《实验及理论岩石学》评介

由南京大学周金城、王孝磊编著的《实验及理论岩石学》一书已于2005年6月出版,它是岩石学教材方面的一本新书,值得一读。     

Experimental Petrology of Melilite Nephelinites

Experimental study of natural melilite nephelinite lavas ofintermediate K/Na ratio at low pressure (fo₂ reveals the presenceof a peritectic ‘point’ of distributary type (1090?C)for liquids saturated with leucite, nepheline, and spinel. Withdecreasing temperature on the olivine + melilite cotectic, botholivine and melilite react with such liquids to produce high-calciumpyroxene at the peritectic. Both the olivine + high-calciumpyroxene and melilite + high-calcium pyroxene cotectics arestable at temperatures below the peritectic. Olivines coexistingwith such liquids are much more magnesian than those in comparabletholeiitic liquids. The olivine-liquid Fe-Mg distribution coefficient is a monotonically increasing function of silica activity over the composition range spannedby melilite nephelinite, ugandite, alkali basalt, and tholeiitebasalt liquids. The analogous Fe-Mg distribution coefficientfor melilite and liquid is effectively constant , while that for high-calcium pyroxene and liquidis highly dependent on the chemistry of high-calcium pyroxene(cf., Sack & Carmichael, 1984). Pseudoternary liquidus projectionsof multiply saturated liquids coexisting with nepheline, leucite,and spinel (?olivine?high-calcium pyroxene?melilite) have beenprepared to facilitate graphical analysis of the evolution oflava compositions during hypabyssal cooling. Major element chemicalanalyses and petrographic features of lavas from Mt. Nyiragongo,East Africa and Oahu, Hawaii (e.g., Denaeyer et al., 1965; Wilkinson& Stolz, 1983) confirm the validity of these diagrams andthe systematics established from the experimental data. ^*Reprint requests to R.O. Sack     

Geodynamic Information in Peridotite Petrology

Systematic differences are observed in the petrology and majorelement geochemistry of natural peridotite samples from thesea floor near oceanic ridges and subduction zones, the mantlesection of ophiolites, massif peridotites, and xenoliths ofcratonic mantle in kimberlite. Some of these differences reflectvariable temperature and pressure conditions of melt extraction,and these have been calibrated by a parameterization of experimentaldata on fertile mantle peridotite. Abyssal peridotites are examplesof cold residues produced at oceanic ridges. High-MgO peridotitesfrom the Ronda massif are examples of hot residues producedin a plume. Most peridotites from subduction zones and ophiolitesare too enriched in SiO₂ and too depleted in Al₂O₃ to be residues,and were produced by melt–rock reaction of a precursorprotolith. Peridotite xenoliths from the Japan, Cascades andChile–Patagonian back-arcs are possible examples of arcprecursors, and they have the characteristics of hot residues.Opx-rich cratonic mantle is similar to subduction zone peridotites,but there are important differences in FeO_T. Opx-poor xenolithsof cratonic mantle were hot residues of primary magmas with16–20% MgO, and they may have formed in either ancientplumes or hot ridges. Cratonic mantle was not produced as aresidue of Archean komatiites. KEY WORDS: peridotite; residues; fractional melting; abyssal; cratonic mantle; subduction zone; ophiolite; potential temperature; plumes; hot ridges     

