湖北省夏季旅游气候舒适度模糊综合评判

采用数学模糊评判方法,选取湖北省6个具有气候代表性站点30a(1978-2007年)夏季(6、7、8月)的逐日平均气温、相对湿度和风速资料,作为评价气候环境对人体舒适度的影响因素,并根据环境卫生学理论将舒适程度分为很舒适、舒适、较舒适和不舒适4个等级,对湖北省夏季旅游气候舒适度进行模糊评判分析.结果显示湖北省夏季旅游气候不舒适主要是由高温、高湿的综合作用所引起的.     

两种模糊综合评判算法在气候舒适度评判中的差异分析

利用辽宁省10个代表地区多年夏季温、湿、风月平均资料,对极大-极小和加权平均两种模糊综合评判算法的气候舒适度评判结果进行了对比.结果表明:(1)模糊综合评判两种算法得出的评判结果相差较大;(2)各研究区用极大-极小算法计算得出的舒适情况一致,而用加权平均算法计算得到的舒适情况变幅较大;(3)除了处于特殊地理位置的蚰岩和营口.其它各研究区中的内陆地区用极大-极小算法计算得到的夏季舒适比例低于加权平均算法计算得到的舒适比例,沿海地区相反.     

四川省夏季气候舒适度的探讨

作者通过四川地区３４个站点，１９６１－１９８０年夏季舒适度的模糊综合评判，得出了该省夏季什么度的水平分布特征，为开辟和发展该省下策旅游业提供了重要的参考依据。     

烟台市夏季气候特征及旅游气候舒适度浅析

文章把烟台市的国家级气象观测站按照地理位置分为5个地区,分析了烟台市2005—2015年夏半年(4—9月)5个地区各自的气候概况。主要为最高气温、相对湿度以及风速。由3种气象要素计算的人体舒适度指数,分析烟台市的旅游气候舒适度。结论如下:烟台市旅游气候舒适度变化较小,在9月份舒适度最好,除4月份外,其他月份舒适度相差不大;烟台市旅游气候舒适度较好,除北部沿海地区和海岛地区旅游气候舒适度年变化较大外,其余地区年变化较小。     

南京旅游气候舒适度的探讨

采用南京市31a常规气象资料,从影响人体舒适度基本3要素（温度、相对湿度、风速）入手,利用综合模糊评价方法对南京全年的气候资源进行了评判分析,得到各候的气候舒适度指数综合评判结果,应用这一评判结果对南京地区旅游资源进行评价,给出了南京地区旅游的最佳时段和景区。     

热气候指数评价中国南方城市夏季舒适度

利用南方14个城市1981-2013年6-9月的逐日气象资料,根据生物环境特点,制定了基于通用热气候指数的新评价方法,对中国南方城市夏季舒适度进行评价研究。结果表明:中国南方城市的高温不舒适天数近33 a来以3.4 d/10a的速度增加,并有5 a震荡周期。舒适度排名显示,体感温度最高的4个城市分别为重庆、福州、南昌和长沙,杭州与重庆的体感舒适度下降速率较快。对比高温不舒适天数和高温日数发现,两者具有很好的一致性,证明了高温不舒适度与气温关系的密切性。同时,由于热气候指标计算要素的多重考虑,结果与高温日数存在一些差异,但其更具有一定参考和应用价值。     

气候条件与人体舒适度

应用模糊综合评判法,对铜仁地区东部５县（市）春秋两季气候条件进行了分析,得出东部各县（市）春秋两季的气候对人体的适宜程度较差,铜仁市较适宜,万山最差。     

桂中春季短期气候预测的模糊评判

应用模糊综合评判的方法,建立了桂中春季低温阴雨总日数和前期５个预报因子在不同的预报等级下各个区间的隶属度矩阵,以此作为模糊变换和矩阵Ｒ及因子权重Ａ的备选元素,然后,根据不同年份的因子值为构造Ｒ和Ａ,由算子Ｍ（,０）作出预报等级的归属评评判,其准确度要比目前气象部门所用的预报方法高１５－２０％。     

基于ArcGIS伊犁河谷旅游气候舒适度研究

利用伊犁河谷1961—2018年10站逐日平均气温、平均风速、平均相对湿度地面气象观测资料,运用模糊综合评价法和地理信息系统技术,将夏季分为18候并分析各候旅游气候舒适度指数变化特征,进行旅游气候舒适度空间分布特征分析。结果表明：伊犁河谷夏季大部分地区、大部分时间适宜旅游,舒适度较高的区域主要集中在河谷西部和东部的平原地区;整个夏季,伊犁河谷气候旅游适度最好的地区位于察布查尔县北部、霍尔果斯市、霍城县南部、伊宁市、伊宁县西南部、巩留县西北部地区,旅游气候舒适度总体上呈现由平原区向高海拔地区逐渐减小趋势。     

东阳市夏季人体舒适度初评

由于人们对舒适度的反映通常以夏季最为敏感.本文通过对东阳气象站1995～2004年的7、8、9三个月的日平均气温、日平均湿度、日平均风速分别进行分析探讨,并通过模糊综合评判的方法进行综合评判,然后对所得的数据再进行分析得出东阳夏季比较舒适的日数占62.1%,其中9月份要比7、8月份舒适,9月份比较舒适的日数占了89.3%,而7、8月份比较舒适的日数只占48.9%,51.1%的日子不舒适.     

