地壳不同构造层次岩石变形机制及其构造岩类型

构造岩记录地壳构造变形演化重要信息,其成因、分类与命名一直没有统一认识。本文对构造岩变形机制、控制因素和构造岩分类进行系统总结。认为构造岩形成受物质成分、变形机制、应变速率、流体、温度、压力等因素控制,是物质成分与物理化学条件、变形机制等众多变量的函数。变形机制包括破裂作用、碎裂流动、晶质塑性、物质扩散、重结晶作用和超塑性流动,不同变形机制出现在不同地壳构造层次中,形成不同的显微组构。依据成因机制、物质组成和组构等标志对构造岩分类与命名进行重新修订,将构造岩划分为碎裂岩系列和变质构造岩系列,前者发育在地壳浅构造层次上,以破裂作用和碎裂流动变形机制为主;后者发育在中深部构造层次上,以晶质塑性、重结晶作用、物质扩散作用和超塑性流动作用为主。碎裂岩系列划分碎裂岩、角砾岩、微角砾岩、超碎裂岩、断层泥和假玄武玻璃;变质构造岩系列划分为构造片岩、糜棱岩和构造片麻岩。依据岩石流变性质、变形机制和构造岩分布,地壳构造层次划分为:脆性域,变形机制以碎裂作用和碎裂流动为主,发育碎裂岩系列;脆-韧性转换域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作用为主,并伴随有碎裂作用,形成糜棱岩、千糜岩和构造片岩;低温韧性域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作为主,发育糜棱岩与构造片岩;高温韧性域,以超塑性蠕变和重结晶作用为主,形成构造片麻岩。     

变质构造岩类型及其特征

变质构造岩是由变质变形作用形成的一种特殊类型岩石,形成于地壳不同构造层次上的韧性变形带中,具有明确的构造成因的含义。依据变形机制、组构、同构造新生矿物组合,以及形成环境,将韧性剪切带中变质构造岩分为构造片麻岩系列、构造片岩系列和糜棱岩系列。构造片麻岩系列形成于地壳深部构造层次上,以颗粒流动和扩散蠕变变形机制为主,宏观上表现为条纹和条带状构造,微观上为三边平衡结构。构造片岩系列形成于地壳中浅部构造层次上,以位错蠕变和新矿物化作用为主,由同构造新生片状矿物和基质组成。糜棱岩系列主要以位错蠕变变形机制为主,动力重结晶现象普遍,由残斑和基质两个部分组成,粒度变细,S-L组构发育,形成于地壳中-中浅部层次。     

南天山榆树沟麻粒岩相构造岩研究

榆树沟麻粒岩相构造岩宏观上呈糜棱岩带和糜棱岩化带产出,发育强烈流变叶理;微观上主要造岩矿物发育各种塑性变形显微构造。变形过程中同种造岩矿物的动态重结晶新晶与塑变残斑（残晶） 之间化学成分变化不明显, 表明在变形期间水活度低,以位错蠕变为主。该构造岩形成于深地壳麻粒岩相变质的晚期阶段,是地体在早期阶段于下地壳底部－上地幔顶部发生高压麻粒岩相变质作用后因构造抬升进入深地壳麻粒岩相环境下发生退变质和强烈韧性剪切变形的产物, 其形成后经历了快速的构造折返过程。     

部分熔融与高级变质岩流变机制——以内蒙古大青山高级变质岩为例

部分熔融作用与高级变质岩变形作用是相互制约,变形作用能够提高岩石部分熔融程度,降低熔融温度。熔体存在影响和制约岩石强度和变形机制。大青山高级岩经历了下部地壳构造层次变质变形和深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造要素组合。宏观与微观构造特点表明:高级变质岩变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动。在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、熔融线理、岩石和矿物条带、层内底辟褶皱和大型穹窿构造。但是,在微观上矿物颗粒变形不明显,晶内变形组构不发育,表现为三边平衡结构,与静态结晶变质岩结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩。     

长石显微变形机制研究进展

岩石的变形机制研究一直以来都是构造地质学研究的主题,特别是基于矿物变形的显微构造研究是流变学研究的基础。从近地表到下地壳,岩石的变形从脆性破裂逐渐过渡至韧性蠕变,这些变形过程会被记录在岩石中,形成相应的显微构造。一般来讲,从低温低压至高温高压的变形环境,单一矿物的显微变形机制经历从微破裂、到矿物的溶解-沉淀、到位错蠕变、到动态重结晶作用、到颗粒边界滑移或扩散蠕变等的连续转变,它们之间的转换往往是过渡并且相互影响的,通常也会耦合发生。长石是地壳中含量最丰富的造岩矿物,因此长石的变形行为会直接影响地壳的流变学性质,研究长石的显微变形机制对理解地壳流变学特性至关重要。长石还是一种非常特别的矿物,主要分为斜长石和碱性长石两个端元,由于它们所属晶系的不同,有着差异的变形行为,然而这两个系列的长石在一定的温压条件下又是可以相互转化的,这些物理差异性和化学行为的复杂性造就了长石非常复杂的显微变形特性。本综述从岩石的显微变形机制讲起,随后概述了长石的显微变形特征,尝试归纳不同温度条件下长石的显微变形表现,对比斜长石和钾长石的异同,总结不同显微变形机制对长石结晶学优选方位的影响,最后简单介绍了一下国际上显微变形研究方法和技术的进展。     