Petrology and genesis of natrocarbonatite

Microprobe analyses of phenocrysts and groundmass, and crystal-size distributions of phenocrysts of pahoehoe natrocarbonatite lavas of the 1963 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai have been determined. Nyerereite phenocrysts are homogeneous, with average composition Nc₄₁Kc₉Cc₅₀ (neglecting F, Cl, P₂O₅, and SO₃) where Nc=Na₂CO₃, Kc=K₂CO₃, and Cc= (Ca,Sr)CO₃. Gregoryite phenocrysts have turbid, pale brown, oscillatorily zoned cores (average composition Nc₇₇Kc₅Cc₁₈) with 0–30% oriented inclusions of exsolved nyerereite. Overgrowths on gregoryites (30 m wide) are relatively sodic (Nc₈₁Kc₄Cc₁₅) and are free of inclusions. Cores and rims are rich in SO₃ (4%) and P₂O₅ (2%). Blebs of pyrite-alabandite mixtures (100 m) occur in the groundmass. The groundmass has the simplified composition Nc₆₅Kc₁₅Cc₂₀, less calcic than the composition of the 1-kbar nyerereite+gregoryite +liquid cotectic in the ternary system Nc-Kc-Cc. Groundmass quench growth of alkali halides + carbonate was followed by slower growth of coarse-grained and irregular gregoryite +KCl+BaCO₃. Crystal size distributions of gregoryite and nyerereite in one sample are linear, implying little loss or gain of phenocrysts by crystal settling. AverageG is 0.15 mm, compared toG=0.03 mm for combeite phenocrysts from consanguineous nephelinite. Assuming an equal residence time () for both lavas, the apparent crystal growth rate (G) in carbonate melt is 5 times greater than in peralkaline undersaturated silicate melt. Data from experiments with natrocarbonatite and related synthetic systems indicate that Na–K–Ca carbonatite magmas which crystallize calcite cannot fractionate to nyerereite+gregoryite +liquid assemblages. Natrocarbonatites plot in the liquidus field of nyerereite, and minor fractionation of nyerereite to produce the erupted lavas is indicated. The term natrocarbonatite has been inappropriately applied to other eruptive rocks with calcite phenocrysts, and the only known occurrence of gregoryite-bearing natrocarbonatite is Oldoinyo Lengai. Natrocarbonatite probably originates by liquid immiscibility from strongly peralkaline nephelinites, which have also been erupted at Oldoinyo Lengai.     

Petrology of the unbrecciated eucrites

Twenty-nine unbrecciated eucrites have been thoroughly characterized in terms of the petrologic factors that affect their spectra, such as mineral chemistry, modal adundances, grain sizes, and textures. We have conducted a combined petrologic and spectral study designed to provide insight into the petrogenesis of the basaltic crust of Vesta and the variety of rock-types that exist within it, as well as aid in the petrologic interpretation of spectra to be collected by the Dawn orbiting spacecraft. This paper details the petrology part of the study. Unbrecciated eucrite samples were selected to avoid the complications of lithologic mixing in the accompanying spectral study. A wide variety of textural types are seen within the basaltic eucrites, encompassing quenched, coarse-grained, and granoblastic samples. Zoned pyroxenes in eucrites and those that preserve a history of initial rapid cooling are rare. Nearly all eucrite samples have been thermally metamorphosed and would commonly be classified as equilibrated; however, this term reflects only the quadrilateral (Mg, Fe, and Ca) compositions of pyroxenes, and considerable variations are seen within the minor elements (Al, Ti, and Cr) in pyroxenes as well as plagioclase compositions. Determination of both pyroxene and plagioclase compositions together with pyroxene geothermometry provides a better estimate for the relative degree of thermal metamorphism a eucrite has experienced. The petrologic differences observed here might allow different eucrites to be distinguished spectrally. This is especially true for the varying pyroxene compositions as the spectra of eucrites are dominated by absorption features attributed to pyroxene.     

翡翠玉的岩石学特征

本文根据翡翠玉的矿物成分特征与岩石的结构构造特征将其划分为五类，把翡翠的生成划分为五个世代，并认为翡翠玉岩体是低温，高压条件下的产物，目前，对于翡翠玉的矿物组成，结构构造的研究，不仅有助于揭示翡翠玉的成因，探讨其宝玉石学的意义，而且可为翡翠玉的处理工艺和鉴定，提供科学的依据。     

大数据驱动下变质岩岩石学研究展望

变质岩记录了地球特别是大陆形成以来的演化历史。变质作用是地球出现固态岩石后构造演化的物质记录,是地球岩石圈的黑匣子、深部探针和指示剂,是深时地质记录最典型的地质指纹。变质岩及变质作用承载了地球特别是大陆构造演化过程以及构造体制随时代演化的研究重任。随着变质相平衡研究的发展以及相关数据资料的积累,因应大数据时代的到来,如何完善变质岩岩石学知识体系,对分散的数据进行整合,形成新一代数据平台,运用大数据方法解决前沿科学问题,成为变质岩岩石学新的学科生长点。文章总结介绍了国内外与变质岩有关的数据库（如MetPetDB、PetDB等）,并对近年的研究热点做了综述。笔者认为,大数据驱动下,可以针对一些相关科学问题先行开展研究,如：（1）早期大陆的物质、形成机制、生长过程和稳定化; （2）造山带、克拉通结构以及洋陆相互作用的过程;（3）壳-幔相互作用、接触带结构、能量、相转换与物质交换;（4）地球的热体制演化及其与大陆结构与成分演变的时空联系。     

