Strain investigations on calcite marbles using neutron time-of-flight diffraction

In order to describe and explain the effect of bowing of marble facade panels, neutron time-of-flight diffraction was applied to determine residual macro- and microstrain on the calcite mineral phase. The measurements were combined with investigations of the crystallographic preferred orientation (texture) measurements by neutron diffraction, macroscopic measuring of the bowing on marble building stones, as well as microfabric analyses. Three samples were investigated to explain the bowing effect: a fresh broken sample, a good conditioned facade panel and a strongly deformed facade panel. Residual intracrystalline strain was detected in all investigated samples, which differed in the degree of bowing. For the first time, the preferred orientation and the residual strain were found to be related. The results show that different strain magnitudes are reflected by residual strains, which differ significantly in magnitude and direction. Furthermore, different Bragg peak widths have been detected as an indication of microscopic strain. The observed residual strain values in the samples are related with the grain shape and texture properties.     

Monitoring in situ stress/strain behaviour during plastic yielding in polymineralic rocks using neutron diffraction

Attempts to use rock deformation experiments to examine the elastic and plastic behaviour of polymineralic rocks are hampered by the fact that usually only whole sample properties can be monitored as opposed to the separate contribution of each phase. To circumvent this difficulty, room-temperature, uniaxial compression experiments were performed in a neutron beam-line on a suite of calcite + halite samples with different phase volume proportions. By collecting diffraction data during loading, the elastic strain and hence stress in each phase was determined as a function of load to bulk strains of 1–2%. In all cases, the calcite behaved elastically while the halite underwent plastic yielding. During the fully elastic part of the deformation, the composite elastic properties and the within-phase stresses are well-described both by recent shear lag models and by analyses based on Eshelby's solution for the elastic field around an ellipsoidal inclusion in a homogeneous medium. After the onset of yielding, the halite in situ stress/total strain curve may be reconstructed using the rule of mixtures. At calcite contents of greater than 30%, the in situ halite response may be significantly weaker or stronger than that obtained at lesser calcite contents. The results highlight the potential that such techniques offer for developing an explicitly experimental approach for determining the influence of microstructural variables on the mechanical properties of polymineralic rocks.     

高温后砂岩动力特性应变率效应的试验研究

利用MTS652.02高温炉与φ50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统,对800 ℃加热后的砂岩试样进行单轴冲击压缩试验,分析17.904～62.600 s-1应变率范围内砂岩动力特性的变化规律。结果表明：800 ℃后砂岩动态应力-应变曲线大致经历压密、近似线弹性变形、微裂纹演化、裂纹非稳定扩展、应变软化以及卸载6个阶段;随着应变率提高,砂岩动态弹性模量、峰值应力随应变率的提高基本呈对数形式逐渐增加,峰值应变近似呈对数形式逐渐降低;较低应变率下,砂岩破坏为典型的张拉破坏,随着应变率的升高,剪切破裂面所占比例逐渐升高,砂岩破坏型式具有从张拉破坏向剪切破坏的变化趋势;800 ℃热处理后,砂岩破坏程度随应变率的提高逐渐提高,并且高应变率下破坏程度的应变率敏感性更加显著。     

工作荷载下温度循环对桩基变形与应力的影响分析

目前针对工作荷载下温度循环对桩基承载力特性的研究相对较少,基于室内模型试验方法,对饱和砂土中工作荷载下桩体在多次冷热循环作用时的承载特性和传热特性进行研究,测得温度循环作用下桩体和桩周土体温度、桩周水平土压力、桩体应变以及桩顶位移随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明,施加温度循环作用后桩体及桩周土体温度变化不大,桩周水平土压力也能基本恢复到初值,但在桩体内部则会产生较少残余应变,桩顶下沉并随着循环次数的增加不断累积,从而影响结构的整体承载能力。     

Estimation of strain distribution using GPS measurements in the Kumaun region of Lesser Himalaya

The continuous process of continent–continent collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plates has led to the formation of the Himalayan range and continuously caused earthquakes in the region. Large earthquakes with magnitudes of 8 and above occur in this region infrequently, releasing the elastic strain accumulated over years around the plate boundary. Geodetic measurements can help estimate the strain distribution along the fault system. These measurements provide information on active deformations and associated potential seismic hazards along the Himalayan arc. In order to understand the present deformation around the plate boundary, we collected GPS data during three campaigns in the years of 2005–2007 at 16 sites in the Kumaun region of the Lesser Himalaya. Horizontal velocity vectors estimated in ITRF2000 are found to be in the range of 41–50 mm/yr with an uncertainty level of the order of 1 mm/yr. The velocity field indicates that the present convergence of around 15 mm/yr takes place in the Kumaun Himalaya. Further, we estimate the strain components in the study area for understanding the currently active tectonic process in the region. The estimated dilatational strain indicates that the northern part near the Main Central Thrust (MCT) is more compressional than the southern part. Maximum shear strain is mostly accommodated in the northern part too. The maximum shear and dilatational strain rates are about 1.0 and 0.5 μstrain/yr. It is seen that the distribution of high shear strain spatially correlates with seismicity. The maximum of extensional and compressional strains due to the force acting along the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the NW–SE direction are found to be 0.4 and 0.1 μstrain/yr, respectively. The maximum shear strain in the northern part of the Himalaya appears to be associated with the convergence of the region proposed by other geophysical studies.     

