的能力。     

江苏南京长江新济洲国家湿地公园的维管植物物种组成与群丛特征

于2021年春季和夏季,在江苏南京长江新济洲国家湿地公园中,开展了野外植物调查,以了解维管植物的物种组成和群丛特征。采用样线和样方法,对该湿地公园的岛内河渠、岛内库塘、洪泛江滩、草本沼泽、森林沼泽、林地、草地和撂荒地中的植物开展调查,研究维管植物的物种组成和区系特征。研究结果表明,在该湿地公园中,记录了105科296属437种维管植物,其中有56种外来物种和8种受保护植物,禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae)的物种数量都≥20种,单种属占总属数的近四分之三;在437种维管植物中,有335种草本植物(占总物种数量的76.66%),有95种典型木本植物(占21.74%),还有5种木质藤本(占1.14%)和2种竹类植物(占0.46%);有水生植物48种(占10.98%),有湿生植物138种(占31.58%),有中生植物251种(占57.44%);在科的区系组成中,世界广布科(45科)占优势,有37科为热带分布科,有22科为温带分布科;在属的区系组成中,温带分布属(126属)占优势,热带...     

荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物群落下土壤碳氮含量特征

以黑河下游荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物(苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima))群落下的土壤为研究对象,分析了0～280 cm土层土壤碳氮含量特征,运用Pearson相关分析、通径分析方法揭示了土壤碳氮含量与其他理化性质的关系。结果表明：(1)苦豆子、胡杨、柽柳群落下的土壤平均碳含量分别为16.35、20.23、17.23 mg·g^-1,平均氮含量分别为0.47、0.69、0.61 mg·g^-1,植被类型导致的土壤碳氮含量的差异主要表现在0～10 cm表层。(2)荒漠河岸林区0～160 cm土壤碳储量柽柳(444.64 t·hm-2)>胡杨(398.60 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(368.95 t·hm^-2),土壤氮储量柽柳(12.46 t·hm^-2)>胡杨(11.88 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(10.60 t·hm^-2     

潍坊市4座湿地公园的维管植物资源现状

为了系统了解山东省潍坊市湿地公园维管植物资源现状,于2019年10月2～10日和2020年8月15～23日,对该市4座湿地公园中的维管植物资源进行了野外调查,结合相关历史资料,研究了维管植物群落的物种组成、区系分布、生态型和生活型。研究结果表明,在4座湿地公园中,共记录维管植物51目108科352属533种;其中,有399种资源植物、9种保护植物、3种山东省稀有植物以及52种入侵和归化植物;禾本科(Poaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae)为优势科,单属(种)科和寡属(种)科占优势;在区系组成上,有15种类型、9变型,北温带分布属最多(占21.60%),其次是泛热带分布属(占16.48%)。总体上,4座湿地公园中的维管植物种类比较丰富,但是,各湿地公园中的乔木过多,人工种植植物的比例和数量较大,野生物种和水生维管植物相对匮乏,存在一定数量自然混入或人为引进的入侵和有害植物物种。     

Spatio-temporal variation in soil seed banks under contrasting grazing regimes following low and high seasonal rainfall in arid Namibia

In arid rangelands, soil seed bank characteristics vary with rainfall patterns, livestock pressure and habitat heterogeneity. We investigated this issue by assessing spatio-temporal patterns in soil seed bank density and richness in a degraded (heavy grazing) and non-degraded (light grazing) Nama Karoo ecosystem. To account for variation in seed distribution, different microsites were compared, and the effect of diaspore size on the patterning analyzed. Long-term heavy grazing increased seed densities and species richness of the soil seed bank by favoring small-seeded and tiny-seeded annual species. The spatial patterning of the soil seed bank was, however, similar to that found under sustainable grazing. The overall seed distribution was dictated by the small-scale environmental heterogeneity, which interacted with diaspore size. Our results suggest that the degraded environment is still efficient in controlling secondary dispersal and retaining seeds. This is through low stature barriers like surface rocks, which replace the function of grazing-sensitive perennial grasses in trapping and storing small diaspores. Soil seed banks were persistent and accumulated readily-germinable seeds over time. Observed temporal pattern across the study sites indicates that both condition and sequence of preceding rainfall seasons are likely to have a profound effect on soil seed banks of subsequent years.     