Petrology and geochemistry of Easter Island

Easter Island has developed around three volcanoes—Poike, an older (3 m.y.) strato-volcano, Rano Kau, a caldera, and the fissure complex of Terevaka and its associated cones. The lavas show a wide compositional spread from tholeiites and olivine tholeiites to hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, trachytes and rhyolites (comendites). Hawaiite is by far the most abundant rock type and trachytes and rhyolites are relatively rare. Intermediate and acid rocks are concentrated in the southwestern part of the island on or around Rano Kau.The basaltic rocks, which are plagioclase-phyric or aphyric, are transitional hypersthenenormative types characterized by high contents of Fe, Ti and Zr but low K and Mg. The Poike basalts are marginally lower in Zr, Nb, Y and Zn compared with those of the younger volcanoes, but the trachytes from this centre show anomalously high concentrations of Rb, Zr and Nb.The island's youngest flow, the Roiho basalt, is an olivine tholeiite with distinctly more alkaline affinities: it is olivine-microphyric with relatively high contents of Mg, Ni and K.The study was initiated whilst this author was at Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Oxford.     

Petrology of Mt Etinde Nephelinite Series

Mt Etinde is a volcano situated on the southwestern flank ofthe large Mt Cameroon. Its eruptions are dated at 065 Ma andtook place during the Mt Cameroon eruptive cycle (6 Ma withrecorded recent activity). The lava types, unrelated to theMt Cameroon alkali basalts, are melanephelinites, nephelinitessensu stricto, and numerous and varied nephelinites that containone or more of the following species: nosean, melilite, perovskite,garnet, aenigmatite, leucite, feldspar and haynophyres. Clinopyroxeneis the dominant mafic phase, with a variable composition betweenAl–Ti augite and aegirine. Zoning is also present in garnets,with conspicuous Ti enrichment in the border. Aenigmatite includesa fair proportion of Fe³⁺ Tschermak's component. Melilite issystematically Sr rich; its SrO contents increase continuouslywith MgO decrease, reaching 16 wt % in some facies. The chemicalcomposition of the lavas is extreme, with unusual concentrationsof volatiles (CO₂, H₂O, SO₃), most incompatible elements, suchas Ba, Sr and Zr, and the light rare earth elements (LREE).The Mt Etinde lavas define two lineages (MgO poor and MgO rich)that partly overlap. The chemical evolution of these two lineagescan be reproduced for major elements using a simple model ofcrystal fractionation. The major fractionating phase is an aluminousclinopyroxene, in accord with the petrographical observations.The scheme proposed can only be validated if the alkalis arenot taken into account, a hypothesis warranted by observationsof other nephelinite provinces or ijolite massifs and theirfenite aureoles. Nephelinite magmas were obviously generatedat great mantle depth, but their exotic composition can onlybe produced by partial melting of a metasomatic mantle. Comparisonwith other provinces would point to a source that has undergonecarbonatitic mtasomatism. KEY WORDS: nephelinites; Mt Etinde; Cameroon; petrogenesis; differentiation ^*Present address: Dpartement des Sciences de la Terre, Facult des Sciences, Universit de Yaound, BP 812, Yaound, Cameroon.Corresponding author.     

Petrology and origin of the shergottite meteorites

Shergottites contain cumulus pigeonite and augite, probably without cumulus plagioclase and crystallized under relatively oxidizing conditions. Shergotty and Zagami may differ in the relative proportions of cumulus pyroxenes and crystallized intercumulus liquid, but the compositions of pyroxenes and liquid are similar in both meteorites. Absence of olivine in melting experiments suggests that the shergottites crystallized from fractionated derivatives of primary liquids. Low-Ca pyroxene and augite apparently began to crystallize from these primary liquids prior to plagioclase. Shergottites can be readily distinguished from other achondrite groups by their mineralogies, crystallization sequences and inferred source region compositions. However, the source regions of the shergottites may be related to those of other achondrite types by addition or loss of volatile components.The bulk composition of the Earth's upper mantle overlaps that of permissible shergottite source regions. Shergottites and terrestrial basalts display similarities in oxidation state and concentrations of trace and minor elements with a wide range of cosmochemical and geochemical affinities. Accretion of similar materials to produce the terrestrial upper mantle and the shergottite parent body or accretion of the Earth's upper mantle from planetesimals similar to the shergottite parent body may account for many of their similarities. Models of the origin of the Earth's upper mantle which attribute its oxidation state, its siderophile element abundances and its volatile element abundances to uniquely terrestrial processes or conditions, or to factors unique to the origin and differentiation of large bodies, are unattractive in light of the similarities between shergottites and terrestrial basalts.     