北喜马拉雅穹隆带然巴韧性剪切带石英动态重结晶颗粒的分维几何分析与主要流变参数的估算

位于北喜马拉雅穹隆带东段的然巴构造穹隆外围发育环形韧性剪切带,带内岩石经韧性剪切形成各类糜棱状岩石。石英为带内变形岩中最为常见的造岩矿物,在不同的温度、应变速率下产生不同的显微构造,其中动态重结晶最为常见。重结晶新晶颗粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构,是应变和变形环境的天然记录。新晶粒分维几何统计分析表明:带内动态重结晶石英颗粒边界形态具有自相似性(1≤D≤2),表现出分形特征,分维数值为1.14～1.19,变形温度大约500℃。同构造变质环境属中——高绿片岩相;初步估算古应变速率可能低于10^-9.5S^-1;根据重结晶粒径估算变形古应力6.2～58.8MPa。     

胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境：显微构造和EBSD组构约束

新城金矿床是典型的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿,矿体形态和规模都严格受到断裂破碎带控制,是探讨复杂构造-流体耦合成矿系统控矿构造变形环境研究的理想选区。断裂破碎带中构造岩既是构造变形行为的载体,也是相应变形环境的受体。论文在新城金矿详细露头构造解析的基础上,系统采集该矿床控矿断裂破碎带定向构造岩样品,进行显微构造和EBSD组构分析。研究区构造岩显微构造特征主要表现为韧性变形和脆性变形。韧性变形有波状消光、带状消光、亚晶粒、动态重结晶、核幔构造、丝带构造、碎(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、蠕英结构、云母鱼等;脆性变形有书斜构造和显微裂隙等。长石(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、蠕英结构和石英颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶、丝带构造等矿物变形特征表明断裂带成矿前以高温韧性变形为主;石英波状消光、亚晶粒、亚颗粒旋转和膨凸动态重结晶、方解石机械双晶、长石显微裂隙充填物等矿物变形反映成矿期兼有中低温韧性变形和脆性变形;压剪性穿晶裂隙则反映出成矿后主要是低温脆性变形。根据差应力、应变测量和EBSD组构分析,将新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境可以分为3个构造期:成矿前在NW-SE向挤压作用下发生韧-脆性左行剪切变形,600~700℃,差应力61.37~111.09MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为2.295~3.978,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.466~1.599,反映矿区为高温中高压高应变带变形环境,应变速率较大;成矿期为NW-SE向逐渐NEE-SWW向转变的挤压作用,发生压剪性脆性变形,200~500℃,差应力65.91~135.68MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为1.403~2.204,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.321~1.378,反映矿区成矿期为中低温中高压低应变带变形环境,反应速率较小;成矿后在NWW-SEE向挤压作用下发生压剪变形,150~300℃,反映低温低压脆性变形环境。     

中亚造山带东段晚三叠世伸展构造及岩浆事件:来自~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar和锆石U-Pb同位素年代学的制约

通过对中亚造山带东段南缘发育的解放营子韧性剪切带的构造学研究,揭示出该地区岩石圈减薄后发生了一期强烈的伸展变形事件。野外观测和岩相学分析显示该韧性剪切带呈北东-南西走向,变形带内发育有大量的A型褶皱,矿物和砾石拉伸线理以及同构造花岗质岩墙。S-C组构、σ型角闪石残斑、压力影构造、斜长石书斜构造以及云母鱼等显微构造,指示该韧性剪切带为右旋剪切。多晶石英的波状消光、晶粒边界迁移重结晶、多晶石英条带等显微变形组构表现出中温(300～500℃)的变形条件。动态重结晶颗粒的粒径统计分析和岩石有限应变分析显示该韧性剪切带形成于一个地壳中等层次的伸展变形环境。剪切带内同构造白云母40Ar/39Ar阶段加热同位素年代学分析以及同构造花岗岩的锆石U-Pb同位素年代学测试显示,该韧性剪切带的伸展变形时代为晚三叠世(219～227Ma)。该期伸展变形事件在华北板块北缘和中亚造山带形成了低硅型和高硅型两种花岗质岩浆的侵入。其中中亚造山带内发育的低硅型岩石的岩浆源区为亏损型地幔岩石圈,并进一步演化出高硅型岩石;而华北板块北缘发育的低硅型岩浆起源于富集型岩石圈地幔,同时混入了亏损的软流圈地幔组分。     

深部地壳镁铁质岩石(斜长角闪岩)叶理的组成及形成机制分析--以辽东海城地区变质镁铁质岩石为例

高级变质镁铁质岩石叶理形成于地壳深部环境，对其组成及形成机制的深入研究有助于讨论在深部地壳(下地壳)环境中岩石的表现与流动过程。以辽宁海城马风地区广泛出露的斜长角闪岩为例，对变质镁铁质岩石中几种不同类型叶理的组成及形成机制进行初步探讨。显微构造分析结果表明，变质斜长角闪岩中主要发育三种具有不同特点的叶理构造型式：条带状、糜棱状和片麻状。作为岩石叶理的主要组成矿物。角闪石对叶理的形成贡献最大。斜长石在不同类型岩石中对叶理的形成作用不同。组成叶理的斜长石和角闪石矿物对的温压测算结果表明，它们形成于426～532MPa和58l℃～639℃之间。变质基性岩中叶理的形成是这种温度和压力条件下多种机制(包括晶体的定向重结晶作用、应力作用下的变质分异、晶质塑性变形、亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶)共同作用的结果。     

桐柏山商丹断裂带东延段石榴云母片岩中石榴子石显微构造特征及变质—变形环境分析

韧性剪切带上岩石变质—变形条件的研究是探讨造山带造山过程及造山机制的重要环节.岩石中矿物显微、超微构造特征是造山带形成环境的真实体现,是造山带变形研究的基础.本文通过对商丹断裂带(即商南—丹凤断裂带)东延段桐柏山地区石榴云母片岩中石榴子石的位错特征及动态重结晶型式等显微构造特征,分析研究石榴子石塑性变形方式、变形机制及...     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861