准噶尔荒漠120种植物粘液繁殖体的甄别与比较

用粘沙法对准噶尔荒漠22科81属120种植物进行了粘液繁殖体的甄别和粘沙能力比较试验,结果表明:①共有22种植物具有粘液现象,占总数的18.33%,集中于菊科、十字花科和车前科;②综合浇水2 mm和水浸20 min两种处理结果发现,分泌粘液粘沙后种子重量变化较大的植物有盐生车前、光苞独行菜、庭荠和栉叶蒿等,且对于大多数物种来说,水浸20 min处理时的粘沙量明显高于浇水2 mm处理时的粘沙量;③两种处理结果所得粘沙量大小排序稍有不同,进行平均后得到的顺序是:盐生车前>光苞独行菜>庭荠>栉叶蒿>独行菜>抱茎独行菜>条叶庭荠>条叶车前>小果亚麻荠>小车前>亚麻荠>全缘独行菜>毛果群心菜>播娘蒿>群心菜>四齿芥>油蒿>甘新念珠芥>大蒜芥>多型大蒜芥>棱果芥>山柳菊叶糖芥;④除群心菜、条叶车前、小车前外,其他19种植物的未粘沙种子单粒干重均小于1 mg;粘沙能力与种子单粒干重之间没有显著关系,而单粒干重<0.5 mg的种子其粘沙能力相对较强;⑤粘液繁殖体是某些荒漠植物降低位移、适应流沙或干旱环境的一种有效手段,但在粘沙能力和适应不同粘液溶出条件等方面表现出物种之间的差异性。     

蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)的分布和结实特性

为掌握蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)在中国的分布现状和种群发展趋势,采用野外踏查和栽培实验相结合的方法,对其地理分布范围进行了界定;以结实量调查数据为基础,分析了不同分布区域蒙古韭的结实特点以及影响因素。结果显示:(1)蒙古韭在中国的分布区约在36°28′—46°14′N、88°39′—116°05′E之间,包括陕西、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、新疆、青海6省(区)。(2)由于生境差异,蒙古韭不同群落中物种组成差异很大,蒙古韭多为伴生种或偶见种,很少为优势种。(3)不同生境条件下蒙古韭的结实特性差异较大,多数地区没有结实或结实率很小,主要是因为干旱导致其生殖生长受阻,加之人为因素干扰,使蒙古韭不能正常完成其生活史。     

水盐胁迫对花花柴种子萌发的影响

 水盐胁迫直接影响盐生植物的种子萌发,本研究通过对盐生植物花花柴种子带冠毛与否及不同胁迫处理下种子萌发率的比较分析,探讨花花柴种子萌发期的耐盐特性。对花花柴带冠毛和不带冠毛种子在蒸馏水中的对比萌发结果表明,冠毛对花花柴种子的最终萌发率无影响,但明显延长种子的萌发时间,可能与阻碍种子吸水有关。花花柴种子经过冷处理,成熟的种子没有出现生理休眠现象,有利于种子在条件适宜时迅速起始萌发。采用不同浓度NaCl和等渗的PEG6000 (聚乙二醇) 处理花花柴种子,结果表明：①NaCl和PEG胁迫对花花柴种子的萌发具有非常明显的抑制作用,主要表现为降低种子的萌发率,延长种子的萌发时间,抑制胚根和胚芽的生长;②NaCl对花花柴种子萌发的抑制作用明显地大于等渗的PEG,说明离子胁迫是影响花花柴种子萌发的主要因素;③花花柴种子萌发的耐盐临界值为213 mM,极限值为340 mM;④低浓度的NaCl溶液（50 mM）不影响花花柴种子的萌发和胚芽的生长,表明花花柴种子适宜在低盐条件下萌发;⑤盐胁迫下未萌发种子的复水实验结果表明,高盐处理后未萌发的种子具有较高的复萌率,但各处理下种子最终萌发率没有显著差异,表明高盐能使种子休眠,但种子的活力仍能保持,有利于种群的维持。     

Growth forms,dispersal strategies and taxonomic spectrum in a semi-arid shrubland in SE Spain

We have identified the dispersal strategies of major growth forms in a semi-arid Mediterranean shrubland of Cabo de Gata Natural Park (SE Spain), testing (1) whether dispersal strategies and antitelechoric mechanisms vary among growth forms and families, and (2) whether dispersal traits that identify dispersal strategies can be used to predict different ways of plant survival in response to seasonal changes in their habitat. In the survey, the data of 17 dispersal traits were collected of 140 species and analysed using cluster analysis and nonlinear principal components analysis. For shrubs and forbs, low diaspore release height, spheroidal diaspores with a low mass and small size and a low to high diaspore number were associated with restricted spatial dispersal. In contrast, medium to high release height, relatively large and heavy diaspores varying in shape and a high diaspore number were associated with developed spatial dispersal (telechory). Telechory is higher in shrubs than in forbs and grasses, where atelechory/antitelechory predominate. Dispersal was synchronized mainly with the drought period (July and August) and the beginning of the rainy season (October–December). 68% of shrubs and 61.6% of forbs were anemochores, whereas zoochory (6% of shrubs) and ballistic species (8% of shrubs and 6.9% of forbs) were less common. Ombrohydrochory was well represented among forbs (27.3%) but rare among shrubs (4%). The main antitelechoric mechanisms were: bradyspory (30.7%), myxospermy (15.7%) and trypanocarpy (29.4%, only for grasses). Species with restricted spatial dispersal and antitelechoric mechanisms are well adapted to survival in semi-arid climatic conditions, and should be taken into consideration in conservation planning.     