Discovery tablemount basalt: Petrology and geochemistry

Dredged porphyritic basalt from the Discovery Tablemount, South Atlantic Ocean, has been described and analysed, and the rare earths determined. The basalt is a quartznormative tholeiite but mineralogically and chemically (including trace elements) has affinities with alkali basalt; the pyroxene trend falls between those of alkali basalts and Hawaiian tholeiites. In addition to reverse zoned labradorite phenocrysts, corroded feldspar xenocrysts are present, ascribed to pressure fluctuations. The basalt has an alteration rind showing chemical variations which in general agree with other published data; surprisingly, however, the rind shows a loss of potash. There is noticeable enrichment in the lighter rare earth elements and an unusually high [La/Sm]_E.F ratio; when taken together with the tablemount's position near known hotspots, this evidence leads to the suggestion that the basalt derived from a small mantle plume. The age of the basalt capping is 25 m.y., compared with 67 m.y. for the nearest magnetic anomaly. It is suggested that, unless the tablemount was intrusive, it may have drifted to its present postion from a point over a fixed mantle hotspot with which, however, it remained in contact through a thermal and hydrodynamical channel.     

Petrology of the St. Mesmin chondrite

Fifteen samples of clasts and matrix material from the St. Mesmin LL-group chon drite were examined petrogaphically. Their olivines and low-calcium pyroxenes were partially analyzed (for Fe, Ca and Mg) with the electron microprobe. The data confirm and extend the conclusion of Fredriksson et al. (1968) that St. Mesmin is unequilibrated. Though some of its xenolitbs have textures and mineral assemblages appropriate to type 6 and 7 (Dodd, 1972) chondritic material, other materials within it show no evidence of recrystallization. The components of St. Mesmin can be classified by petrologic type according to the system of Van Schmus and Wood (1967); the meteorite as a whole cannot. St. Mesmin is also polymict. Two dark xenoliths in the material studied are fragments of intensely shocked H-group (H-4 ?) chondrites. Two others are fragments of olivine microporphyry which may represent shock-generated magma. Within St. Mesmin and other unequilibrated LL-group chondrites (Fredriksson et al., 1968), the iron contents of olivine and orthopyroxene vary directly with petrologic type. Literature data suggest a similar relationship among the LL-group chondrites, but with many exceptions. In view of the potential importance of this observation for interpretation of the metamorphic history of LL-group chondrites, a detailed restudy and reclassification of these meteorites seems to be in order.     

Experimental Petrology of a Highly Potassic Magma

The melting behaviour of a highly potassic biotite mafuriteof the Central African olivine leucitite kindred has been studiedexperimentally as a function of pressure (to 30kb) temperature,and water content (0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, and 40% H₂O). Olivine isthe liquidus phase up to 30 kb for all water contents studiedexcept for anhydrous (clinopyroxene on the liquidus) and 15%H₂O (phlogopite on the liquidus) conditions. Analyses of phasescrystallizing from the biotite mafurite show that pressure hasvery little effect on the composition of clinopyroxene whichis extremely calcium-rich, and low in Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ for allconditions investigated. Phlogopite has low TiO₂ content andtitanphlogopite cannot be a refractory phase in the upper mantlecausing Ti-depletion in partial melts in equilibrium with titanphlogopite.There are apparently no conditions where the extremely potassicbiotite mafurite could be a partial melt from pyrolite but derivationfrom an olivine+clinopyroxene+phlogopite+ilmenite assemblageoccurring as ‘enriched’ patches in the upper mantle,is possible. Liquids in equilibrium with phlogopite as a residualphase at 30 kb would be olivine nephelinites with approximately5% K₂O, Na₂O/K₂O 1 and TiO₂ > 5+. Crystal elutriation withtransported residual phlogopite reacting (phlogopite+liquid1 olivine+liquid 2) at lower pressures provides a mechanismfor K-enrichment and generating Na₂O/K₂O < 1.     

Petrology of rapakivi granites in Salmi massif

Crystallization of rapakivi is accompanied by a progressive decrease in the alkali content of the high-temperature granitic magma and by the concurrent increase in its iron content, during the crystallization of potassium feldspar which is followed by the crystallization of biotite. The pressure is not high enough to permit a simultaneous crystallization of potassium feldspar, as e. g. of albite. The potassium feldspar-biotite sequence is upset by Mg, in the ovoid varieties of rapakivi in which the potassium feldspar crystallization is arrested, short of its completion, by the crystallization of Mg biotite. – IGR Staff.