湖南猛洞河漂流气候舒适度评价及预报方程的建立

文章选取湖南省永顺县气象站1971-2000年各月的平均气温、相对湿度和风速资料,作为评价气候环境对漂流旅游舒适度的影响因子,对湖南省内著名的漂流景点、全国仅有的两条四星级漂流线路之一的猛洞河进行气候舒适度的模糊综合评判,并根据该评判模式建立了猛洞河漂流气象条件舒适度的预报方程。结果表明：(1)每年3-11月均可进行漂流旅游,其中气候条件较为舒适的时间为每年的5-9月,最为适宜的时间是6-8月,其中7-8月为漂流的旺季。(2)猛洞河气候舒适度判定结果与漂流景区的客流量相关程度达到0.859,表明气象因子是影响猛洞河漂流客流量的最主要因素。(3)在模糊综合评判的基础上,文章建立了猛洞河漂流每日气象条件舒适度预报方程,在实际应用中能为漂流游客提供指导。     

1972—2021年长三角地区夏季降水特征分析

文中基于1972—2021年长三角地区国家基本气象观测站的逐日降水资料,利用线性趋势分析、合成分析等方法分析了长三角地区夏季降水的时空分布特征,并讨论了夏季降水异常的可能成因。结果表明：1） 长三角地区夏季降水呈显著上升趋势,且具有明显的年际变化特征;空间分布呈南多北少的特征,降水大值区主要位于安徽南部和浙江南部沿海地区。2） 长三角地区夏季降水偏多年,东亚沿岸上空为明显的东亚太平洋（East Asia Pacific,EAP）遥相关型的负位相。夏季降水与西太平洋副热带高压面积、强度指数呈显著正相关关系,与脊线位置指数呈显著负相关关系。3） 长三角地区夏季降水与孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海、西太平洋和东北太平洋的海温呈显著正相关关系,与副热带东北太平洋海温呈显著负相关关系。     

长江三角洲近46a气温和降水的变化趋势

利用长江三角洲地区84个气象站观测数据,分析了长江三角洲1961—2006年气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明,46a间长江三角洲地区年平均气温上升趋势显著,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之。增温显著区域与城市带分布区域吻合。极端最低气温有明显上升,而年极端低温事件日数的下降趋势显著。部分地区的极端最高气温呈上升趋势,在城市密集带尤为突出。年降水量没有明显的变化趋势,但降水的季节分配有所变化,冬、夏季降水量呈现显著上升趋势,秋季降水量明显下降,春季没有明显变化。     

Spatiotemporal Variations of Cloud Amount over the Yangtze River Delta, China

Based on the NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres Extended(PATMOS-x) monthly mean cloud amount data, variations of annual and seasonal mean cloud amount over the Yangtze River Delta(YRD), China were examined for the period 1982–2006 by using a linear regression analysis. Both total and high-level cloud amounts peak in June and reach minimum in December, mid-level clouds have a peak during winter months and reach a minimum in summer, and lowlevel clouds vary weakly throughout the year with a weak maximum from August to October. For the annual mean cloud amount, a slightly decreasing tendency(–0.6% sky cover per decade) of total cloud amount is observed during the studying period, which is mainly due to the reduction of annual mean high-level cloud amount(–2.2% sky cover per decade). Mid-level clouds occur least(approximately 15% sky cover) and remain invariant, while the low-level cloud amount shows a significant increase during spring(1.5% sky cover per decade) and summer(3.0% sky cover per decade). Further analysis has revealed that the increased low-level clouds during the summer season are mainly impacted by the local environment. For example,compared to the low-level cloud amounts over the adjacent rural areas(e.g., cropland, large water body, and mountain areas covered by forest), those over and around urban agglomerations rise more dramatically.     

Impact of Taihu Lake on City Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta

The lake-breeze at Taihu Lake generates a different specific heat capacity between the water body and the surrounding land. Taihu Lake has a significant impact on the atmospheric conditions and the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta. This phenomenon is referred to as the Taihu Lake effect. In this study, two simulations were conducted to determine the impact of the Taihu Lake effect in the reference experiment(R-E) and sensitivity experiments(NO TH). The control simulations demonstrated that the meteorological field and the spatial distribution of ozone(O3) concentrations over Taihu lake obviously changed once the land-use type of water body was substituted by cropland. The surface temperature of Taihu Lake was reduced under the impact of Taihu Lake, and a huge temperature difference caused a strong lake-breeze effect. The results also showed that the difference in the average concentrations of O3 between the R-E and NO TH experiments reached 12 ppbv in most areas of Taihu Lake, all day, on 20 May 2014. During daytime(0800–1600 LST, LST=UTC+8), the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on O3 in the Suzhou region was not significant. However, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on O3 in the Suzhou region was obvious during nighttime(1800–2400 LST). The larger changes in the physical and chemical processes were horizontal and vertical advections under the influence of the Taihu Lake effect in Taihu Lake.     