基于CT影像的砂岩文物结构特征分析

对于砂岩文物,成分不同、结构不同,表面变化过程和变化结果也不同。以中国三处(石门山、云冈石窟、乐山大佛)砂岩文物为例,联合使用肉眼鉴定与灰度阈值法得到了砂岩文物CT图像中不同矿物成分的实际分布,分析了不同位置切片图像的成分特点与结构特点,研究了砂岩内部结构数字图像特征参数的变化规律,探讨了三处砂岩文物数字图像特征参数的区别及其与岩样外观表现的关系。结果表明,三处砂岩文物样品主要成分均为石英和长石,石英含量大小顺序是石门山砂岩>云冈石窟砂岩>乐山大佛砂岩;乐山大佛砂岩形状变化最小,云冈石窟砂岩次之,石门山砂岩形状最不规则;石门山砂岩纹理最复杂,乐山大佛砂岩最为简单;乐山大佛砂岩表面风化严重、但随深度增加变化不明显,云冈石窟砂岩距表面越深、风化越弱,石门山砂岩风化变化比较复杂。研究结果对石质文物保护具有重要的参考价值。     

地震载荷下斜坡稳定性数值模拟分析

地震载荷是影响复杂结构斜坡塌滑的一个重要因素。本文以汶川震区一边坡为实例,利用有限差分法FLAC-3D对地震动力下斜坡进行了数值模拟。并且在用FLAC-3D进行斜坡动力分析时探讨了边界条件设置、动力时程的合成以及输入和转化。从位移场与速度场进行了详细的动力分析,获得该斜坡地震载荷下位移场、速度场的变化规律,指出山体斜坡在非连续介质状态下软弱面区域位移和速度最大,为后续进行复杂的山体破坏力学研究提供理论依据。     

Directional dependence of P- and S-wave propagation and polarization in foliated rocks from the Kola superdeep well: Evidence from laboratory measurements and calculations based on TOF neutron diffraction

We have measured P- and S-wave velocities on two amphibolite and two gneiss samples from the Kola superdeep borehole as a function of pressure (up to 600 MPa) and temperature (up to 600 °C). The velocity measurements include compressional (Vp) and shear wave velocities (Vs1, Vs2) propagating in three orthogonal directions which were in general not parallel to inherent rock symmetry axes or planes. The measurements are accompanied by 3D-velocities calculations based on lattice preferred orientation (LPO) obtained by TOF (Time Of Flight) neutron diffraction analysis which allows the investigation of bulk volumes up to several cubic centimetres due to the high penetration depth of neutrons. The LPO-based numerical velocity calculations give important information on the different contribution of the various rock-forming minerals to bulk elastic anisotropy and on the relations of seismic anisotropy, shear wave splitting, and shear wave polarization to the structural reference frame (foliation and lineation). Comparison with measured velocities obtained for the three propagation directions that were not in accordance with the structural frame of the rocks (foliation and lineation) demonstrate that for shear waves propagating through anisotropic rocks the vibration directions are as important as the propagation directions. The study demonstrates that proper measurement of shear wave splitting by means of two orthogonal polarized sending and receiving shear wave transducers is only possible when their propagation and polarization directions are parallel and normal to foliation and lineation, respectively.     

Determination of the strain ellipsoid from measurements on any three sections

An ellipsoid is defined by, and may be re-constructed from, any three sections through it. In the field, calculation of the strain ellipsoid from general sections (two-dimensional strain ellipses determined from measured strain markers) is complicated by the fact that, due to experimental error and/or strain inhomogeneity, the three ellipses may not come from the same ellipsoid. The ellipses must first be adjusted to make them compatible. A method is suggested by which an adjustment ellipse is determined analytically for each of the three sections. Application of these adjustment ellipses makes the three sections compatible, and the strain ellipsoid may be determined. The principal axes of the ellipsoid are derived from the ellipsoid matrix by eigenvector analysis. Examples are given of practical applications of this method.     