First record of myrmecochorous diaspores removal by dung beetles in the Caatinga vegetation,a Brazilian semiarid ecosystem

Canthon (Francmonrosia) carbonarius is recognized as coprophagous and this paper describes, for the first time, the interaction between the dung beetle and seeds of Jatropha mollissima, in Pernambuco state, on the Caatinga vegetation. The observed activities were remotion of elaiosome parts, rolling and deposition of the diaspore on the beetle burial site. Interactions between myrmecochorous diaspores and dung beetle may have important ecological implications. These insects may also act as either predators or secondary dispersal agents of myrmecochorous seeds available in the environment. The findings of the present study serve as a starting point for future studies assessing the ecological implications on the use of this new type of resource by dung beetles in the Caatinga vegetation.     

Can sheep replace indigenous antelope as seed dispersers in the Kalahari?

The Southern Kalahari Duneveld is an arid savannah, which has been used for permanent stock farming since around 1900. Farming with high numbers of animals has led to changes in the vegetation which have been associated with excessive grazing and trampling. To determine whether altered seed dispersal could be an alternative or additional explanation, we investigated how replacing antelope with sheep affects seed dispersal. We determined the dispersal potentials of plant species by various vectors using standardized experiments and studied the variation of dispersal potential along a grazing intensity gradient and among different habitats.Wind dispersal potential was low, but diaspores of many plant species were well adapted to dispersal by water. Biotic long-distance dispersal potentials were relatively high and varied between sheep and antelope: the species of plants dispersed differed, as did the number of seeds transported and the time of year that seeds were dispersed in.The importance of zoochory and the differences found between antelope and sheep dispersal suggest that dispersal is affected by a change of animal type. Thus, sheep can not replace antelope as seed dispersers. Therefore, sustainable grazing management or restoration efforts should benefit from seed input of sensitive species where antelope are rare.     

天然固定沙地与人工固沙植被区土壤种子库的比较研究

土壤种子库是退化生态系统植被恢复重建的重要基础,研究土壤种子库特征对于阐明退化生态系统受损与恢复机理具有重要的科学意义。通过野外土样采集、野外种子萌发定位跟踪调查和室内周期性种子萌发实验,对腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区和天然固定沙地的土壤种子库特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：人工固沙植被区土壤种子库包含21个物种,分属于8科;天然固定沙地土壤种子库有33种植物,属于11科。人工固沙植被区以一年生植物为主,天然固定沙地以多年生植物为主。人工固沙植被区的种子总密度明显低于天然固定沙地,但不同物种种子的密度变化存在显著差异。人工固沙植被区的物种丰富度和多样性指数均较天然固定沙地低。人工固沙植被区和天然固定沙地的土壤种子库与地上植被物种的相似性系数分别为0.73和0.71。尽管人工固沙植被区土壤种子库存在少量多年生植物种子,但仍未发展到以多年生草本植物为主的群落演替阶段,说明人工固沙植被区的植物多样性恢复尚需要漫长的过程。     

Relations between assemblages of carpological remains and modern vegetation in a shallow reservoir in southern Poland

This paper explores relations between assemblages of carpological remains and vegetation in and around a small, shallow reservoir in southern Poland. The study was conducted from 2006 to 2008. Quantity and distribution of species in the reservoir were recorded annually during the growing season. In October 2008, 40 samples of surface sediment (top 2?cm) were collected along transects at 10?m intervals. Samples of 100?cm³ were prepared for analysis of plant macroremains. Assemblages of carpological remains generally reflect local vegetation well. In some cases, however, even analysis of numerous samples failed to fully capture the species composition or reflect plant ratios in the parent phytocenosis. Reasons for this include factors that affect seed production, transport and fossilization, which differ among species. Among the best-represented macroremains were plants of the rush phytocenosis. In analysed samples, macroremains of 68.8?% of extant rushes were identified. Sixty percent of submerged and floating-leaf taxa were found in carpological samples, whereas 26.7?% of the trees and bushes were represented in sediment deposits. Species composition of phytocenoses in the reservoir and in surrounding areas was best reflected by macroremains from the nearby reed bed. Numbers of diaspores of Mentha aquatica, Hippuris vulgaris and Carex reflected well their relative abundance in phytocenoses. Chara sp., Juncus inflexus and Eupatorium cannabinum were overrepresented, whereas Typha latifolia and Sparganium minimum were poorly represented in relation to contemporary plant cover. There were no diaspores of Phragmites australis, which dominates the contemporary reed bed. Besides the shape of a reservoir, the key factor influencing diaspore numbers is distribution of plant cover. In many cases, single diaspores (Potentilla erecta, Myosotis scorpioides, Lythrum salicaria, Scutellaria galericulata), or higher concentrations (Hippuris vulgaris, Mentha aquatica, Eleocharis palustris, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Chara sp.) reflected well the location of parent vegetation. The findings indicate that carpological remains in sediments can be an important source of information about plants in and around lakes. They generally reflect well local vegetation and in some cases may be used to identify taxa that dominated in the past.