Seasonal Variation of Columnar Aerosol Optical Properties in Yangtze River Delta in China

In order to understand the seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties in the Yangtze River Delta,5 years of measurements were conducted during September 2005 to December 2009 at Taihu,China.The monthly averages of aerosol optical depth were commonly >0.6;the maximum seasonal average(0.93) occurred in summer.The magnitude of the Angstr¨om exponent was found to be high throughout the year;the highest values occurred in autumn(1.33) and were the lowest in spring(1.08).The fine modes of volume size distribution showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of ～0.15 μm in spring,autumn,and winter;at a radius of ～0.22 μm in summer.The coarse modes showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of 2.9 μm in spring,summer,and autumn and at a radius of 3.8 μm in winter.The averages of single-scattering albedo were 0.92(spring),0.92(summer),0.91(autumn),and 0.88(winter).The averages of asymmetry factor were found to be larger in summer than during other seasons;they were taken as 0.66 at 440-1020 nm over Taihu.The real part of the refractive index showed a weak seasonal variation,with averages of 1.48(spring),1.43(summer),1.45(autumn),and 1.48(winter).The imaginary parts of the refractive index were higher in winter(0.013) than in spring(0.0076),summer(0.0092),and autumn(0.0091),indicating that the atmosphere in the winter had higher absorbtivity.     

长三角城市群夏季高温对未来全球增暖的响应

选取中国东部长江三角洲城市群区域作为研究对象,采用中国区域最新的土地覆盖资料ChinaLC,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)对国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)中 CESM(Community Earth System Model)气候模式...     

Estimate of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions for 2012–16 in the Yangtze River Delta,China

Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world,with its HFC emissions in CO_2-equivalent contributing to about 18% of the global emissions for the period2012-16.Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions of HFCs-namely,the bottom-up method,top-down method and tracer ratio method.In this study,the tracer ratio method was adopted to estimate HFC emissions in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),using CO as a tracer.The YRD region might make a significant contribution to Chinese totals owing to its rapid economic growth.Weekly flask measurements for ten HFCs(HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-125,HFC-134 a,HFC-143 a,HFC-152 a,HFC-227 ea,HFC-236 fa,HFC-245 fa and HFC-365 mfc) were conducted at Lin'an Regional Background Station in the YRD over the period 2012-16,and the HFC emissions were 2.4±1.4 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-23,2.8±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-32,2.2±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-125,4.8±4.8 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-134 a,0.9±0.6 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-152 a,0.3±0.3 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-227 ea and 0.3±0.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-245 fa.The YRD total HFC emissions reached 53 Gg CO_2-e yr~(-1),contributing 34% of the national total.The per capita HFC CO_2-equivalent emissions rate was 240 kg yr-1,while the values of per unit area emissions and per million GDP emissions reached 150 Mg km~(-2)yr~(-1) and 3500 kg yr~(-1)(million CNY GDP)-1,which were much higher than national or global levels.     

长江三角洲高影响天气演变特征及成因分析

利用1959 2010年长江三角洲国家基本/基准气象站资料以及大气环流资料和区域土地利用变化资料,分析了长江三角洲高影响天气的变化特征及其对大气环流系统变化和区域城市化、土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,1959 2010年间,长江三角洲低温、雷暴、大风、大雾和降雪日数均显著减少,而高温和暴雨日数的变化趋势在统计上不显著;降雪、大雾、雷暴和低温日数发生了减少突变,而高温和暴雨日数发生了增多突变。在空间上,雷暴和大风日数在整个长江三角洲显著减少,低温日数在北部和中部地区显著减少,降雪日数在东部和南部地区显著减少,高温日数仅在江苏南通、上海、杭州湾地区以及浙江东部显著增加。52年间西太平洋副热带高压和北半球环状模(或北极涛动)增强,而北半球极涡及欧亚经向环流减弱,大气环流系统的综合作用导致长江三角洲大风、低温和降雪日数减少和高温日数增加。区域城市化和土地利用变化也在一定程度上导致长江三角洲高温日数增加和大雾、大风日数减少。     

长江三角洲城市群热环境研究

选取2001年10月8—15日和2005年10月8—15日MODIS地表温度产品数据,对长江三角洲城市群热环境进行了研究,并结合GIS技术依据景观生态学理论对该地区热环境的时空格局进行了量化对比分析。结果表明,由于长江三角洲地区城市化规模巨大,5 a内一直存在一个由上海、苏州、无锡、常州形成的＂热岛群＂。由于长三角地区各城市合理规划布局、规范用地,注意环境保护,在城市化发展的同时,该地区一定范围内的热岛效应得到了有效的控制。