Rational approximation of stress and strain based on downhole acceleration measurements

Recordings from downhole accelerometer arrays offer unique insight into soil behavior and ground response during earthquakes. In this paper we present a scheme for interpolating displacement and acceleration measurements to provide approximations for subsurface shear strain and stress as continuous functions of time. Our suggested interpolating functions are constructed in such a way that the free surface boundary condition will always be satisfied and the interpolated displacement and acceleration remain finite for all depths. We also show how the functions can be adapted to represent layered soil profiles. Depending on the number of instruments in the downhole array, a truncated series of functions can be derived so that each represents a modal shape for the layered soil profile. The resulting approximations for strain and stress are considered more accurate and robust than previous approximations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Centrifuge model tests on sand specimen under extensional load

The appearance of shear banding in granular materials has been investigated intensively during the last decades and is still of ongoing importance in terms of understanding the stress–strain behaviour of the material, the localization phenomena and the interaction between soil and structure. Only less attention has been paid to the occurrence of systems of shear bands although such systems can be identified in geotechnical structures as well as in geological formations. In this paper we present results of experiments on sand specimens under extensional load in natural gravity as well as in increased gravity in the centrifuge where the influence of the stress level on the geometry of a shear band pattern, specified by the spacing of the shear bands and the angle between failure surfaces and minor stress direction, has been investigated. X‐ray technique has been used to visualize the failure zones inside the specimen, an optical measurement system called Digital Image Correlation has been applied to identify and observe the appearing deformation mechanism on the sides of the specimens in natural gravity as well as during the flight in the centrifuge. It can be shown that the geometry of the shear band pattern is sparsely influenced by the change of the stress level. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单裂隙砂岩单轴压缩的中等应变率效应颗粒流模拟

加载速率对裂隙岩体的力学性质及变形破坏均有重要影响。利用二维颗粒流程序PFC2D开展了不同倾角非贯通单裂隙砂岩试件的单轴压缩试验,研究了中等应变率对裂隙砂岩应力-应变曲线特征、裂隙尖端应力状态、特征应力状态、岩体损伤及裂隙扩展等力学响应的影响规律。裂隙岩体应力-应变曲线呈现明显的波动性,定义应力突变指标 对应力突变型波动剧烈程度进行了定量统计分析：随应变率的增加,曲线应力突变波动越剧烈,且峰后明显大于峰前;随裂隙倾角的增大,波动幅度峰前增大,而峰后减小。裂隙尖端破裂应力随应变率增大均有所提高,随裂隙倾角的增大,切向剪应力 总体上呈增加变化,而法向应力 明显减小。尖端破裂时岩样加载应力 、岩样临界扩容应力 及峰值应力 均随应变率增大而增大。裂隙尖端的破裂可立即引起岩体扩容,一般应变率越低,岩体裂隙尖端破裂点 和扩容点 越接近峰值强度 。随着应变率的提高,损伤裂纹及宏观裂隙类型越多,岩体试件损伤破裂程度越强,特别是试件端部效应愈显著。裂隙首先以I型翼裂纹在其尖端起裂,而I型翼裂纹的扩展长度与加载速率与裂隙倾角具有较强的相关性。     

移动荷载作用下饱和土体上筏板-上部结构的动力响应分析

根据饱和土比奥理论与最小势能原理及薄板理论,采用子结构法,把上部结构、基础和地基作为一个共同作用的整体,在接触界面上满足变形协调条件,建立移动荷载作用下饱和土体地基-筏板-上部结构共同作用的积分方程。对积分方程的数值求解和相应的Fourier逆变换,得到任意时刻上部结构、筏板的内力和位移以及地基反力。最后通过数值计算,分析了饱和土体参数、移动荷载的速度等对上部结构水平、垂直方向的振动的影响特点。数值结果表明：上部结构各层的水平位移、竖向位移都随荷载速度增大而增加;竖向位移随楼层增加变化不大,当荷载速度较低时,水平位移随上部结构高度的变化曲线平滑少弯折,说明振动较稳定。但当荷载速度较高时,水平位移随楼层变化曲折越明显,层间差异大     

超长钻孔桩竖向承载性状的试验研究

利用工程桩作为锚桩,并在反力系统中充分应用预应力技术,建立了大吨位静载试验装置。分析了超长桩的承载性能和荷载传递机理,结果表明：超长桩的荷载-沉降曲线没有明显破坏点。其竖向荷载主要依靠桩侧摩阻力进行传递,桩侧摩阻力的发挥存在最佳深度范围。超长桩的承载性能还受土体特性、施工工艺等因素影响。     

地震作用下加筋土坡临界高度研究

以塑性极限分析理论为基础,假定破裂面为对数螺旋面,考虑加筋机理和地震力的作用,提出了加筋土坡临界高度的计算模型。应用该计算模型,不仅能考虑地震力的作用,而且能考虑不同的加筋机理对临界高度的影响。通过与前人静力试验结果的对比发现,基于复合加筋机理得到的临界高度比基于单一加筋机理得到的临界高度要偏大,且更接近于实测值,表明了该理论及其求解方法的有效性和可靠性。通过对地震作用下加筋边坡的临界高度分析表明,地震力作用下摩擦加筋机理对临界高度基本没有影响,主要是准粘聚力机理在起作用。该方法可对加筋边坡临界高度的设计提供有益的指导和参考。     

Equivalent continuum strain calculations based on 3D particle kinematic measurements of sand

Constitutive modeling of granular materials has been a subject of extensive research for many years. While the calculation of the Cauchy stress tensor using the discrete element method has been well established in the literature, the formulation and interpretation of the strain tensor are not as well documented. According to Bagi, 1 researchers mostly adopt well‐known continuum or discrete microstructural approaches to calculate strains within granular materials. However, neither of the 2 approaches can fully capture the behavior of granular materials. They are considered complementary to each other where each has its own strengths and limitations in solving granular‐mechanics problems. Zhang and Regueiro 2 proposed an equivalent continuum approach to calculating finite strain measures at the local level in granular materials subjected to large deformations. They used three‐dimensional discrete element method results to compare the proposed strains measures. This paper presents an experimental application of the Zhang and Regueiro 2 approach using three‐dimensional synchrotron microcomputed tomography images of a sheared Ottawa sand specimen. Invariant Eulerian finite strain measures were calculated for representative element volumes within the specimen. The spatial maps of Eulerian octahedral shear and volumetric strain were used to identify zones of intense shearing within the specimen and compared well with maps of incremental particle translation and rotation for the same specimen. The local Eulerian volumetric strain was compared to the global volumetric strains, which also can be considered as an averaging of all local Eulerian volumetric strains.     

Technique and apparatus for strain measurements on rock in constant confining pressure experiments

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering - An indirect scheme to measure radial strains on competent rock cylinders and joint deformations in jointed specimens subjected to conventional triaxial...     

单轴压缩下岩石应变局部化的应变梯度塑性解

通过在屈服函数中引入材料内部长度建立应变梯度塑性增量本构关系,对岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下应变局部化的二维情况进行了研究。首先,建立了在Mises屈服准则下平面应变情况的岩石材料应变局部化带的带宽与其倾角的关系式,讨论了其带宽的分布范围和最大值与最小值形成的条件,给出岩石材料破坏Ⅰ, Ⅱ类变形的条件,并推出破坏的临界角度;其次,对岩石材料Ⅰ类变形进行了详细地分析,讨论了在不同泊松比 和 条件下材料应变局部化带的倾角的变化范围;最后,利用所得的结论同材料破坏的库仑准则进行对比研究,对内摩擦系数给予了合理的解释。     

水平环境荷载与地震动联合作用下的海上风机单桩基础动力响应模型试验

近海风机结构和基础长期承受着巨大的水平向环境荷载。在风机的服役周期中,地震荷载与水平环境荷载会有大概率同时空作用于风机基础上。研发了初始水平环境施加装置,设计了砂土地基中的近海风机单桩基础超重力动力模型试验,从物理模型尺度初步实现了考虑初始水平环境荷载与地震荷载联合作用的单桩基础动力试验。通过超重力振动台试验发现,联合工况下干砂地基和饱和砂地基中风机单桩基础的震后桩身弯矩值要大于初始弯矩值。在饱和地基中部分深度处的震后桩身弯矩是初始弯矩值的4倍。此外桩顶水平位移在施振过程中出现了震荡累加的现象,在饱和地基中震后桩顶水平位移是初始位移的1.3倍。初始水平环境荷载与地震荷载联合作用下风机单桩基础表现出的这种耦合效应对风机的安全服役产生了巨大的挑战,在风机基础设计中值得关注。     

软黏土在循环荷载作用下动力本构模型的研究

针对软黏土在循环荷载作用下的变形特性,即几乎不存在纯弹性变形阶段及应变趋于零时仍存在能量耗散,结合软土地铁车站振动台模型试验中对饱和软黏土进行的动三轴试验,利用边界面模型理论建立了软黏土的黏弹塑性动力本构模型。并进一步利用该模型对自由场振动台试验进行数值模拟计算,计算与试验的结果基本吻合。该本构模型可用于循环荷载作用下软黏土的动力响应分析。